Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-pdxrj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-04T04:04:04.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance Guidelines for the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

David M. Shlaes ,
Dale N. Gerding ,
Joseph F. John Jr ,
William A. Craig ,
Donald L. Bornstein ,
Robert A. Duncan ,
Mark R. Eckman ,
William E. Farrer ,
William H. Greene  and
Victor Lorian
...Show all authors
David M. Shlaes*
Affiliation:
Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, New York
Dale N. Gerding
Affiliation:
Veterans' Affairs Lakeside Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
Joseph F. John Jr
Affiliation:
UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
William A. Craig
Affiliation:
William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
Donald L. Bornstein
Affiliation:
SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York
Robert A. Duncan
Affiliation:
Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts
William E. Farrer
Affiliation:
St Elizabeth Hospital, Elizabeth, New Jersey
William H. Greene
Affiliation:
University Hospital, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
Victor Lorian
Affiliation:
Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, New York
Stuart Levy
Affiliation:
Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
John E. McGowan Jr
Affiliation:
Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
Sindy M. Paul
Affiliation:
New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
Joel Ruskin
Affiliation:
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Fred C. Tenover
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Chatrchai Watanakunakorn
Affiliation:
St. Elizabeth Hospital Medical Center, Youngstown, Ohio
*
Wyeth-Ayerst Research, 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, NY 10965
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance results in increased morbidity, mortality, and costs of health care. Prevention of the emergence of resistance and the dissemination of resistant microorganisms will reduce these adverse effects and their attendant costs. Appropriate antimicrobial stewardship that includes optimal selection, dose, and duration of treatment, as well as control of antibiotic use, will prevent or slow the emergence of resistance among microorganisms. A comprehensively applied infection control program will interdict the dissemination of resistant strains

Type
SHEA Position Paper
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , April 1997 , pp. 275 - 291
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Shlaes, DM, Levy, S, Archer, G. Antimicrobial resistance: new directions. ASM News 1991;57:455–463.Google Scholar
2. Phelps, CE. Bug/drug resistance. Med Care 1988;27:194–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Neu, HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992;257:1064–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Davies, J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 1994;264:375–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Stokes, HW, Hall, RM. A novel family of potentially mobile DNA elements encoding site-specific gene integration functions: integrons. Mol Microbiol 1989;3:1669–1683.Google Scholar
6. Nikaido, H. Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux. Science 1994;264:382–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Levy, SB. Active efflux mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:695–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Spratt, BG. Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations. Science 1994;264:388–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Musher, DM, Baughn, RE, Templeton, GB, Minuth, JN. Emergence of variant forms of Staphylococcus aureus after exposure to gentamicin and infectivity of the variants in experimental animals. J Infect Dis 1977;136:360–369.Google Scholar
10. Musher, DM, Baughn, RE, Merrell, GL. Selection of smallcolony variants of Enterobacteriaceae by in vitro exposure to aminoglycosides: pathogenicity for experimental animals. J Infect Dis 1979;140:209–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Balwitt, JM, van Langevelde, P, Vann, JM, Proctor, RA. Gentamicin-resistant menadione and hemin auxotrophic Staphylococcus aureus persist within cultured epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1033–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Muder, RR, Brennen, C, Wagener, MW, et al. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal colonization and infection in a long term care facility. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:107–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Garner, JS, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:53–80.Google Scholar
14. Wingard, E, Shlaes, JH, Mortimer, EA, Shlaes, DM. Colonization and cross-colonization of nursing home patients with trimethoprim-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:75–81.Google Scholar
15. McGowan, JE Jr. Antibiotic resistance in hospital bacteria: current patterns, modes for appearance or spread, and economic impact. Rev Med Microbiol 1991;2:161–169.Google Scholar
16. McGowan, JE Jr. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5:1033–1048.Google Scholar
17. Olson, B, Weinstein, RA, Nathan, C, Gaston, MA, Kabins, SA. Epidemiology of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why infection control efforts have failed. J Infect Dis 1987;150:808–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. McGowan, JE Jr. Is antimicrobial resistance in hospital microorganisms related to antibiotic use? Bull NY Acad Med 1987;63:253–268.Google ScholarPubMed
19. Levy, SB. Balancing the drug-resistance equation. Trends Microbiol 1994;2:341–342.Google Scholar
20. Courcol, RJ, Pinkas, M, Martin, GR. A seven-year survey of antibiotic susceptibility and its relationship with usage. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989;23:441–451.Google Scholar
21. Duncan, RA, Steger, KA, Craven, DE. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: risks outweigh benefits for intensive care unit patients. Semin Respir Infect 1993;8:308–324.Google ScholarPubMed
22. Hughes, WT, Armstrong, D, Bodey, GP, et al. Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. J Infect Dis 1990;161:381–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Kim, JH, Gallis, HA. Observations on spiraling empiricism: its causes, allure, and perils with particular reference to antibiotic therapy. Am J Med 1989;87:201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Pallares, R, Dick, R, Wenzel, RP, Adams, JR, Nettleman, MD. Trends in antimicrobial utilization at a tertiary teaching hospital during a 15-year period (1978-1992). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14:376–382.Google Scholar
25. Conus, P, Francioli, P. Relationship between ceftriaxone use and resistance of Enterobacter species. J Clin Pharm Ther 1992;17:303–305.Google Scholar
26. Moller, JK. Antimicrobial usage and microbial resistance in a university hospital during a seven-year period. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989;24:983–992.Google Scholar
27. Ballow, CH, Schentag, JJ. Trends in antibiotic utilization and bacterial resistance report of the national nosocomial resistance surveillance group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992;15:375–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Coronado, VG, Edwards, JR, Culver, DH, Gaynes, RP. Ciprofloxacin resistance among nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Goswitz, JJ, Willard, KE, Fasching, CE, Peterson, LR. Detection of gyrA gene mutations associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: analysis by polymerase chain reaction and automated direct DNA sequencing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:1166–1169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Ferrero, L, Cameron, B, Manse, B, et al. Cloning and primary structure of Staphylococcus aureus DNA topoisomerase, IV: a primary target of fluoroquinolones. Mol Microbiol 1994;13:641–653.Google Scholar
31. Ferrero, L, Cameron, B, Crouzet, J. Analysis of gyrA and grlA mutations in stepwise-selected ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1554–1558.Google Scholar
32. McGowan, JE Jr. Do intensive hospital antibiotic control programs prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:478–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Betts, RF, Valenti, WM, Chapman, SW, et al. Five-year surveillance of aminoglycoside usage in a university hospital. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:219–222.Google Scholar
34. Gerding, DN, Larson, TA, Hughes, RA, et al. Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage: ten years of experience in one hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1284–1290.Google Scholar
35. Berk, SL, Alvarez, S, Ortega, G, et al. Clinical and microbiological consequences of amikacin use during a 42-month period. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:538–541.Google Scholar
36. Young, EJ, Sewell, CM, Koza, MA, Clarridge, JE. Antibiotic resistance patterns during aminoglycoside restriction. Am J Med Sci 1985;290:223–227.Google Scholar
37. King, JW, White, MC, Todd, JR, Conrad, SA. Alterations in the microbial flora and in the incidence of bacteremia at a university hospital after adoption of amikacin as the sole formulary aminoglycoside. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:908–915.Google Scholar
38. van Landuyt, HW, Boelaert, J, Glibert, B, Gordts, B, Verbruggen, AM. Surveillance of aminoglycoside resistance: European data. Am J Med 1986;80(suppl 6B):76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Bamberger, DM, Dahl, SL. Impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of third-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:554–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40. Pear, SM, Williamson, TH, Bettin, KM, Gerding, DN, Galgiani, JN. Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:272–277.Google Scholar
41. Hammond, JMJ, Potgieter, PD, Forder, AA, Plumb, H. Influence of amikacin as the primary aminoglycoside on bacterial isolates in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1990;18:607–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42. Friedland, IR, Funk, E, Khoosal, M, Klugman, KP. Increased resistance to amikacin in a neonatal unit following intensive amikacin usage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:1596–1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Levine, JF, Maslow, MJ, Leibowitz, RE, et al. Amikacin-resistant gram-negative bacilli: correlation of occurrence with amikacin use. J Infect Dis 1985;151:295–300.Google Scholar
44. Moody, MM, de Jongh, CA, Schimpff, SC, Tillman, GL. Longterm amikacin use: effects on aminoglycoside susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacilli. JAMA 1982;248:1199–1202.Google Scholar
45. McGowan, JE Jr. Minimizing antimicrobial resistance in hospital bacteria: can switching or cycling drugs help? Infect Control 1986;7:573–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46. Saravolatz, LD, Arking, L, Pohlod, D, et al. An outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: analysis of control measures. Infect Control 1984;5:79–84.Google Scholar
47. Craig, WA. Do antibiotic combinations prevent the emergence of resistant organisms? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988;9:417–419.Google Scholar
48. Chow, JW, Fine, MJ, Shlaes, DM, et al. Enterobacter bacteremia: clinical features and emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:585–590.Google Scholar
49. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50. Meyer, KS, Urban, C, Eagan, JA, Berger, BJ, Rahal, JJ. Nosocomial outbreak of Klebsiella infection resistant to lategeneration cephalosporins. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:353–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Sahm, DF, O'Brien, TF. Detection and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Trends Microbiol 1994;2:366–371.Google Scholar
52. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Final rule. Federal Register 1991;56:64175–64182.Google Scholar
53. Lynch, P, Cummings, MI, Roberts, PL, et al. Implementing and evaluating a system of generic infection precautions: body substance isolation. Am J Infect Control 1990;18:1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Centers for Disease Control. Update: Universal Precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR 1988;37:377-382, 387–388.Google Scholar
55. Cimino, MA, Rotstein, CM, Mosder, JE. Assessment of cost effective antibiotic therapy in the management of infection in cancer patients. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:105–111.Google Scholar
56. Neu, HC. Antimicrobial agents. In: Wenzel, RP, ed. Role in the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infection. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1993:406–419.Google Scholar
57. Stern, Z, Simchen, E, Shapiro, M, Sacks, T, Ferderber, N. The role of a hospital director in efforts to reduce infections after surgical procedures: a report of intervention in cardiac surgery. Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care 1994;2:135–140.Google Scholar
58. Eisenberg, JM. New drugs and clinical economics: analysis of cost effectiveness in the assessment of pharmaceutical innovations. Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:S905–S908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59. Pelletier, LL. Hospital usage of parenteral antimicrobial agents: a graduated utilization review and cost containment program. Infect Control 1985;6:226–230.Google Scholar
60. Liss, RH, Batchelor, FR. Economic evaluation of antibiotic use and resistance—a perspective: report of task force 6. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:S297–S312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Maswoswe, JJ, Okpara, AU. Enforcing a policy for restricting antimicrobial drug use. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995;52:1433–1435.Google Scholar
62. Evans, RS, Pestotnik, SL, Burke, JP, Gardner, RM, Larson, RA, Classen, DC. Reducing the duration of prophylactic antibiotic use through computer monitoring of surgical patients. Ann Pharmacother 1990;24:351–354.Google Scholar
63. Soumerai, SB, Lipton, HL. Computer-based drug utilization review—risk, benefit, or boondoggle? N Engl J Med 1995;332:1641–1645. Comment.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64. Zaza, S, Jarvis, WJ. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall, CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:105–113.Google Scholar
65. Goldmann, DA, Weinstein, RA, Wenzel, RP, et al. Strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antibioticresistant microorganisms in hospitals—a challenge to hospital leadership. Workshop to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. JAMA 1996;275:234–240.Google Scholar
66. Weinstein, RA, Kabins, SA. Strategies for prevention and control of multiple drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1981;70:449–454.Google Scholar
67. Mace, D, Walton, MH. Establishing local policy for formulary management. VA Practitioner 1984;4:52–57.Google Scholar
68. Gould, IM, Hampson, J, Taylor, EW, Wood, MJ. Working Party Report: Hospital antibiotic control measures in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;34:21–42.Google Scholar
69. Report of the ASM Task Force on antibiotic resistance. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1995.Google Scholar
70. Dellinger, EP, Gross, PA, Barrett, TL, et al. Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:182–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71. Paul, SM, Finelli, L, Crane, GL, Sitalny, KC. A statewide surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance bacteria: New Jersey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:385–390.Google Scholar
72. Ives, TJ, Frey, JJ, Furr, SJ, Bentz, EJ. Effect of an education intervention on oral cephalosporin use in primary care. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:44–47.Google Scholar
73. Evans, RS, Larsen, RA, Burke, JP, et al. Computer surveillance of hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic use. JAMA 1986;256:1001–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74. Durbin, WA, LaPidas, B, Goldmann, DA. Improved antibiotic usage following introduction of a novel prescription system. JAMA 1981;246:1796–1800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75. Echols, RM, Kowalsky, SF. The use of an antibiotic order form for antibiotic utilization review: influence on physicians' prescribing patterns. J Infect Dis 1984;6:803–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76. Ma, MY. Meeting the challenge of rising antibiotic costs. VA Practitioner 1984;10:63–65.Google Scholar
77. DeVito, JM, John, JF. Effect of formulary restriction of cefotaxime usage. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1053–1056.Google Scholar
78. Woodward, RS, Medoff, G, Smith, MD, Gray, JL. Antibiotic cost savings from formulary restrictions and physician monitoring in a medical school-affiliated hospital. Am J Med 1987;83:817–823.Google Scholar
79. Nickman, NA, Blissenbach, HF, Herrick, JD. Medical committee enforcement of policy limiting postsurgical antibiotic use. Am J Hosp Pharm 1984;41:2053–2055.Google ScholarPubMed
80. Schentag, JJ, Ballow, CH, Fritz, AL, et al. Changes in antimicrobial agent usage resulting from interactions among clinical pharmacy, the infectious disease division, and the microbiology laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;16:255–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81. Achusim, LE. Antibiotic use following implementation of a therapeutic interchange program. Pharmacol Ther 1992;17:775–798.Google Scholar
82. Coleman, RW, Rodondi, LC, Kaubisch, S, Granzella, NB, O'Hanley, PD. Cost-effectiveness of prospective and continuous parenteral antibiotic control: experience at the Palo Alto Veterans' Affairs Medical Center from 1987 to 1989. Am J Med 1990;90:439–444.Google Scholar
83. Briceland, LL, Nightingale, CH, Quintiliani, R, Cooper, BW, Smith, KS. Antibiotic streamlining from combination therapy to monotherapy utilizing an interdisciplinary approach. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2019–2022.Google Scholar
84. Rubenstein, E, Barzilai, A, Segev, S, Samra, Y, Modan, M, Dickerman, O. Antibiotic cost reduction by providing cost information. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988;35:269–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar