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SIR EDWARD DERING, POPULARITY, AND THE PUBLIC, 1640–1644*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2011

JASON PEACEY
JASON PEACEY*
Affiliation:
University College London
*
Department of History, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BTj.peacey@ucl.ac.uk
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Abstract

This article reassesses the political career of Sir Edward Dering (d. 1644), a prominent but extremely controversial MP during the Long Parliament, who has fascinated historians because of the way in which he appears to have ‘defected’ from the cause of political and religious reform, who was eventually expelled from the Commons for publishing his parliamentary speeches, and who briefly flirted with royalism before making a humiliating return to Westminster. It does so by focusing upon his relationship with the public, in terms of how he courted popular support in order to secure election, and how people followed his subsequent parliamentary career, not least through the circulation of scribal and printed texts. It highlights how constituents (and others) responded to such activity, not least by making clear what policies he was expected to promote, thereby revealing that Dering's career was driven not just by his own political and religious views, but also by ideas about his role as an MP, and about his relationship with his constituents. Dering thus provides a rare opportunity to scrutinize the dynamic relationships between MPs and the public, thereby revealing hitherto neglected evidence about transformations in political culture and ideas regarding representation.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 54 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 955 - 983
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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Footnotes

*

I am grateful to Dr Bill Bulman, to members of seminars in Cambridge, Liverpool and London, and to delegates at the North American Conference of British Studies in San Francisco, for generous and helpful comments upon earlier versions of this article.

References

1 Mercurius Civicus, 57 (20–7 June 1644), p. 555. For other notices of Dering's death, see: British Library (BL), Add. 70887, fo. 8v; Bodleian Library (Bodl.), MS Top.Oxon.C.378, p. 408.

2 J. Vicars, The sinfulness and unlawfulness (1641), sig. A3; J. Vicars, God in the mount (1642), p. 84. All pre-1800 works were published in London, unless otherwise stated.

3 Persecutio undecima (1648), pp. 17–18.

4 Hirst, D., ‘The defection of Sir Edward Dering, 1640–1641’, Historical Journal, 15 (1972), pp. 193–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Salt, S. P., ‘The origins of Sir Edward Dering's attack on the ecclesiastical hierarchy’, Historical Journal, 30 (1987), pp. 21–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lamont, W., Godly rule (London, 1969), pp. 87–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lamont, W., ‘The squire who changed sides’, History Today (May 1966), pp. 349–55Google Scholar; J. Maltby, ‘Approaches to the study of religious conformity in late Elizabethan and early Stuart England’ (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1991), pp. 154–7.

5 Vicars, God in the mount, p. 84; Persecutio undecima, pp. 17–18.

6 Fincham, K. and Lake, P., ‘Popularity, prelacy and puritanism in the 1630s: Joseph Hall explains himself’, English Historical Review, 111 (1996), pp. 856–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; T. Cogswell, ‘The people's love: the duke of Buckingham and popularity’, R. Cust, ‘Charles I and popularity’, and P. Lake, ‘Puritans, popularity and petitions: local petitions in national context, Cheshire, 1641’, all in T. Cogswell, R. Cust and P. Lake, eds., Politics, religion and popularity in early modern Britain (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 211–34, 235–58, 259–89; Cogswell, T. and Lake, P., ‘Buckingham does the Globe: Henry VIII and the politics of popularity in the 1620s’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 60 (2009), pp. 253–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shagan, E., ‘Popularity and the 1549 rebellions revisited’, English Historical Review, 115 (2000), pp. 121–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; P. Lake, ‘The politics of popularity and the public sphere: the monarchical republic of Elizabeth I defends itself’, P. Hammer, ‘The smiling crocodile: the earl of Essex and late Elizabethan popularity’, and R. Cust, ‘The “public man” in late Tudor and early Stuart England’, all in P. Lake and S. Pincus, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (Manchester, 2007), pp. 59–94, 95–115, 116–43; Cust, R. and Lake, P., ‘Sir Richard Grosvenor and the rhetoric of magistracy’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 54 (1981), pp. 40–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirst, D., The representative of the people? (Cambridge, 1975), ch. 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Hirst, ‘Defection’, pp. 194, 201, 207–8; Lamont, Godly rule, pp. 87–92.

8 Hirst, ‘Defection’, pp. 197, 199, 200, 201, 207.

9 Brown, L. F., ‘Ideas of representation from Elizabeth to Charles II’, Journal of Modern History, 11 (1939), pp. 23–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirst, Representative; Kishlansky, M. A., Parliamentary selection (Cambridge, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cust, R., ‘Election and selection in Stuart England’, Parliamentary History, 7 (1988), pp. 344–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Knights, M., Representation and misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain (Oxford, 2005), pp. 37–8, 41Google Scholar, 51, 65, 67, 111, 131–2.

10 Zaret, D., Origins of democratic culture (Princeton, NJ, 2000), p. 211Google Scholar; Morgan, E. S., Inventing the people (London, 1988), pp. 47–51Google Scholar; Peacey, J., Common politics: print and participation in seventeenth century Britain (forthcoming)Google Scholar.

11 Salt, ‘Origins’, pp. 22–4; J. Peacey, ‘Sir Edward Dering’ (draft biography, History of Parliament Trust); Oxford dictionary of national biography.

12 Salt, ‘Origins’, pp. 24–41; Peacey, ‘Dering’.

13 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone (CKS), U1107/Z12–13, U350/E4; Bodl. MS Add.C.243, p. 247; Lennam, T., ‘Sir Edward Dering's collection of playbooks, 1619–1624’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 16 (1965), pp. 145–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blakemore-Evans, G., Shakespearean prompt-books of the seventeenth century (8 vols., Charlottesville, VA, 1960–96)Google Scholar, i, part one, pp. 8–11; Shakespeare, W., The history of King Henry the Fourth as revised by Sir Edward Dering (Charlottesville, VA, 1974), p. 4Google Scholar; Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC (FSL), x.d.206; Adams, J. Q., ‘The author-plot of an early seventeenth century play’, The Library, 4th series 26 (1945–6), pp. 17–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 FSL, x.d.488, fos. 5–6v, 7v, 9, 10; BL, Add. 47787, fo. 57; CKS, U1107/O12.

15 BL, Add. 52798A, fos. 53v–4v. See also: CKS, U350/C2/24; BL, Add. 47789, fo. 20, Add. 47788, fo. 10v, Add. 47788, fo. 41.

16 BL, Add. 47788, fo. 74r–v. See also: ibid., fos. 72, 73r–v; CKS, U1107/O3–4, U1107/C12; BL, Add. 47789, fo. 50v.

17 CKS, U350/C2/22, U275/C1/6. See also: CKS, U275/C1/7, U350/C2/27, 42.

18 FSL, v.b.307, p. 71.

19 FSL, x.d.488, fos. 11v, 12v; CKS, U350/Z2, U275/Z2, pp. 5, 11; Dering, E., The foure cardinall-vertues of a Carmelite-fryer (1641)Google Scholar. See also: CKS, U350/C2/70, 80, U1107/Z3; FSL, x.d.488, fos. 3–4, 7, 10v, 11r–v.

20 Kishlansky, Parliamentary selection, pp. 130–3; Hirst, Representative, pp. 116–18, 123; Everitt, A., The community of Kent and the great rebellion (Leicester, 1966), pp. 70–1Google Scholar; Jessup, F. W., ‘The Kentish election of March 1640’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 86 (1971), pp. 1–10Google Scholar; Salt, ‘Origins’, pp. 41–7.

21 CKS, U350/C2/72–3; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 1; Larking, L. B., ed., Proceedings … in the county of Kent (Camden Society, vol. 80, London, 1862), pp. 1–3, 7Google Scholar; Bodl. MS Top.Kent.e.6, pp. 81–2.

22 Larking, ed., Proceedings, p. 8; BL, Stowe 743, fos. 140, 142; Bodl. MS Top.Kent.e.6, pp. 1–60; J. Peacey, ‘Tactical organisation in a contested election: Sir Edward Dering and the spring election at Kent, 1640’, in Chris R. Kyle, ed., Parliament, politics and elections, 1604–1648 (Camden Fifth Series, vol. 17, Cambridge, 2001), pp. 237–72.

23 BL, Stowe 743, fo. 140, Stowe 184, fos. 10v–11. See also: CKS, U350/C2/53, 77.

24 Bodl. MS Top.Kent.e.6, pp. 83–7, MS Rawl. D.141, p. 4; Larking, ed., Proceedings, p. 5.

25 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, Stowe 743, fos. 149, 150, 153–8, Stowe 184, fos. 15–16; CKS, U350/C2/83–4.

26 CKS, U275/C1/11, U350/C2/83.

27 CKS, U350/C2/82–3, U275/C1/11.

28 Bodl. MS Rawl. D.141, p. 6.

29 Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 199; Hirst, Representative, p. 184–5; CKS, U350/C2/90; BL, Stowe 744, fo. 10.

30 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 19; Dering, E., A collection of speeches (1642, D1104), p. 10Google Scholar.

31 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 21.

32 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 23, 27; CKS, U350/C2/86.

33 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 82.

34 Dering, Collection, pp. 4, 162.

35 Ibid., pp. 6–10; Commons Journal (CJ), ii, p. 25; Notestein, W., ed., The Journal of Sir Simonds D'Ewes (New Haven, CT, 1923), pp. 20nGoogle Scholar, 531, 537; Bodl. MS Rawl. C.956, fos. 14v, 49; Rushworth, J., ed., Historical collections (8 vols., London, 1721)Google Scholar, iv, pp. 39–40; Speeches and passages (1641), pp. 88–90; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 84.

36 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 23, 27, Stowe 184, fo. 23; Notestein, ed., D'Ewes, p. 249; Dering, Collection, pp. 17–18, 20–4.

37 Peacey, ‘Dering’.

38 BL, Stowe 184, fos. 39–40; CKS, U1107/O13.

39 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 66, Stowe 184, fo. 25.

40 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 40, 89; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 48–9, 121–2, 130–1, 152–4.

41 East Kent Record Office (RO), Dover, Sa/C1, pp. 68–9; BL, Stowe 744, fo. 2r–v; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 107; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 110–11, 162–3.

42 Dering, Collection, pp. 12–13, 15–16, 42; Calendar of state papers domestic (CSPD), 1640–1641, p. 269; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iii, pp. 1345–6, iv, pp. 55–6; BL, Add. 26786, fos. 1v, 2.

43 Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 104–6, 106–7, 142–3, 143–4, 144–5.

44 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 78, 87, 218; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 113–19, 124–35, 141–2, 145–52, 155–62, 173–8, 180–9, 192–3, 195–8, 201–26, 233–4, 236–40.

45 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 84; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 143–4, 198–200, 200–1; CKS, U350/C2/89.

46 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 84.

47 BL, Stowe 184, fo. 33.

48 CKS, U350/C2/89.

49 Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 174–5, 193–4.

50 CJ, ii, pp. 136, 139, 148, 148, 190, 190, 198, 206, 212, 221; BL, Harl. 163, fos. 149, 177, 190, 199, 240, Harl. 477, fos. 44, 69, 73, Harl. 479, fos. 53, 66, 86, Add. 26785, fo. 43; Bodl. MS Rawl. D.1099, fos. 98, 155; Stationers’ Company, Liber A, fo. 137; M. Jansson, ed., Proceedings in the opening session of the Long Parliament (7 vols., Rochester, NY, 2000–7), vi, p. 63. For Dering's licensing, see: A transcript of the registers of the worshipful company of stationers (3 vols., London, 1913–14), i, pp. 16, 20, 21, 24–30, 33–4, 36; BL, Stowe 107, fo. 3; Bodl. MS Wood.f.35, fo. 380; Cambridge University Library (CUL), Add. 2609, section 2, p. 568.

51 BL, Sloane 1467, fo. 38, Stowe 743, fos. 163–4, Stowe 184, fos. 37, 41–2, Add. 26785, fo. 42; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 49–51; CKS, U350/Q5; CSPD, 1640–1641, pp. 530–1. For his licensing of books by Carpenter and Ward, see: Transcript of the registers, i, pp. 20, 36.

52 BL, Stowe 184, fo. 35.

53 Salt, ‘Origins’, p. 49; Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 201.

54 Notestein, W. and Relf, F. H., eds., Commons debates for 1629 (Minneapolis, MN, 1921), pp. xv–lvGoogle Scholar; Cust, R., ‘News and politics in early seventeenth-century England’, Past and Present, 112 (1986), pp. 60–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirst, Representative, pp. 178, 181, 186. Separates form part of a forthcoming Ph.D. dissertation by Noah Millstone, to whom I am grateful for numerous discussions.

55 CKS, U350/C2/86; Historical Manuscripts Commission (HMC), Cowper (London, 1888), Part ii, p. 263; CSPD, 1640–1641, p. 254; HMC, Tenth report (London, 1885), Appendix iv, p. 202–4; HMC, Portland (London, 1891), Part i, p. 27; HMC, Fourth report (London, 1874), p. 370; Bodl. MS Rawl.A.103, fos. 33–5; BL, Add. 22959, fo. 73v, Add. 24863, fo. 22, Add. 26640, fos. 72–5v, Add. 57929, fos. 36v–7; Add. 70081, unbound, Add. 78655, fos. 22–4v, Sloane 1467, fos. 4–5, Harl. 6801, fos. 137–40, Harl. 1327, fo. 33r–v, Harl. 7162, fos. 166–74v, Harl. 813, fo. 8v, Harl. 4931, fo. 94, Lans. 493, fos. 120–3v, Lans. 1232, fos. 84v–5, Stowe 354, fo. 79, RP 3423, unbound; CUL, Add. 39, fos. 57–61, Mm.4.10, fos. 29–30v; National Library of Scotland (NLS), MS 2687, pp. 927–34, Adv.33.1.1, vol. 13, no. 38, Wodrow quarto xxv, fos. 90v–2; Beinecke Library, Yale University, Osborn Shelves, b.297, item 19, Osborn shelves b.229, unfol.; FSL, Add. 887, unfol.; Somerset RO, DD/SF/4514/4; Parliamentary Archives (PA), HL/PO/RO/1/72, pp. 65–71; Senate House Library, University of London (SHL), MS 308, fos. 153v–7; Durham University Library, MSP 9 (in reverse), pp. 196–7; Derbyshire RO, D258/10/32/2; Lancashire RO, DDB85/20, fo. 82; Corpus Christi College, Oxford, MS 298, fo. 34; All Souls’ College, Oxford, MS 181, fo. 321; University College, Oxford, MS 83, fo. 14; Bodl. MS Clarendon 19, fo. 85, MS Add.C.132, fo. 23; Trinity College Dublin (TCD), MS 867, fo. 240.

56 ‘It is the common opinion, that ere long, his grace will be past grace’: Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 193–4. For Dering's use of a similar phrase, see: Dering, Collection, p. 10.

57 For the speech, see: Dering, Collection, 12–13, 15–16, 42; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iii, pp. 1345–6, iv, pp. 55–6; Speeches and passages, pp. 91–4. For its circulation, see: CSPD, 1640–1641, p. 269; BL, Sloane 3317, fos. 3–4, Harl. 6801, fos. 174–5, Harl. 4931, fo. 95, Harl. 1327, fos. 39–40, Harl. 7162, fos. 175–82, Add. 26640, fo. 104r–v, Add. 57929, fos. 52–3, Add. 24863, fo. 29r–v; Add. 34485, fo. 77, Add. 64921, fo. 126, Add. 78655, unfol., Lans. 493, fos. 124–7v, Lans. 1232, fos. 91–2, Stowe 361, fo. 83v; HMC, Tenth report, Appendix iv, p. 202; HMC, Fourth report, p. 370; NLS, Wodrow quarto xxv, fos. 100v–3v; Beinecke Library, Osborn shelves, b.297, item 20, Osborn shelves b.229, unfol.; CUL, Mm.4.10, fos. 31–3; PA, HL/PO/RO/1/72, pp. 88–93; SHL, MS 308, fos. 171v–5v; Derbyshire RO, D258/10/32/3; Devon RO, 2547M/FH5; Worcestershire RO, 899:192/BA1714, p. 20; Corpus Christi College, Oxford, MS 317, fo. 253; All Souls’ College, Oxford, MS 181, fo. 325; University College, Oxford, MS 83, fo. 15; National Archives, Kew (TNA), PRO 30/24/33/9, fo. 35; TCD, MS 867, fo. 255v.

58 BL, Stowe 744, fo. 1.

59 For the speech: Notestein, ed., D'Ewes, p. 182; Dering, Collection, pp. 43–8; BL, Add. 26786, fo. 6v. For its circulation: BL, Sloane 1430, fos. 65–8, Harl. 6801, fos. 133–5v, Harl. 4931, fo. 96, Harl. 1327, fo. 48r–v, Harl. 7162, fos. 183–9v, Add. 57929, fo. 58r–v, Add. 78655, unfol., Lans. 493, fos. 128–30v, Lans. 1232, fos. 106–7, Stowe 354, fos. 94v–5, Stowe 361, fo. 85, RP 3423, unbound; HMC, Tenth report, Appendix iv, p. 202; CSPD, 1640–1641, pp. 294–5; Beinecke, Osborn shelves b.297, item 21; Osborn shelves b.229, unfol.; FSL, Add. 887, unfol.; CUL, Mm.4.10, fos. 58v–9; PA, HL/PO/RO/1/72, pp. 94–8; SHL, MS 308, fos. 176–80; University College, Oxford, MS 83, fo. 16; TCD, MS 867, fo. 266v.

60 Dering, Collection, pp. 24–42; Speeches and passages, pp. 82–96; Nalson, J., ed., An impartial collection (2 vols., London, 1682), i, pp. 667–71Google Scholar; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iv, pp. 100–4; Notestein, ed., D'Ewes, p. 149n.

61 For the speech: Speeches and passages, pp. 97–9; Notestein, ed., D'Ewes, p. 249; Dering, Collection, pp. 17–18, 20–4. For its circulation: BL, Harl. 7162, fos. 190–4v, Lans. 1232, fos. 125v–6; TCD, MS 867, fo. 328; Canterbury Cathedral Library (CCL), DCc/Cant.Let/84; HMC, Ninth report (London, 1883), Appendix i, p. 122; Smith, W. J., ed., Calendar of the Salusbury correspondence, 1553–c. 1700 (Cardiff, 1954), p. 117Google Scholar.

62 Cromartie, A. D. T., ‘The printing of parliamentary speeches, November 1640 – July 1642’, Historical Journal, 33 (1990), pp. 23–44Google Scholar.

63 FSL, v.b.297, fos. 4–17v.

64 Dering, E., The speeches of Sir Edward Deering (1641, D1116–7)Google Scholar; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 32.

65 Dering, E., Foure speeches made by Sr Edward Deering (1641, D1111–D1111a)Google Scholar; BL, Stowe 184, fos. 27v–8. A copy was purchased by Sir Simonds D'Ewes in the last week of April, for 2d: BL, Harl. 7660, fo. 29.

66 Dering, E., Three speeches of Sir Edward Dearings (1641, D1118)Google Scholar; CKS, U275/Z3; Transcript of the registers, i, p. 20; Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 201.

67 Transcript of the registers, i, p. 24. Two versions of this work survive. One was printed for Eglesfield, entitled A consideration and resolution, and another by Thomas Paine for John Stafford, entitled A consideration upon the late canons: Dering, E., A consideration and resolution (1641, D1106)Google Scholar; E. D[ering], A consideration upon the late canons (1641, D1107). A third version, printed by Paine for Stafford and Eglesfield, purported to contain both of these speeches as well as the speeches of 10 November, 23 November, and at the delivery of the Kent petition, although the only known copy contains merely the speech against the canons: Deering, E., A consideration and a resolution (1641, D1107a)Google Scholar. The title page claimed that earlier versions of these three speeches had been ‘printed by an imperfect copy’.

68 Dering, Collection, pp. 48–9, 49–61; CJ, ii, p. 139.

69 Speeches and passages, sigs. M4v–O2.

70 Persecutio undecima, pp. 17–18.

71 BL, Stowe 184, fo. 19, Stowe 744, fo. 1.

72 CKS, U350/C2/86.

73 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 25.

74 BL, Stowe 184, fo. 23.

75 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 23, 27, Stowe 184, fo. 23; Notestein, ed., D'Ewes, p. 249; Dering, Collection, pp. 17–18, 20–4; Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 200.

76 CKS, U350/C2/88.

77 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 28; Wilson, T., Davids zeale for Zion (1641)Google Scholar, sigs. A3, A3v, A4.

78 BL, Stowe 184, fo. 27. For copies of Dering's speeches within the library of Henry Oxinden, see: CCL, Elham 417*(45–7). I am grateful to Sheila Hingley for these references.

79 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 38.

80 Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 201.

81 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 36.

82 For Dering's speech, see: BL, Harl. 477, fo. 105, Harl. 163, fo. 237; Jansson, M., ed., Two diaries of the Long Parliament (Gloucester, 1984), p. 119Google Scholar; Bodl. MS Rawl.D.1099, fo. 17b; Dering, Collection, pp. 63–5. This speech was known outside Westminster: BL, Sloane 1467, fo. 70. For signs of growing moderation, see: Peacey, ‘Dering’.

83 Dering, Collection, pp. 66–7, 68, 74, 76; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iv, pp. 293–6; Bodl. MS Rawl.D.1099, fo. 79b. See: Maltby, ‘Approaches’, p. 158.

84 BL, Harl. 479, fo. 72; Dering, Collection, pp. 98, 99, 106, 120–53, 141–2.

85 BL, Harl. 479, fo. 117; Dering, Collection, p. 78; CKS, U350/C2/94–5.

86 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 47; Coates, W. H., ed., The Journal of Sir Simonds D'Ewes (New Haven, CT, 1942), pp. 19–20Google Scholar; M. Aston, ‘Puritans and iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in C. Durston and J. Eales, eds., The culture of puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), p. 115.

87 Dering, Collection, pp. 89, 90, 93, 94; Coates, ed., D'Ewes, p. 30; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iv, p. 394. See: Maltby, ‘Approaches’, p. 159n. Dering may also have backed, or been involved in organizing, a Kent petition calling for such a synod: BL, Add. 26785, fo. 49, Stowe 744, fo. 13; Maltby, ‘Approaches’, pp. 159–60.

88 Coates, ed., D'Ewes, pp. 117, 219–20; CJ, ii, pp. 322, 327, 328; Dering, Collection, p. 107; BL, Add. 64922, fo. 65.

89 Dering, Collection, pp. 95, 97, 105, 110, 111–12; Coates, ed., D'Ewes, pp. 151–2, 181n, 183n; CJ, ii, pp. 317; Bruce, J., ed., Verney papers (Camden Society, vol. 31, London, 1845), p. 122Google Scholar; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, iv, pp. 425–8; Nalson, ed., Impartial collection, ii, pp. 668–74.

90 Dering, Collection, pp. 79, 108–9.

91 Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 201; Hirst, Representative, p. 185.

92 BL, Stowe 184, fos. 27–8, 43, 47r–v; Hirst, ‘Defection’, p. 202.

93 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 52; Dering, Collection, p. 93.

94 BL, Add. 26785, fos. 53, 55, 56.

95 BL, Stowe 744, fos. 13r–v.

96 CSPD, 1641–1643, p. 188; CJ, ii, p. 349; BL, Add. 26785, fos. 59–60.

97 Dering, Collection, p. 153. See: Cromartie, ‘Printing’, p. 37.

98 Three editions of this survive: Dering, E., A most worthy speech (1641?, D1112–14)Google Scholar. See: CCL, Elham 417*(46), Elham 420*(30).

99 CKS, U350/C2/96; Coates, W. H., Young, A. S., and Snow, V., eds., Private journals of the Long Parliament (3 vols., New Haven, CT, 1982–92), i, pp. 120Google Scholar, 125; CJ, ii, p. 387; Diurnall Occurrences, 6 (7–14 Feb. 1642), sig. A3.

100 CKS, U350/C2/96–7. See: Gardiner, D., ed., The Oxinden letters, 1607–1642 (London, 1933), p. 270Google Scholar.

101 Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, pp. 216, 220, 261; CKS, U350/C2/96; Transcript of the registers, i, p. 39; Dering, Collection.

102 Dering, Collection, sig. A3. He told his wife that he was ‘almost tired out with swimming against the stream’: CKS, U350/C2/96.

103 Dering, Collection, pp. 2, 11, 16, 17, 24, 48–9, 61–2, 162.

104 Ibid., pp. 62–3. See: E. Hyde, earl of Clarendon, The history of the rebellion, ed. W. D. Macray (6 vols., Oxford, 1888), i, p. 314.

105 Dering, Collection, pp. 3–4, 5, 65, 81, 88, 107, 119, 120.

106 It is interesting that Dering neglected to publish two of his speeches. One, a report regarding Henry Burton's Protestation protested, survives in Dering's own hand: BL, Stowe 354, fos. 111–12. A second was prepared during the recess, but was unable to be delivered before his removal from the Commons: Lambeth Palace Library, MS 943, pp. 735–7. Pym claimed that Dering neglected to deliver the report into Burton's pamphlet: Beinecke Library, Osborn files 12398.

107 Dering, Collection, pp. 155–61. The order and forme for church government (1641), pp. 1–4; Master Grimstons argument concerning bishops (1641), pp. 2–5; Sixteene propositions in parliament (1642), pp. 1–4. The first of these had been referred to Dering's committee on 23 July, although it is not known whether Dering sponsored its appearance: Jansson, ed., Proceedings, vi, p. 63.

108 Dering, Collection, pp. 48–9, 96.

109 Ibid., Collection, pp. 62, 65, 96, 161–2; Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, p. 253; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 49.

110 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 63; Larking, ed., Proceedings, pp. 70–3. See: Hirst, ‘Defection’, pp. 206–7. This letter was published as: A message of peace (1642). See: Dering, Collection, p. 102.

111 Dering, Collection, p. 161.

112 CJ, ii, pp. 409, 411; Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, pp. 253, 255, 257, 261–5; Bruce, ed., Verney papers, p. 152.

113 CJ, ii, pp. 411, 414, 419; Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, pp. 253–5, 264–5, 268, 270, 283, 304.

114 Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, pp. 254–5; Cressy, D., ‘Book burning in Tudor and Stuart England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 36 (2005), pp. 359–74, at p. 373CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

115 HMC, Portland, Part i, p. 31; Gardiner, ed., Oxinden letters, pp. 286, 287, 292; Newes from the Tower (1642), sig. A2; Devon RO, 73/15, p. 110. For evidence that copies were selling for as much as 4s 6d, see: CKS, U269/A4/1, U269/A390/1; BL, Add. 26785, fo. 65v. For copies in Kentish libraries, see: CKS, U951/Z49/5, 13; CCL, Elham 420*(29).

116 CSPD, 1641–3, pp. 273, 275, 278, 281–2; HMC, Second report (London, 1871), p. 47; BL, Add. 33936, fo. 258.

117 Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, p. 349.

118 Newes from the Tower, sig. A2.

119 Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, p. 293.

120 , J. P., The copie of a letter written unto Sir Edward Dering (1641)Google Scholar, sigs. A2v–3v. D'Ewes did not think Dering guilty of apostacy, ‘for I never thought him a convert’: Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, p. 253. Henry Oxinden, however, said ‘Sir Edward Dering has so used to turn around in his study that he would do the like in the parliament house. Pray God his much turning hath not made his head dizzy and that he doth not turn out of his right wits’: Gardiner, ed., Oxinden letters, p. 296.

121 BL, Add. 26785, fo. 65v.

122 CJ, ii, p. 426b; Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, i, pp. 348, 352, 354.

123 BL, Add. 64923, fo. 2; ‘Sir Roger Twysden's narrative’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 1 (1858), pp. 201–3, 211–12; CJ, ii, pp. 501, 502–3, 507, 510, 511, 513, 514, 533, 535, 536, 537; Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, ii, pp. 100–2, 107, 133, 184, 189, 198, 203, 237–8, 248; Lords Journal (LJ), iv, pp. 676a, 678b, 703a; LJ, v, pp. 9, 14, 17–19; HMC, Buccleuch (London, 1899), Part i, pp. 295–6; HMC, Cowper, Part ii, p. 311; Many remarkable passages (1642), sig. A2v; HMC, Montagu (London, 1900), pp. 148, 151; BL, Add. 33512, fo. 72; CSPD, 1641–1643, p. 316; NLS, MS 2687, p. 1117.

124 Coates, Young, and Snow, eds., Private journals, ii, p. 248; CJ, ii, p. 549b; NLS, MS 2687, p. 1118. See: Dering, E., A collection of speeches (1642, D1103)Google Scholar; CKS, U275/Z4. Dering's speeches would be republished in 1660: Sir Eward Dering revived (1660).

125 HMC, Hastings (London, 1930), Part ii, p. 87; CJ, ii, p. 733; HMC, Fifth report (London, 1876), p. 22; A true relation of a brave exploit (1642), pp. 4, 7; CKS, U275/F3, U350/C2/99; BL, Add. 18777, fo. 78; A continuation of certaine speciall and remarkable passages, 5 (30 Aug.–6 Sept. 1642), p. 6; LJ, v, pp. 244–5.

126 Bodl. MS Rawl.poet.26, fos. 124v–5; Groot, J. De, Royalist identities (Basingstoke, 2004), p. 66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Parliament Scout, 24 (1–8 Dec. 1643), p. 205.

127 Lincolnshire Archives, 10ANC/347.

128 TNA, C 231/3, p. 25; HMC, Portland, Part i, p. 130; HMC, Bath (London, 1968), Part iv, p. 353; Huntington Library, San Marino, HA 8060; HMC, Hastings, Part ii, p. 118; BL, Add. 64923, fo. 101.

129 BL, Harl. 166, fos. 6, 7, 8, 9; Bodl. MS Carte 223, fo. 143; HMC, Cowper, Part ii, p. 341; CJ, iii, pp. 390, 393, 401; Parliament Scout, 33 (2–9 Feb. 1644), pp. 278, 280; A declaration wherein is full satisfaction given concerning Sir Edward Deering (1644), sig. A3; Whitelocke, B., Memorials of the English affairs (4 vols., Oxford, 1853), i, p. 238Google Scholar; Rushworth, ed., Historical collections, v, pp. 383–4; CSPD, 1644, pp. 13, 16.

130 Dering, E., A discourse of proper sacrifice (Cambridge, 1644)Google Scholar; Green, M., ed., Calendar of the proceedings of the committee for compounding (3 vols., London, 1889–93), p. 832Google Scholar; HMC, Hastings, Part ii, p. 122; Philip, I. G., ed., Journal of Sir Samuel Luke (3 vols., Oxfordshire Record Society, 1947–53), ii, p. 147Google Scholar, iii, p. 188. For Dering's financial troubles in Kent, see: CKS, U1107/A13, E43, U350/O13, U350/C2/101; TNA, SP 23/223, p. 638; Bodl. MS Tanner 62, fo. 575; CJ, iii, pp. 513, 572, 603; BL, Stowe 184, fos. 78–105, Add. 70887, fos. 14v, 27, 41, 57v.

131 Mercurius Anglicus, 1 (31 Jan.–7 Feb. 1644), p. 5; A declaration wherein is full satisfaction given, sig. A2; Certaine Informations, 51 (1–8 Jan. 1644), p. 400; Parliament Scout, 33 (2–9 Feb. 1644), pp. 278, 280; Perfect Diurnall, 24 (1–8 Jan. 1644), pp. 188–9; Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 38 (2–9 Jan. 1644), p. 296; Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 42 (30 Jan.–7 Feb. 1644), pp. 327–8; Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, 43 (7–14 Feb. 1644), p. 331.

132 BL, Stowe 184, fos. 62, 64r–v, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75–7; Dering, E., A declaration by Sir Edward Dering (1644)Google Scholar.

133 Little, P. and Smith, D., Parliaments and politics during the Cromwellian protectorate (Cambridge, 2007), p. 233CrossRefGoogle Scholar.