No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2011
The religious community of True Inspired at Amana, Iowa acknowledges and reveres as its two “old country” founding fathers the Württemberg theologian, Eberhard Ludwig Gruber (1665–1728) and his younger friend the saddler, Johann Friedrich Rock (1678– 1749). While Gruber is credited with providing wise religious and organizational leadership, Rock was endowed with the gift of inspiration that characterized the budding movement in the early eighteenth century. Karl Barth wrote of him, “Inspiration … seized Rock and made him a seer and a prophet, to whose curious message half if not all of Germany listened.”
1 Barth, Karl, Die protestantische Theologie im 19. Jahrhundert (Zürich: Evangelischer Verlag, 1952) 96.Google Scholar
2 Lehmann, Hartmut, Pietismus und weltliche Ordnung in Württemberg von 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1969) 32–33.Google Scholar
3 Fritz, Friedrich, “Altwürttembergische Pietisten,” Luthertum 52 (1941) 136.Google Scholar
4 Kolb, Christoph, “Die Anfänge des Pietismus und Separatismus in Württemberg,” Württembergische Vierteljahrshefte für Landesgeschichte 9 (1900) 384–85.Google Scholar
5 Leube, Martin, Geschichte des Tübinger Stifts, Zweiter Teil: 18. Jahrhundert 1690–1770 (Stuttgart: Chr. Scheufele, 1930) 47.Google Scholar
6 Fritz, Friedrich, “Johann Georg Rosenbach,” Zeitschrift für Bayerische Kirchengeschichte 18 (1948) 21–59, esp. 28, 35.Google Scholar
7 Kolb, “Die Anfänge,” 387.
8 Fritz, “Rosenbach,” 35–36.
9 Kolb, “Die Anfänge,” 388–89
10 Köster, Beate, Die Lutherbibel im frühen Pietismus (Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1984) 171–87.Google Scholar
11 Kolb. “Die Anfänge,” 388.
12 Ibid., 394.
13 Fritz, Friedrich, “Konventikel in Württemberg,” Blätter für Württembergische Kirchengeschichte 52 (1951) 91.Google Scholar
14 Kolb, “Die Anfänge,” 203.
15 Rock, Johann Friedrich, “Zweyter Aufsatz des Emiedrigungs-Lauffs,” J. J. J. Aufrichtige und wahrhafftige Extracta … Der Wahren Inspirations-Gemeiner, XII. Sammlung (1751) 166–67 (“J. J. J.,” which sometimes preceded titles of other writings by the Inspired, stood for Jehovah, Jesus. Immanuel). Further references to the Extracta will cite number and year of the Sammlung.Google Scholar
16 Reimers, Dagmar, “Sektenwesen und Herrnhuterbewegung in der Graftschaft Ysenburg,” in Kreis Büdingen (Büdingen, 1956) 256Google Scholar; Benad, Matthias, Toleranz als Gebot christlicher Obrigkeit: Das Büdinger Patent von 1712 (Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1983)Google Scholar; Neweling, Erich, “Graf Casimir zu Sayn-Wittgenstein Berleburg (1687– 1741),” in Wittgenstein (Laasphe, 1970) 1. 246–68.Google Scholar
17 Renkewitz, Heinz, Hochmann von Hochenau (1670–1721): Quellenstudien zur Geschichte des Pietismus (Witten: Luther-Verlag, 1969) 89–90Google Scholar, 294; Goebel, Max, Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der rheinisch-westphälischen Kirche (Coblenz, 1852) 11. 842.Google Scholar
18 Privilegia und Freyheiten/So/ … Ernst Casimir/Graf zu Ysenburg und Büdingen/den 29. Martii/1712, … ertheilet hat (Offenbach/Main, n.d.) 4.
19 Slg. XII (1751) 167.
20 Cf. Durnbaugh, Donald F., “Johann Adam Gruber, Pennsylvania-German Prophet and Poet,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 83 (1959) 381–408.Google Scholar
21 Gruber, Eberhard Ludwig, Kurtzeldoch gründliche/Unterweisung von dem ineren Wort Gottes. Um der Einfältigen willen in Frag und Antwort gestellet von Einem Liebhaber desselbigen/und nun zum andern mal in Druck gegeben (1713). All page references in the text are to this edition.Google Scholar
22 Zuber, Janet W., ed. and trans., Barbara Heinemann Landmann Biography. E. L. Gruber's Teachings on Divine Inspiration and Other Essays (Amana, Iowa, 1981). 1 have used this translation with modifications.Google Scholar
23 Leube, Geschichte des Tübinger Stifts, 274.
24 For a historical discussion of the “inner and outer word,” Grützmacher, Richard, Wort und Geist (Leipzig, 1902)Google Scholar is most helpful. More recent studies concentrating on Luther, Anabaptists, and Arndt are Heinrich Bornkamm, “Ausserer und innerer Mensch bei Luther und den Spiritualisten,” in Bornkamm, Heinrich, ed., Imago Dei, Gustav Krüger zum 70. Geburtstag (Giessen: Töpelmann, 1932) 85–109Google Scholar; Wiswedel, Wilhelm, “Zum Problem inneres und äusseres Wort bei den Täufern des 16. Jahrhunderts,” ARG 46 (1955) 1–19Google Scholar; Hamm, Bendt, “Johann Arndts Wortverständnis,” Pietismus und Neuzeit 8 (1982) 43–73Google Scholar; and Langen, August, Der Wortschatz des deutschen Pietismus (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1968) 399–400.Google Scholar
25 Hamm, “Johann Arndts Wortverständnis,” 53.
26 Arndt, Johann, True Christianity (trans. Erb, Peter; New York: Paulist, 1979) 221, 224.Google Scholar
27 Cf. Hamm, “Johann Arndts Wortverständnis,” 67; and Grützmacher. Wort und Geist, 207.
28 Nuttall, Geoffrey F., The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience (Oxford: Blackwell, 1946) 23.Google Scholar
29 R. C. Dentar, “Heart,” IDB 2. 550.
30 Hubmaier, Balthasar, Schriften (Gütersloh: Mohn, 1962) 324.Google Scholar
31 Weber, Edmund, Johann Arndts Vier Bücher vom wahren Christentum als Beitrag zur protestantischen Irenik des 17. Jahrhunderts (Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1978) 54.Google Scholar
32 Labrousse, Elisabeth, “Calvinism in France 1598–1685,” in Prestwich, Menna, ed., International Calvinism. 1541–1715 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985) 309–10.Google Scholar
33 Cf. Schwartz, Hillel, The French Prophets: The History of a Millenarian Group in Eighteenth-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980) 14–16.Google Scholar
34 Mazel, Abraham, Marion, Elie, and Bonbonnoux, Jacques, Mémoires sur la Guerre des Camisards (Montpellier: Languedoc, 1983) 4–9.Google Scholar
35 Joutard, Philippe(La légende des Camisards: Une sensibilité au passé [Paris: Gallimard, 1977] 45) has described the spread of prophecy through person-to-person contact: “most of the times it is by watching other inspired that one becomes inspired oneself.”Google Scholar
36 Schwartz, French Prophets, 80.
37 Misson, Maximilian, Heiliger Schau-Platz der Landschafft Cevennes (Frankfurt, 1712) 2 (Erinnerung des Übersetzers).Google Scholar
38 The original texts in French are described and discussed by Vidal, Daniel, L'ablalif absolu, théorie du prophétisme. Le discours Camisard en Europe 1706–1713 (Paris: Anthropos, 1977) 31–34. I am grateful to Lanny Haldy of the Amana Heritage Society for providing information about the German translations, copies of which are in the Society's library (letter to the author. 30 December 1985).Google Scholar
39 Grossmann, Walter. “The European Origins of the True Inspired of Amana.” Communal Societies 4 (1984) 134–49Google Scholar. Garrett, Clarke. Spirit Possession and Popular Religion: From the Camisards to the Shakers (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) 59–73.Google Scholar
40 Slg. XVI (1772) 245. Cf. also Schneider, Hans, “Hochmann von Hochenau and Inspirationism: A Newly Discovered Letter.” Brethren Life and Thought 25 (1980) 209.Google Scholar
41 Slg. XVI (1772) 246.
42 Ibid., 245–46.
43 Ibid., 245.
44 Ibid., 247; and Scheuner, Gottlieb, Inspirations History (1714–1728) (trans. Zuber, Janet W.; Amana, Iowa, 1977) 20.Google Scholar
45 Slg. XVII (1776) 262–64; and Scheuner, Inspirations History, 52.
46 Martin Luther, Works 40. 52 (WA 15. 213).
47 Forbes, John, A letter … resolving the question: How a Christian man may discerne the testimonie of Gods spirit, from the testimonie of his owne spirit (Middleburgh, 1616).Google Scholar
48 Merlat, Elie, Le moyen de discerner les esprits (Lausanne, 1689) 55.Google Scholar
49 Cf. Stankiewicz, W. J., Politics and Religion in Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960) 169–71.Google Scholar
50 Merlat, Le moyen de discerner, 15.
51 Slg. XVIII (1780) 107.
52 Slg. XIV (1761) 226.
53 [Gruber, Eberhard Ludwig], Nöthiges und nützliches Gespräch. von der wahren und falschen Inspiration. Aufgesetzt von einem Lichts-Genossen (Amana, Iowa, 1859). All page references in the text are to this edition. “Von einem Licht-Genossen” easily gives away Gruber's authorship. The first edition of the Colloquy (1716) was printed as an addendum to the second edition of the 1st Extracta (1743).Google Scholar
54 [Gruber, Eberhard Ludwig], Historische Umstände zur Prüfung des Geistes (1715) 1.Google Scholar
55 The sociological and psychological aspects of the problems inherent in inspiration and prophetic speech are not under discussion here. Much has been written on the subject. See esp. Neher, André, L'Essence du Prophétisme (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1972)Google Scholar; Westermann, C., Basic Forms of Prophetic Speech (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1967)Google Scholar: Vidal, Daniel, Le malheur et son prophète: Inspirés et sectaires en Languedoc calviniste (1685–1725) (Paris: Payot, 1983).Google Scholar
56 Erfahrungsvolle Zeugnisse, 37, 48.
57 Ibid.,53.
58 Bauman, Richard. Let Your Words Be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence among Seventeenth-Century Quakers (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1983) 36.Google Scholar
59 Schwartz, French Prophets, 80.
60 John Milton, Paradise Regained, book 2. line 477.
61 Tonelli, G., “Johann August Eberhard (1739–1809).” The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (New York: Macmillan. 1967) 2. 449.Google Scholar
62 Eberhard, Johann August, Allgemeine Theorie des Denkens und Empfindens (Berlin, 1776) 119–20.Google Scholar
63 Ibid., 52–53.
64 Visser, W. A. ‘T Hooft, Rembrandt and the Gospel (London: SCM, 1957) 17.Google Scholar