Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-26T06:44:01.103Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Historically Drowning Othered Voices with a Few Waves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2025

Laís Rodrigues*
Affiliation:
Centre for Social Studies (CES) at the University of Coimbra, Portugal

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to problematize how the wave narrative maintains and reinforces the hegemony of Western-dominant feminisms while silencing, excluding, appropriating, and/or diluting Othered feminisms and gender-related perspectives. As Western-dominant feminist historicizations travel to the wave narrative, they become the points of reference to all, while Othered historicizations are either erased or Westernized and whitewashed as they travel to the wave narrative. First, to present these problematizations, I will articulate with Edward Said’s travelling theories, Santiago Castro-Gómez’s zero-point hubris, and Linda Alcoff’s speaking for the other. Secondly, I will argue the wave narrative is embedded in Western myths that reinforce its supremacy, including the myths of: (i) true-universal feminisms; (ii) neutral locus of enunciation; (iii) linear-progressive feminist historicization; and (iv) white feminist savior. Finally, I seek to contribute with the theoretical perspectives presented in this paper by focusing on: (1) the importance of understanding from-to/how-by theories and historicizations travel; (2) how Othered epistemologies are located, according to zero-point hubris logics, within hyper-surveilled points of no-observation; and (3) how the dilution and appropriation of Othered stories and epistemologies by Western-dominant feminisms is not simply speaking for Others, but speaking above Others.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hypatia, a Nonprofit Corporation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Lughod, L. 2002. Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflection on cultural relativism and its other. American Anthropologist 104: 783790. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackah, W. 2021. From ethnic minorities to black majorities: The challenges and dilemmas of attempting to decolonize the British higher education system. Peabody Journal of Education, 96(2): 192205. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2021.1905360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, S. 2012. On BEING INCLUDED: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Alarcón, N. 1990. Chicana feminism: In the tracks of “the” native woman. Cultural Studie, 4 (3): 248–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389000490201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcoff, L. 1991. The problem of speaking for others. Cultural Critique 20: 532. https://doi.org/10.2307/1354221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amoras, M., Costa, S., and Araújo, L.. 2021. O ativismo das mulheres negras escravizadas no Brasil colonial e pós-colonial, no contexto da América Latina. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, Dossiê: Território, gênero e interseccionalidades, 23: 122. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.rbeur.202128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, M. 2018. Getting to the Root of #metoo-Through the Fourth Wave of Feminism. Thesis for: Masters. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20534.14403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K., Knee, E., and Mowatt, R.. 2021. Leisure and the “white-savior industrial complex.” Journal of Leisure Research 52 (5): 531–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1853490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anghie, A. 2006. The evolution of international law: Colonial and postcolonial realities. Third World Quarterly, 27(5): 739753. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4017775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzaldúa, G. 1987. Borderlands: La Frontera. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Book Company.Google Scholar
Arat-Koç, S. 2012. Invisibilized, individualized, and culturalized: Paradoxical invisibility and hyper-visibility of gender in policy making and policy discourse in neoliberal Canada. Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme 29 (3): 68.Google Scholar
Assis-Peterson, A. A. de, and Cox, M. I. P. 2021. Inglês em tempos de globalização: para além de bem e mal. Calidoscópio, 5 (1): 514. https://revistas.unisinos.br/index.php/calidoscopio/article/view/5616.Google Scholar
Aune, K., and Holyoak, R.. 2018. Navigating the third wave: Contemporary UK feminist activists and “third-wave feminism.” Feminist Theory 19 (2): 183203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700117723593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bento, A. 2002. Branqueamento e Branquitude no Brasil. In Psicologia social do racismo: Estudos sobre branquitude e branqueamento no Brasil., ed. Carone, I. and Bento, A.. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes.Google Scholar
Bilge, S. 2013. Intersectionality undone: Saving intersectionality from feminist intersectionality studies, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 10 (2): 405–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilge, S. 2014. Whitening intersectionality: Evanescence of race in intersectionality scholarship, Racism and Sociology: Racism Analysis Yearbook 5: 175205.Google Scholar
Bonnett, A. 2014. White identities: An historical ande international introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bourabain, D. 2021. Everyday sexism and racism in the ivory tower: The experiences of early career researchers on the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the academic workplace. Gender Work and Organization 28: 248–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boussebaa, M., and Brown, A.. 2017. Englishization, identity regulation and imperialism. Organization Studies 38 (1): 729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616655494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, A., and McEwan, B. 2024. Viral paradox: The intersection of “me too” and #MeToo. New Media & Society, 26(6): 34543471. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221099187 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, E. 1992. “What has happened here”: The politics of difference in women’s history and feminist politics, Feminist Studies 18 (2): 295312. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, V. 2013. Backlash, repetition, untimeliness: The temporal dynamics of feminist politics. Hypatia, 28: 905920. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, A. 1991. The feminist quest for identity: British imperial suffragism and “global sisterhood” 1900–1915. Journal of Women’s History 3 (2): 4681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnolati, B., Femenías, M., and Vukovic, J.. 2019. Simone de Beauvoir na Argentina: O papel das editoras e das traduções na recepção de seu trabalho. Belas Infiéis 8 (2): 3149. https://doi.org/10.26512/belasinfieis.v8.n2.2019.24372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbado, D. 2013. Colorblind intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38 (4): 811–45. https://doi.org/10.1086/669666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, L. 2020. O branco não branco e o branco-branco. Revista Humanitas 47 (2): 5381.Google Scholar
Castro-Gómez, S. 2005. La hybris del punto cero: Ciencia, raza e ilustración en la Nueva Granada (1750–1816). Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.Google Scholar
Castro-Gómez, S. 2007. Decolonizar la universidad: La hybris del punto cero y el diálogo de saberes. In El giro decolonial: Reflexiones para uma diversidad epistêmica más allá del capitalismo global, ed. Castro-Gómez, S. and Grosfoguel, R.. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre, Universidad Central.Google Scholar
Caughie, P. 2010. Introduction: Theorizing the “first wave” globally. Feminist Review 95: 59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40928106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P. 1998. Fighting words: Black women and the search for justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Collins, P. 2013. On intellectual activism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 396 pp.Google Scholar
Collins, P. 2015. Intersectionality’s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology 41 (1): 120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P. H. 1986. Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought. Social Problems, 33(6): S14S32. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1986.33.6.03a00020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwall, A. 2018. Além do “Empoderamento Light”: Empoderamento feminino, desenvolvimento neoliberal e justiça global. Cadernos Pagu 52: e185202. https://doi.org/10.1590/18094449201800520002.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. 1991. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusicanqui, S. 2012. Ch’ixinakax utxiwa: A reflection on the practices and discourses of decolonization. South Atlantic Quarterly 111 (1): 95109. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1472612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daily, l. 2019. “We bleed for female empowerment”: Mediated ethics, commodity feminism, and the contradictions of feminist politics. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 16 (2): 140–58, https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2019.1634276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danin, R. A., Carvalho Júnior, J. G., & Reis, T. R. 2018. Racismo discursivo: O caso Marielle Franco e a cobertura da mídia internacional. methaodos. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.17502/m.rcs.v6i2.243 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrick, C. 1998. Madrinas and missionaries: Uruguay and the Pan-American Women’s Movement. Gender and History 10: 406–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. 2015. Understanding Third Wave Feminisms. In: The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms. Gender and Politics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295279_2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanon, F. 2008. Black skin, white mask. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
François, M. 2021. ‘I felt violated by the demand to undress’: three Muslim women on France’s hostility to the hijab. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/27/i-felt-violated-by-the-demand-to-undress-three-muslim-women-on-frances-hostility-to-the-hijab.Google Scholar
Gamble, S. 2001. The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garcia, C. 2011. Breve história do feminismo. São Paulo: Claridade, 118 p.Google Scholar
Gines, Kathryn T. 2014. Comparative and competing frameworks of oppression in Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 35 (1–2): 251273. https://doi.org/10.5840/gfpj2014351/212 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, L. 2020. Por um feminismo afro-latino-americano. Editora Zahar.Google Scholar
Grande, S. 2003. Whitestream feminism and the colonialist project: A review of contemporary feminist pedagogy and praxis. Educational Theory 53: 329–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2003.00329.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosfoguel, R. 2002. Colonial difference, geopolitics of knowledge, and global coloniality in the modern/colonial capitalist world-system. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 25 (3): 203–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40241548.Google Scholar
Grosfoguel, R. 2007. The epistemic decolonial turn. Cultural Studies 21 (2–3): 211–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosfoguel, Ramón. 2016. Del «extractivismo económico» al «extractivismo epistémico» y «extractivismo ontológico»: una forma destructiva de conocer, ser y estar en el mundo. Tabula Rasa. 123143. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.60.Google Scholar
Icaza, A. 2017. Decolonial feminism and global politics: Border thinking and vulnerability as a knowing otherwise. In Critical Epistemologies of Global Politics. Bristol; E-International Relations, Chapter 2, 2645.Google Scholar
Imram, Y. 2023. The Othered Woman: Shahed Ezaydi’s quest to debunk white feminism. The New Arab, https://www.newarab.com/features/othered-woman-quest-debunk-white-feminism.Google Scholar
Janiewski, D. 2001. Engendering the invisible empire: Imperialism, feminism, and US women’s history. Australian Feminist Studies 16 (36): 279–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164640120097525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jawondo, I. A., and Oshewolo, R.. 2022. From empowerment to disempowerment? The changing role of women in the colonial agricultural economy of Okunland, Kogi State, Nigeria. GeoJournal 87: 1861–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10343-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, T. 2016. The narrative reproduction of white feminist racism. Feminist Review, 113(1): 5067. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2016.2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junior, R. D. 2003. Gênero e política: um olhar (estrangeiro) sobre a Princesa Isabel. Estudos Feministas, 11(2): 678680. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24327496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, E. 2014. Intersectionality in third-wave popular music: Sexuality, race, and class. The Oxford Handbook Topics in Music. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935321.013.36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, G. A. 2005. Race, class, gender: Reclaiming baggage in fast travelling theories. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 12(3): 249265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506805054267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacerda, T. de C. 2019. Tereza De Benguela: Identidade e representatividade negra. Revista de Estudos Acadêmicos de Letras 12 (2): 8996. Available at: https://periodicos.unemat.br/index.php/reacl/article/view/4113.Google Scholar
Lander, E. 2005. Ciências Sociais: Saberes coloniais e eurocêntricos. In A colonialidade do saber: Eurocentrismo e ciências sociais, ed. Lander, E.. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.Google Scholar
Law, I. 2017. Building the anti-racist university, action and new agendas, Race Ethnicity and Education, 20 (3): 332343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1260232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebovic, A. 2019. Refashioning feminism: American Vogue, the second wave, and the transition to postfeminism. Journal of Women’s History 31 (1): 109–32. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2019.0005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodi, H. 2021. American feminism doesn’t include Muslim women – and especially not their hijabs. Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/feminism-hijab-muslim-women-us-b1936995.html.Google Scholar
Loney-Howes, R. 2019. The politics of the personal: The evolution of anti-rape activism from second-wave feminism to #MeToo. In #MeToo and the politics of social change, ed. Fileborn, B. and Loney-Howes, R.. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre. 1984. Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press.Google Scholar
Lugones, M. 2020. Colonialidade e gênero. In Pensamento feminista hoje: Perspectivas decoloniais, ed. Hollanda, H.. Rio de Janeiro: Bazar do Tempo.Google Scholar
Maclaran, P. (2012), Marketing and feminism in historic perspective, Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 4(3): 462469. https://doi.org/10.1108/17557501211252998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maldonado-Torres, N. 2007. On the coloniality of being: Contributions to the development of a concept. Cultural Studies 21 (2/3): 240–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandziuk, R. 2003. Commemorating Sojourner Truth: Negotiating the politics of race and gender in the spaces of public memory. Western Journal of Communication 67 (3): 271–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310309374772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maurantonio, N. 2017. “Reason to hope?”: The white savior myth and progress in “post-racial” America. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 94 (4): 1130–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017691248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, V. 2014. “Speaking into the void”? Intersectionality critiques and epistemic backlash. Hypatia 29 (1): 94112. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24541955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirza, H. 2014. Decolonizing higher education: black feminism and the intersectionality of race and gender. Journal of Feminist Scholarship 7 (Fall): 112. Available at https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jfs/vol7/iss7/3.Google Scholar
Mohanty, C. 1984. Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Boundary 2 12 (3): 333358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, K. M. 1987. Women’s access and opportunity in higher education: Toward the twenty-first century. Comparative Education 23 (1): 2334. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006870230104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moraga, C. and Anzaldúa, G. 1981. This bridge called my back : writings by radical women of color. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press.Google Scholar
Muller, T., and Cardoso, L.. 2017. Branquitude: Estudos sobre a identidade branca no Brasil. Curitiba: Appris.Google Scholar
Nascimento, B. 2018. Beatriz Nascimento, Quilombola e intelectual: Possibilidade nos dias da destruição. São Paulo: Editora Filhos da África.Google Scholar
Njoh, A., and Akiwumi, F.. 2012. Colonial legacies, land policies and the millennium development goals: Lessons from Cameroon and Sierra Leone. Habitat International 36 (2): 210–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.08.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noveck, J. 2021. Left out of MeToo: New initiative focuses on Black survivors. The Associated Press. https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/02/24/left-out-of-metoo-new-initiative-focuses-on-black-survivors/.Google Scholar
O’Keefe, T., and Courtois, A.. 2019. “Not one of the family”: Gender and precarious work in the neoliberal university. Gender Work Organ 26: 463–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, M. 2017. Decolonial woes and practices of un-knowing. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 31(3): 504516. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.31.3.0504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyěwùmí, O. 2000. Family bonds/conceptual binds: African notes on feminist epistemologies. Signs 25 (4): 1093–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phipps, A. 2021. White tears, white rage: Victimhood and (as) violence in mainstream feminism. European Journal of Cultural Studies 24 (1): 8193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420985852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Planalto. 2023. Ministros se reúnem com representantes de movimentos sociais em Portugal. April 24. Available at https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/noticias/2023/04/ministros-se-reunem-com-representantes-de-movimentos-sociais-em-portugal.Google Scholar
Ray, S. 1992. Shifting subjects shifting ground: The names and spaces of the post-colonial. Hypatia, 7(2): 188201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1992.tb00893.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, C., and Vieira, T. 2020. A função política do luto por Marielle Franco. Cadernos De Gênero E Diversidade 6(2): 134150. https://doi.org/10.9771/cgd.v6i2.35003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, L. 2023. We have to talk about whiteness: widening the decolonial gates*. Social Identities, 29(2): 148170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2023.2208050 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saad, L. 2020. Me and white supremacy: How to recognise your privilege, combat racism and change the world. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks.Google Scholar
Said, E. 1979. Orientalism. New York: First Vintage Books Edition.Google Scholar
Said, E. 1983. Traveling theory. In The World, the Text and the Critic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Said, E. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Said, E. 2000. Traveling theory reconsidered. In Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. London: Granta.Google Scholar
Santos, L. 2019. Feminismo Negro e Ativismo de Mulheres Negras—1870–1888. Z Cultural, 1st semestre 14 (4). Available at http://revistazcultural.pacc.ufrj.br/feminismo-negro-e-ativismo-de-mulheres-negras-1870-1888/.Google Scholar
Seamster, L., and Charron-Chénier, R.. 2017. Predatory inclusion and education debt: Rethinking the racial wealth gap. Social Currents 4 (3): 199207. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496516686620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sian, K. 2019. Navigation institutional racism in British universities. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, T., and Ferreira, G.. 2017. E as mulheres negras? Narrativas históricas de um feminismo à margem das ondas. Revista Estudos Feministas 25 (3): 1017–33. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. 2009. Indigenous feminism without apology. In Unsettling Ourselves: Reflections and Resources for Deconstructing Colonial Mentality. Unsettling Minnesota Collective, https://unsettlingminnesota.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/um_sourcebook_jan10_revision.pdf.Google Scholar
Tenório, P. 2021. Nossos passos vêm de longe: Almerinda Farias Gama e o ativismo político de uma mulher negra na construção da luta feminista brasileira. Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire: Les Cahiers ALHIM 42. https://doi.org/10.4000/alhim.10424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrefe, S. 2020. The pornotrope of decolonial feminism. Critical Philosophy of Race, 8(1-2), 134164. https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.8.1-2.0134 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, B. 2018. Category anxiety and the invisible white woman: Managing intersectionality at the scene of argument. Feminist Theory 19 (2): 145–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700117734735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valverde, M. 2016. When the mother of the race is free: Race, reproduction, and sexuality in first-wave feminism. In Gender conflicts: New essays in women’s history, ed. Iacovetta, F. and Valverde, M.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442675186-003.Google Scholar
Varizo, C. 2022. Simone de Beauvoir para além da França: como o livro “O Segundo Sexo” influenciou diversas gerações em diferentes locais do mundo? Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 5 (9): 282. Available at https://revistas.ufpel.edu.br/index.php/clio/article/view/1991.Google Scholar
Zackodnik, T. C. 2004. “I don’t know how you will feel when I get through”: Racial difference, woman’s rights, and Sojourner Truth. Feminist Studies 30 (1): 4973. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3178558.Google Scholar
Zakaria, R. 2021. Against white feminism: Notes on disruption. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar