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An English Military Revolution?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

M. J. Braddick
M. J. Braddick
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
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Abstract

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Type
Review Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 36 , Issue 4 , December 1993 , pp. 965 - 975
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

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References

1 Carlton, Charles, Going to the wars: The experience of the British civil wars 1638–1651 (London, 1992), pp. 214, 213CrossRefGoogle Scholar. These figures are higher than the (evidently provisional) ones given in ‘The face of battle in the English civil wars’ in Fissel, Mark Charles (ed.), War and government in Britain, (Manchester, 1991), pp. 240–1Google Scholar.

2 ‘The face of battle in the English civil wars’.

3 Bennett, Ronan, ‘War and disorder: policing the soldiery in Civil War Yorkshire’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, p. 250Google Scholar.

4 Ibid. p. 267.

5 ‘The face of battle in the English civil wars’, p. 244.

6 Stewart, Richard W., ‘The “Irish road”: military supply and arms for Elizabeth's army during the O'Neill Rebellion in Ireland, 1598–1601’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, pp. 16–17Google Scholar.

7 Ibid. p. 17.

8 Fissel, , ‘Introduction’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, p. 11Google Scholar.

9 Indeed, he is perhaps too forgiving of the supply of muskets with no touch holes and bullets the wrong size to the expedition to Cadiz, arguing that this was not exclusively the fault of the Ordnance – someone should have noticed these flaws before the expedition arrived at Cadiz. Stewart, , ‘Arms and expeditions: the Ordnance Office and the assaults on Cadiz (1625) and the Isle of Rhé (1627)’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, pp. 118–21Google Scholar.

10 Ibid. p. 126.

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12 Stater, Victor, ‘War and the structure of politics: lieutenancy and the campaign of 1628’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, p. 100Google Scholar.

13 Ibid. p. 104.

14 As Fissel, suggests, ‘Introduction’, p. 5Google Scholar.

15 Hibbard, Caroline M., ‘Episcopal warriors in the British wars of religion’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, pp. 164–92Google Scholar.

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20 ‘Logistics and supply’, pp. 52–3.

21 Ibid. p. 53.

22 Gentles, Ian, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645–1653 (Oxford, 1992), ch. 2Google Scholar.

23 Hoyle, R. W. (ed.), The Estates of the English Crown, 1558–1640 (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar, in particular Hoyle, , ‘Reflections on the history of the crown lands, 1558–1640’, pp. 418–32Google Scholar. Parliament did derive some revenues from land sales, of course: Gentles, I., ‘The sales of crown lands during the English Revolution’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXVI, 4 (1973), 614–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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26 The principal works here are those of Childs, John: The army of Charles II (London, 1976)Google Scholar, The army, James II and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980)Google Scholar and The British army of William III, 1689–1702 (Manchester, 1987)Google Scholar. For recent summaries see Seaward, Paul, The restoration, 1660–1688 (London, 1991), pp. 31–2Google Scholar; Holmes, Geoffrey, The making of a great power. Late Stuart and early Georgian Britain 1660–1722 (London, 1993), pp. 75–6, 97–8Google Scholar.

27 Roy, Ian, ‘The profession of arms’ in Prest, Wilfrid (ed.), The professions in early modern England (London, 1987), 181–219Google Scholar; Holmes, Geoffrey, Augustan England: Professions, state and society 1680–1730 (London, 1982), ch. 9Google Scholar.

28 Tomlinson, H. C., Guns and government. The Ordnance Office under the later Stuarts (London, 1979) p. 17Google Scholar.

29 See above n. 26.

30 Childs, John, The Nine Years' War and the British army 1688–97: the operations in the Low Countries (Manchester, 1991), p. 3Google Scholar.

31 Stewart, ‘Arms and expeditions’.

32 Gentles, , The New Model Army, p. 39Google Scholar.

33 Andrews, Kenneth R., Ships, money and politics. Seafaring and naval enterprise in the reign of Charles I (Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar; Thrush, Andrew, ‘Naval finance and the origins and development of ship money’ in Fissel, (ed.), War and government, pp. 133–62Google Scholar.

34 Here he expresses reservations about the views of Brenner, Robert as to the extent to which the ‘new trades’ were dominated by ‘new men’, Ships, money and politics, pp. 56–61Google Scholar.

35 Ibid. p. 8.

36 Ibid. p. 11.

37 Ibid. ch. 5.

38 ‘Naval finance’, p. 156.

39 Ibid. p. 134.

40 In 1625 tonnage and poundage raised £150,000, of which only £22,000 was paid to the navy; Ibid. pp. 140–1.

41 Ibid. p. 155.

42 There is, perhaps, some slight disagreement here: Andrews emphasizes in his analysis of shipbuilding the continued preference for armed merchantmen among English shipbuilders even after the ending of the bounty: Ships, money and politics, pp. 25–9.

43 Ibid. p. 158.

44 Ibid. p. 184.

45 Ibid. p. 198.

46 Capp, Bernard, Cromwell's Navy. The fleet and the English revolution 1648–1660 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 4–5, 6–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Duffy, Michael, ‘The foundations of British naval power’ in Duffy, (ed.), The military revolution and the state 1500–1800 (Exeter, 1980), pp. 49–85, esp. 51–3Google Scholar.

47 Thrush, , ‘Naval finance’, p. 135Google Scholar. See also the figures in Duffy, , ‘Foundations of British naval power’, pp. 49–56Google Scholar.

48 Andrews, , Ships, money and politics, p. 152Google Scholar.

49 Ibid. p. 191.

50 Capp, , Cromwell's navy, pp. 9–10, 6Google Scholar.

51 Davies, J. D., Gentlemen and tarpaulins. The officers and men of the restoration navy (Oxford, 1991), pp. 10–13Google Scholar. See also Hornstein, Sari R., The restoration navy and English foreign trade 1674–1688 (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 12–13Google Scholar.

52 Davies, , Gentlemen and tarpaulins, p. 15nGoogle Scholar.

53 Ibid. passim; p. 15.

54 Hornstein, , Restoration navy and English foreign trade, p. 2Google Scholar.

55 Thrush, , ‘Naval finances’, p. 137Google Scholar; Andrews, , Ships, money and politics, pp. 135–6Google Scholar; ch. 7.

56 Hornstein, , Restoration navy and English foreign trade, p. 264Google Scholar.

57 Brewer, John, The sinews of power. War, money and the English state, 1688–1783 (London, 1989)Google Scholar; O'Brien and Hunt, ‘The rise of a fiscal state in England’.

58 Holmes, , The making of a great power, pp. 75–6Google Scholar.

59 Roy, , ‘The profession of arms’, esp. pp. 186–8Google Scholar.

60 See Black, Jeremy, A military revolution? Military change and European society 1550–1800 (London, 1991)Google Scholar for a recent summary and re-interpretation.