Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 November 2017
Fannie Fern Andrews, a Boston educator and reformer, started the American School Peace League (ASPL) in 1908 in order to educate schoolchildren in the principles of what she called “world citizenship.” Through its curriculum, A Course in Citizenship, the ASPL taught students about cooperation, tolerance, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. At the same time, however, they were preparing white, native-born US children to lead the new world and to judge others’ capacity for membership in it—their fitness for world citizenship—according to “civilized,” white American standards. I argue that while Andrews and the ASPL professed a desire for internationalism, theirs was very much a US-dominated internationalism. A Course in Citizenship calibrated the standards of progress and civilization by which children were to measure not only themselves but others around the world. Education for peace was also education for the new American empire.
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35 Fannie Fern Andrews, “The United States a Melting-Pot for Races,” in A Course in Citizenship, 306.
36 Fannie Fern Andrews, “Topics for Discussion: The United States and the World Culture,” 317. For more on immigration and Americanization in elementary education in the pre-World War I period, see Mirel, Patriotic Pluralism, 50–58.
37 Fannie Fern Andrews, “Introduction: The World Family,” in A Course in Citizenship, 327.
38 Fannie Fern Andrews, “Each Nation's Contribution to the World,” in A Course in Citizenship, 336.
39 Fannie Fern Andrews, “Above all Nations is Humanity,” in A Course in Citizenship, 338.
40 Fannie Fern Andrews, “World Conferences Leading to World Federation,” in A Course in Citizenship, 369.
41 Andrews, “World Conferences Leading to World Federation,” 371.
42 Fannie Fern Andrews, “The United States and World Brotherhood,” in A Course in Citizenship, 319–20.
43 Fannie Fern Andrews, “How Can We Be of Service in the World Family,” in A Course in Citizenship, 375.
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51 Andrews, “Introduction: The United States and the World,” 283.
52 Zoë Burkholder notes that in the early twentieth century any lessons on “racial tolerance” were limited to white ethnic groups. Nonwhite people remained largely invisible in curricula until after World War II. Burkholder, Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900–1954 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 11 Google Scholar.
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56 Hill, “Good Will Among All Classes of Citizens,” 171.
57 Cabot, “The Contribution of Each Race to American Life,” 196.
58 “The Forgiving Indian,” in A Course in Citizenship, 64.
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63 Louis A. Pérez Jr., “Incurring a Debt of Gratitude: 1898 and the Moral Sources of United States Hegemony in Cuba,” American Historical Review 104, no. 2 (April 1999), 359.
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66 Fannie Fern Andrews, “National Characteristics,” in A Course in Citizenship, 329–30.
67 John Greenleaf Whittier, “The Cable Hymn,” in A Course in Citizenship, 307.
68 Fannie Fern Andrews, “European Interest in Spanish America,” in A course in Citizenship, 301.
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