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Military–Civilian Relations on the Solent 1651–1689*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Andrew Coleby
Andrew Coleby
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
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The Historical Journal , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , December 1986 , pp. 949 - 961
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

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References

1 Dr John Childs is virtually the only historian who has published work on this subject in recent years, see his The army of Charles II (London, 1976)Google Scholar, especially chs. III and IV, and The army, James II and the glonous revolution (Manchester, 1980)Google Scholar; Schwoerer, L. G., No standing armies! the antiarmy ideology in seventeenth century England (Baltimore, 1974)Google Scholaras the title suggests is concerned mainly with the political debate about the regular army; Reece's, H. M. thesis ‘The military presence in England, 1649–60’ unpublished D.Phil dissertation, University of Oxford, 1981)Google Scholar has sadly not been published. I am grateful to Dr Reece for his permission to cite his dissertation

2 Jones, J., ‘The Isle of Wight, 1558–1642’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, 1978), pp. 41–7Google Scholar, I am grateful to Dr Jones for permission to cite his dissertation.

3 The figures for Interregnum establishments are derived from Reece, , ‘The military presence in England’, appendix II, pp. 291–2Google Scholar.

4 The establishment of Hurst castle was now reduced to a captain and four gunners; the figures given here for the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth are approximations based on company muster rolls and other partial listings, Sir Robert Holmes' account for Sandham fort (1662–6), P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] (Kew), A.O.I, 311/1231; Muster roll of the duke of York's company in the garrison of Portsmouth, Aug. 1661, B[ritish] L[ibrary], Add. MS 18764, fo. 36; muster roll of Capt. Robert Busbridge's company in the garrison of Portsmouth 10 Aug. 1661, B.L., Add. MS 33278, fos. 29–30.

5 Garrison establishments, 1679, P.R.O. (Kew), W.O. 24/5, fos. 6–9, I am gratefu to Dr John Childs for his advice about the size of garrison establishments in the Restoration period.

6 John Nutley to the mayor, aldermen and assistants of Southampton, 14 Nov. 1651, Southampton City Record Office, T.C. Misc. Box 2, No. 87; Calendar of the State Papers Domestic (hereafter C.S.P.D.) 1652–3, p. 196; C.S.P.D. 1654, p. 199; C.S.P.D. 1655, p. 81; Historical manuscripts commission (hereafter H.M.C.) eleventh report appendix part III, 31 (corporation to Hesilrige et al., Dec. 1659).

7 C.S.P.D. 1657–8, p. 352; C.S.P.D. 1658–9, p. 93; C.S.P.D. 1672–3, p. 502; C.S.P.D. 1672–3, p. 30; C.S.P.D. 1679–80, pp. 19, 27.

8 C.S.P.D. 1667, p. 190; P.R.O. (Kew), marching orders, W.O.5/3: 3–5 Nov. 1688.

9 C.S.P.D. 1667, pp. 181–3.

10 Between 1661 and 1680, the number of independent garrison companies nationally was reduced from fifty to twenty-four and they were halved in size from 100 to 50 men each, Miller, J., ‘Catholic officers in the later Stuart army’, English Historical Review, LXXXVIII (1973), 41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; by 1686, there were only fifteen independent garrison companies left and in Portsmouth that year, the two garrison companies were greatly outnumbered by twenty companies from field units of foot, B. L., Add. MS 15897, fos. 79–80: I am grateful to Dr Childs for this reference.

11 SirWorsley, R., The history of the Isle of Wight (London, 1781), pp. 138–9Google Scholar; Isle of Wight petition with the king's answer, Apr. 1666, P.R.O., S.P. 29/153, fos. 192–3.

12 Military command effectively passed to Sir Henry Jones and then to Lord Gerard of Brandon, P.R.O., S.P. 29/162, fo. 245; C.S.P.D. 1667, p. 441; Isle of Wight County Record Office, Miscellaneous 41, p. 21; my reading of this affair differs from that of DrHutton, Ronald in The Restoration (Oxford, 1985), pp. 238, 359 n. 88Google Scholar, who suggests on the basis of the letter from the earl of Clarendon to the petitioners which is printed by Worsley in The history (cited above in note II), that it was fear of upheaval which prevented Charles from removing Culpeper at once, but it seems to me from the same letter, that the king feared most of all the humiliation involved in sacrificing his servant to his local critics and took a strong line with the latter accordingly.

13 Ludlow's memoirs 1625–1672 ed. Firth, C. H. (2 vols., Oxford, 1894), I, 394–5, II, 80–1Google Scholar; C.S.P.D. 1659–60, pp. 112, 166, 176, 226.

14 C.S.P.D. 1661–2, p. 551; P.R.O., S.P. 29/88, fo. 107.

15 Luttrell, N., A brief historical relation of state affairs from September 1678 to April 1714 (6 vols., Oxford, 1857), I, 92Google Scholar.

16 H.M.C. Dartmouth MSS, I, 72; York had himself been governor 1661–73.

17 Luttrell, , A brief historical relation, I, 329Google Scholar.

18 Van Citters to the states-general, 12 Dec. 1687 and 13 February 1688 (new style), MacIntosh transcripts volume XXIV, B.L., Add. MS 34510, fos. 65–6, 82.

19 Childs, , The army, James II and the glorious revolution, pp. 151–4Google Scholar.

20 H.M.C. Darmouth MSS, I, 231.

21 Coleby, A. M., ‘Hampshire and the Isle of Wight 1649–89, the relationship between central government and the localities’ (unpublished D.Phil, dissertation, University of Oxford, 1985), pp. 54–71Google Scholar.

22 e.g. Colonel William Sydenham, governor of the Isle of Wight 1649–60, letters to him from the council of state, Sydenham papers, B.L., Add. M S 29319, fos. 45, 49, 51, 65, 69, 79.

23 Letter-book of the major-generals' registry, B.L., Add. MS 19516, fos. 17, 27, 41, 64.

24 C.S.P.D. 1655, p. 81.

25 H.M.C. eleventh report app. part III, 31 (corporation to Hesilrigeet al.).

26 A calendar of Portsmouth borough sessions papers 1653–88, ed. Hoad, H. J. (Portsmouth Record Society, 1971), pp. 14, 19, 20, 33Google Scholar.

27 Fraser, P., The intelligence of the secretaries of state 1660–1688 (Cambridge, 1956), pp. 32, 142Google Scholar.

28 C.S.P.D. 1663–4, pp. 202, 298. 302. 317, 332, 352, 362, 366–7, 377, 379, 448, 456.

29 Miller, J., ‘The militia and the army in the reign of James II’, Historical Journal, XVI, 4 (1973), pp. 662–4Google Scholar.

30 The journal of George Fox, ed. Nickalls, J. L. (Cambridge, 1952), p. 230Google Scholar.

31 Nuttall, G. F., ‘Early Quaker letters from the Swarthmore MSS’ (typescript copy in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1952)Google Scholar, nos. 404 and 516.

32 County Quaker sufferings book 1655–1799, Hampshire County Record Office 24M54/14, fos. 6–9.

33 C.S.P.D. 1661–2, p. 551; C.S.P.D. 1667, p. 52; Arlington to Sir Robert Holmes, 21 June 1669, Jerome collection, Isle of Wight County Record Office, SW/183; Sir Robert Holmes to Jenkins, 14 July 1683, P.R.O., S.P. 29/428, pp. 215–16.

34 DrReece, , writing about the 1650s, inclines to the latter view, ‘The military presence in England, 1649–60’, p. 200Google Scholar; but DrChilds, , considering the reign of James II, suggests the former, a deliberate policy of centralization, The army, James II and the glorious revolution, pp. 100–4Google Scholar.

35 C.S.P.D. 1651, p. 299.

36 Coleby, , ‘Hampshire and the Isle of Wight’, pp. 37–40Google Scholar.

37 Ibid. pp. 171–2.

38 Honeywood did not have the power to carry out such a drastic policy, but his role nevertheless mirrors that of Whetham fifteen years before, C.S.P.D. 1665–6, p. 355.

39 Coleby, , ‘Hampshire and the Isle of Wight’, p. 171Google Scholar.

40 P.R.O., E179/247/28.

41 C.S.P.D. 1664–5, pp. 47, 108–9, 446.

42 Hampshire quarter sessions order book 1658–72, Hampshire County Record Office, Q O 4, pp. 322, 333.

43 Coleby, , ‘Hampshire and the Isle of Wight’, p. 291Google Scholar.

44 The last field officer to hold the office of justice of the peace in Portsmouth in the 1680s, Legge, William resigned in February 1685, Calendar of Portsmouth borough sessions papers, ed. Hoad, , App. V, p. 177Google Scholar; Lt-Col. Bernard Howard was appointed recorder of Winchester in August 1688, but he had already been a member of the corporation since 1677, C.S.P.D. 1687–9, P. 257; Winchester sixth book of ordinances, Hampshire County Record Office', fo. 104.

45 Boynton, L., ‘Billeting: the example of the Isle of Wight’, English Historical Review, LXXIV (1959), pp. 23–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwoerer, , No standing armies!, p. 22Google Scholar.

46 Portsmouth petition, Jan. 1648/9, Fairfax papers, B.L., Add. MS 18979, fo. 262; H.M.C. Portland MSS, I 475.

47 Southampton assembly book 1642–79, Southampton City Record Office, SC 2/1/8, fo. 47.

48 C.S.P.D 1649–50, p. 279.

49 Clay, C, Public finance and private wealth, the career of Sir Stephen Fox 1627–1716 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 40–74Google Scholar; for an example of the central government using the credit of a local military commander to pay off soldiers' debts, see the king to Lord Gerard of Brandon, 27 July 1667, P.R.O., S.P. 44/20, p. 176.

50 Debates of the house of commons from the year 1667 to the year 1694, Grey, A. (10 vols., London, 1763), II, 131Google Scholar, 143–4.

51 Childs, , The army, James II and the glorious revolution, pp. 85–6Google Scholar.

52 Dean, C. G. T., ‘Charles II's garrison hospital, Portsmouth’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club, XVI (1947), pp. 280–3Google Scholar.

53 Davies, G., ‘Letters on the administration of James II's army’, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, XXIX (1951), p. 77Google Scholar.

54 P.R.O, W O. 4/1, p. 74; this survey was supplementary to the one on inns carried out nationally in 1686, the results of which are contained in W O. 30/48.

55 Extracts from records in the possession of the municipal corporation of Portsmouth and from other documents relating thereto ed. East, R. (2nd. edn, Portsmouth, 1891), p. 191Google Scholar.

56 Childs, , The army, James II and the glorious revolution, p. 111Google Scholar

57 County Quaker sufferings book, 24M54/14, fos. 7, 14.

58 Depositions against Lord Culpeper (1666), Clarendon papers, Bodleian Library, MS Clarendon 84, fos. 98, 103; P.R.O., S.P. 29/153, fo. 192.

59 C.S.P.D. 1682, pp. 451, 464.

60 P.R.O., S.P. 29/428, pp. 215–16.

61 ‘Reasons Humbly proposed… that the Erecting of a Cittadel in Portsmouth is not for the Benefit of the Commonwealth’ [1658], Montagu papers, Bodleian Library, MS Carte 74, fo. 472.

62 Privy council register, 19 June 1661, P.R.O., P.C. 2/55, p. 254.

63 Petition to Albemarle [n.d.], Worsley papers, B.L., Add. MS 46501, fo. 29.

64 In November 1665, some of them charged him with the island's lack of preparedness at a muster of the militia and this also featured prominently in their petition, P.R.O., S.P. 29/136, fo. 126; S.P. 29/153, fo. 192.

65 P.R.O., S.P. 29/208, fo. 63.

66 Southampton assembly book, SC 2/1/8, fo. 61; Southampton assessment book SC 14/2/18, 12 Dec. 1650.

67 Extracts from records of Portsmouth, ed. East, , pp. 329, 354–69Google Scholar.

68 Hampshire quarter sessions order books, Q O 3, p. 101; Q O 4, p. 333.

69 C.S.P.D. 1668–9, p. 285.

70 Cobbett, W., Parliamentary history of England from the Norman conquest to the year 1803 (36 vols., London, 1806–1820)Google Scholar, III, col. 1431; House of commons Journal, VII, 372; Return…of every M.P. (London, 1878), p. 501Google Scholar.

71 Newport convocation book, 1609–59, Isle of Wight County Record Office, 45/16a, pp. 681–2; House of commons journal, VII 473–5, 477, 514; The diary of Thomas Burton esq., ed. Rutt, J. T. (4 vols., London, 1828), I, 245Google Scholar.

72 A royalist's notebook, ed. Bamford, F. (London, 1936), p. 129Google Scholar.

73 The house of commons 1660–90, ed. Henning, B. (3 vols., London, 1983), I, 253Google Scholar.

74 In February 1679, he was elected both by the burgesses of the corporation and by the inhabitants in separate polls with a different partner in each case: Sir John Kempthorne to the navy board, 15 Feb. 1679, Admiralty papers, P.R.O. (Kew), Adm. 106/343, fo. 398

75 Portsmouth election [1681], Daly MSS, Hampshire County Record Office 5M50/1610.

76 The house of commons, ed. Henning, , I, 253Google Scholar.

77 See Sir John Barrington's account of Major Samuel Bull's approach to him in connexion with a seat at Newtown: Sir John Barrington to John Hall [1659], Barrington papers, B.L., Egerton MS 2648, fo. 370.

78 The house of commons, ed. Henning, , I, 250–1Google Scholar.

79 C.S.P.D. 1685, no. 92, p. 21; C.S.P.D. 1687–9, no. 1502. P. 276.

80 Southampton assembly book, SC 2/1 /8, fo. 71.

81 C.S.P.D. 1651, p. 451; C.S.P.D. 1652–3, pp. 236, 432.

82 House of commons journal, IX, 367; C.S.P.D. 1680–1, p. 446.

83 Bodleian Library, MS Clarendon 84, fo. 98.

84 Bodleian Library, MS Carte 74, fo. 472.

85 Southampton City Record Office, T.C. Misc. Box 2, no. 87.

86 Davies, J. S., A history of Southampton (Southampton, 1883), pp. 491–2Google Scholar.

87 P.R.O., W.O. 5/3, pp. 240–75.

88 Ibid., under dates 31 Oct.6 Nov. 1688.

89 Jones, G. H., ‘The Irish fright of 1688: real violence and imagined massacre’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, LV (1982), p. 148CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

90 Thomas Phillips to Dartmouth, 22 Oct. 1688, Dartmouth papers, Staffordshire County Record Office, D(W)1778 I i, no. 1455a.

91 Calendar of Portsmouth borough sessions papers, ed. Hoad, , p. 143Google Scholar.

92 C.S.P.D. 1679–80, pp. 124–5; C.S.P.D. 1680–1, p. 182; C.S.P.D. 1683–4, pp. 251–2; C.S.P.D. 1684–5, p. 238.

93 H.M.C. Le Fleming MSS, pp. 213–15, 218; C.S.P.D. 1689–90, p. 108.

94 H.M.C. Dartmouth MSS, I, 230–1, 232, 234.

95 Ibid. pp. 234–5; B.L., Add. MS 34510, fo. 152.

96 The English currant, no. 4, 19–2112 1688Google Scholar.

97 The duke of Berwick, James II's illegitimate catholic son, succeeded the protestant Gains-borough as governor of the garrison at the beginning of the year; his protestant lieutenant-governor, Henry Slingsby, took up a field command in the autumn and was succeeded by a catholic, Sir Edward Scott: B.L., Add. MS 34510, fo. 110; for the national trend see Miller, J., ‘Catholic officers in the later Stuart army’, English Historical Review, LXXXVIII (1973), p. 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar and n.

98 The English currant, no. 4, 19–2112 1688Google Scholar.

99 B.L., Add. MS 34510, fo. 82.

100 Childs, , The army, James II and the glorious revolution, pp. 151–4Google Scholar.

101 H.M.C. Le Fleming MSS, pp. 214–15, 218.

102 H.M.C. Dartmouth MSS, I 225, 231.

103 English army lists and commission registers 1661–1714, ed. n, C. Dalto (6 vols., London, 1892–1904), II, 222–3Google Scholar.

104 Extracts from records of Portsmouth, ed. East, , p. 193Google Scholar.

105 H.M.C. Dartmouth MSS, I, 246; C.S.P.D. 1687–9, no. 2139 P. 392; House of commons journal, X, 112.

106 C.S.P.D. 1689–90, p. 6.

107 Holmes to Blathwayt, 5 May, 20 July, 22 July 1689, Isle of Wight County Record Office, G. W., nos. 22, 24, 25; Newport convocation book, 1659–1760, 45/16b, p. 255.

108 Reece, , ‘The military presence in England, 1649–60’, pp. 201–210Google Scholar; Williams, R., ‘County and municipal government in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset 1649–60’ (unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Bristol University, 1982)Google Scholar, ch. vi; Coleby, , ‘Hampshire and the Isle of Wight’, pp. 120–4Google Scholar.

109 Ollard, R., Man of war: Sir Robert Holmes and the restoration navy (London, 1969), p. 192Google Scholar.