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Systematic Review of Studies on Compliance with Hand Hygiene Guidelines in Hospital Care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Vicki Erasmus ,
Thea J. Daha ,
Hans Brug ,
Jan Hendrik Richardus ,
Myra D. Behrendt ,
Margreet C. Vos  and
Ed F. van Beeck
Vicki Erasmus*
Affiliation:
Departments of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
Thea J. Daha
Affiliation:
Dutch Society for Hygiene and Infection Prevention in Health Care, Leiden
Hans Brug
Affiliation:
Departments of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jan Hendrik Richardus
Affiliation:
Departments of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
Myra D. Behrendt
Affiliation:
Medical Microbiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
Margreet C. Vos
Affiliation:
Medical Microbiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
Ed F. van Beeck
Affiliation:
Departments of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
*
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands(, v.erasmus@erasmusmc.nl)
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Extract

Objectives.

To assess the prevalence and correlates of compliance and noncompliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care.

Design.

A systematic review of studies published before January 1, 2009, on observed or self-reported compliance rates.

Methods.

Articles on empirical studies written in English and conducted on general patient populations in industrialized countries were included. The results were grouped by type of healthcare worker before and after patient contact. Correlates contributing to compliance were grouped and listed.

Results.

We included 96 empirical studies, the majority (n = 65) in intensive care units. In general, the study methods were not very robust and often ill reported. We found an overall median compliance rate of 40%. Unadjusted compliance rates were lower in intensive care units (30%–40%) than in other settings (50%–60%), lower among physicians (32%) than among nurses (48%), and before (21%) rather than after (47%) patient contact. The majority of the time, the situations that were associated with a lower compliance rate were those with a high activity level and/or those in which a physician was involved. The majority of the time, the situations that were associated with a higher compliance rate were those having to do with dirty tasks, the introduction of alcohol-based hand rub or gel, performance feedback, and accessibility of materials. A minority of studies (n = 12) have investigated the behavioral determinants of hand hygiene, of which only 7 report the use of a theoretical framework with inconclusive results.

Conclusions.

Noncompliance with hand hygiene guidelines is a universal problem, which calls for standardized measures for research and monitoring. Theoretical models from the behavioral sciences should be used internationally and should be adapted to better explain the complexities of hand hygiene.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , March 2010 , pp. 283 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2010

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