Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:59:17.323Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Testing Agnew’s General Strain Theory Among Incarcerated Women in the Republic of North Macedonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2020

Angelina Stanojoska Open the ORCID record for Angelina Stanojoska [Opens in a new window]  and
Julija Jurtoska Open the ORCID record for Julija Jurtoska [Opens in a new window]
Angelina Stanojoska*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia
Julija Jurtoska
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia
*
*Corresponding Author: Angelina Stanojoska, Partizanska bb, 7000Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia. E-mail: angiest22@gmail.com, angelina.stanojoska@uklo.edu.mk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

What is the purpose of our study? Being written on a social–psychological level, general strain theory (GST) has been tested among adolescent populations. However, what has been very rarely analysed is the response to strain by different types of offenders and diverse populations. This study is even more valuable if we mention that until the beginning of our research, GST or any other criminological theory had not been tested on any population in the Republic of North Macedonia. Why study an incarcerated population? This population has neglected needs, inhumane living conditions, overcrowded penitentiary institutions, high levels of recidivism and poor use of alternative measures. The experience of incarcerated women is generally less known compared with those of incarcerated men; they have a low level of participation in the total number of crimes in the country, and there is a lack of criminological research on female criminality in general. The data collected focused on the influence of strain and negative emotions on the level of criminality. The results should help us to answer whether strain leads to negative emotions; then does strain influence female criminality and its level; and do negative emotions intermediate in between strain and the level of criminality?

Abstracto

Abstracto

¿Cuál es el propósito de nuestro estudio? Al estar escrito en un nivel social y psicológico, la teoría general de la tensión (GST, por sus siglas en inglés) proporciona una guía de sus pruebas entre las poblaciones adolescentes, pero lo que rara vez se ha analizado es la respuesta de diferentes tipos de delincuentes y de poblaciones diversas. Este estudio es aún más valioso si mencionamos que hasta el comienzo de nuestra investigación, el GST o cualquier otra teoría criminológica no se había probado en ninguna población de la República de Macedonia del Norte. ¿Por qué usar esta prueba con una población encarcelada? Esta población ha necesidades descuidadas, condiciones de vida inhumanas, instituciones penitenciarias superpobladas, un alto nivel de reincidencia, y un uso deficiente de medidas alternativas. La experiencia de las mujeres encarceladas es generalmente menos conocida en comparación con la de los hombres encarcelados; y también su bajo nivel de participación en el número total de delitos en el país; y la falta de investigación criminológica de la criminalidad femenina en general. Los datos recopilados se centraron sobre la influencia de la tensión y de las emociones negativas en el nivel de criminalidad. Los resultados deberían respondernos si la tensión conduce a emociones negativas; entonces la tensión influye en la criminalidad femenina y su nivel. ¿Y las emociones negativas se intermedian entre la tensión y el nivel de criminalidad?

Abstrait

Abstrait

Quel est le but de notre étude? Écrit sur un plan social et psychologique, la théorie générale du stress (GST) fournit un guide pour ses tests auprès des populations adolescentes, mais ce qui a rarement été analysé, c’est la réponse de différents types. des criminels et des populations diverses. Cette étude est encore plus précieuse si nous mentionnons que jusqu’au début de notre enquête, la Théorie générale du stress (GST ou toute autre théorie criminologique n’avait été testée dans aucune population de la République de Macédoine du Nord. Pourquoi utiliser ce test avec une population incarcérée? Cette population a des besoins négligé, des conditions de vie inhumaines, des établissements pénitentiaires surpeuplés, un niveau élevé de récidive et une mauvaise utilisation des mesures alternatives. L’expérience des femmes emprisonnées est généralement moins connue que celle des hommes emprisonnés; et aussi son faible niveau de participation au nombre total de délits dans le pays; et le manque d’enquêtes criminologiques sur la criminalité féminine en général. Les données recueillies se sont concentrées sur l’influence de la tension et des émotions négatives sur le niveau de la criminalité. Les résultats devraient nous répondre si la tension conduit à des émotions négatives; puis la tension influence la criminalité féminine et son niveau. Et les émotions négatives sont-elles médiatisées entre la tension et le niveau de criminalité?

Keywords

general strain theoryincarcerated womenRepublic of North Macedoniateoría general de la tensiónmujeres encarceladasRepública de Macedonia del Nortethéorie générale de la tensionfemmes emprisonnéesRépublique de Macédoine du Nord
Type
Article
Information
International Annals of Criminology , Volume 57 , Issue 1-2 , May 2019 , pp. 90 - 113
Copyright
© 2020 International Society of Criminology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnew, Robert. 1985. “A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency.” Social Forces 64(1):151–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1992. “Foundation For a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30(1):47–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1995a. “Strain and Subcultural Theories of Criminality.” Pp. 273–92 in Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook, edited by Sheley, Joseph F. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1995b. “The Contribution of Social–Psychological Strain Theory to the Explanation of Crime and Delinquency.” Pp. 113–37 in The Legacy of Anomie Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory. Vol. 6, edited by Adler, Freda and Laufer, William S. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1995c. “Testing the Leading Crime Theories: An Alternative Strategy Focusing Motivational Processes.” Journal of Crime and Delinquency 32(4):363–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1995d. “Controlling Delinquency: Recommendations From General Strain Theory.” Pp. 43–70 in Crime and Public Policy, edited by Barlow, Hugh D. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 2001. “Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38(4):319–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 2006. Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Agnew, Robert and Brezina, Timothy. 1997. “Relational Problems With Peers, Gender, and Delinquency.” Youth and Society 29(1):84–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert and White, Helene. 1992. “An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory.” Criminology 30(4):475–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association for Emancipation, Solidarity and Equality of Women in the Republic of Macedonia, ESE, and Akcija Zdruzenska. 2012. Shadow Report on the Implementation of the Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Retrieved November 3, 2018 (esem.org.mk/pdf/Publikacii/Republic%20of%20Macedonia%20-%20Shadow%20Report%20on%20CEDAW.pdf).Google Scholar
Averill, James. 1983. “Studies on Anger and Aggression.” American Psychologist 38(11):1145–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avlijas, Sonja, Ivanovic, Nevena, Vladisavljevic, Marko and Vujic, Suncica. 2013. Gender Wage Gap in Western Balkans: Evidence from Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Montenegro. Belgrade: Foundation for Advancement of Economics.Google Scholar
Bao, Wan-Ning and Haas, Ain. 2009. “Social Change, Life Strain, and Delinquency Among Chinese Urban Adolescents.” Sociological Focus 42(3):285–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, Stephen W. 2004. “General Strain, Street Youth and Crime: A Test of Agnew’s Revised Theory.” Criminology 42(2):457–84.10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00526.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, Stephen W. 2007. “Street Youth, Gender, Financial Strain, and Crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew’s Extension to General Strain Theory.” Deviant Behavior 28(3):273–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belknap, Joanne and Holsinger, Kristi. 2006. “The Gendered Nature of Risk Factors For Delinquency.” Feminist Criminology 1(1):48–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bess, Barbara and Janus, Samuel. 1976. “Prostitution.” Pp. 564–610 in The Sexual Experience, edited by Sadock, Benjamin J, Kaplan, Harold J, and Freedman, Alfred M. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Brezina, Timothy. 1996. “Adapting to Strain: An Examination of Delinquent Coping Responses.” Criminology 34(1):39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, Leslie R. 1997. “Gender and Emotion: Beyond Stereotypes.” Journal of Social Issues 53(2):369–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, Leslie R. and Hall, Judith A. 2000. “Gender and Emotion.” Pp. 395–408 in Handbook of Emotions, edited by Lewis, Michael and Haviland, Jeannette M. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Broidy, Lisa. 2001. “A Test of General Strain Theory.” Criminology 39(1):9–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broidy, Lisa and Agnew, Robert. 1997. “Gender and Crime: A General Strain Perspective.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34(3):275–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E. 1979. “Teenage Prostitution.” Adolescence 14(56):665–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Browne, Angela and Finkelhor, David. 1986. “The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Research.” Psychological Bulletin 99(1):66–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownmiller, Susan. 1975. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Fawcett Columbine.Google Scholar
Bullough, Vern. 1965. “Problems and Methods for Research in Prostitution and the Behavioral Sciences.” Journal of History of Behavioral Sciences 1(3):244–51.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Anne and Muncer, Steven. 2007. “Intent to Harm? Gender and Expression of Anger.” Aggressive Behavior 34(4):282–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cates, J. A. and Markley, J.. 1992. “Demographic, Clinical, and Personality Variables Associated with Male Prostitution by Choice.” Adolescence 27(107):695–706.Google ScholarPubMed
Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1986. “Women and Crime: The Female Offender.” Signs 12(1):78–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1989. “Girls’ Crime and Women’s Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency.” Crime and Delinquency 35(1):5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesney-Lind, Meda and Rodriguez, Noelie. 1983. “Women Under Lock and Key.” Prison Journal 63:47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesney-Lind, Meda and Shelden, Randall G. 1992. Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, Meda and Shelden, Randall G.. 2014. Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice, 4th edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Cloward, Richard and Ohlin, Lloyd. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Albert. 1955. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
De Coster, Stacy and Zito, Rena Cornell. 2010. “Gender and General Strain Theory: The Gendering of Emotional Experiences and Expressions.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 26(2):224–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobash, Russell and Dobash, Emerson. 1979. Violence Against Wives. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Dorne, Clifford. 2002. An Introduction to Child Maltreatment in the United States: History, Public Policy and Research, 3rd edition. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.Google Scholar
Eagly, Alice H. and Steffen, Valerie J. 1986. “Gender and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature.” Psychological Bulletin 100(3):309–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eitle, David. 2002. “Exploring a Source of Deviance-Producing Strain for Females: Perceived Discrimination and General Strain Theory.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30(5):95–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eurostat. 2010. ‘Gender Pay Gap Statistics.’ Retrieved November 1, 2018 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/6776.pdf).Google Scholar
Froggio, Giacinto. 2007. “Strain and Juvenile Delinquency: A Critical Review of Agnew’s General Strain Theory.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 12(4):383–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaarder, Emily and Belknap, Joanne. 2002. “Tenuous Borders: Girls Transferred to Adult Court.” Criminology 30(3):481–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganem, Natasha M. 2010. “The Role of Negative Emotions in General Strain Theory.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 26(2):167–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilfus, Mary E. 1993. “From Victims to Survivors to Offenders: Women’s Routes of Entry and Immersion into Crime.” Women & Criminal Justice 4(1):63–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girshick, Lori B. 1999. No Safe Haven: Stories of Women in Prison. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Griffin, Susan. 1971. Rape: The All-American Crime. Wooster, OH: Women Against Rape.Google Scholar
Hay, Carter. 2003. “Family Strain, Gender and Delinquency.” Sociological Perspectives 46(1):107–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Carter and Evans, Michelle M.. 2006. “Violent Victimization and Involvement in Delinquency: Examining Predictions From General Strain Theory.” Journal of Criminal Justice 34(3):261–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidensohn, Frances. 1991. “Women as Perpetrators and Victims of Crime.” British Journal of Psychiatry 158(10):50–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimer, Karen, De Coster, Stacy, and Unal, Halime. 2006. “Opening the Black Box: Understanding the Social Psychology of the Gender Gap in Delinquency.” Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance 7:109–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie. 1979. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85(3):551–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, John P., Cerbone, Felicia Gray, and Su, Susan S.. 2000. “A Growth Curve Analysis of Stress and Adolescent Drug Use.” Substance Use & Misuse 35(5):687–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horwitz, Allan V. and White, Helene Raskin. 1987. “Gender Role Orientations and Styles of Pathology Among Adolescents.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 28(2):158–70.Google ScholarPubMed
Jackman, Norman, O’Toole, Richard, and Geis, Gilbert. 1963. “The Self-Image of the Prostitute.” Sociological Quarterly 4:150–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Jennifer. 1976. “Motivations for Entrance into Prostitution.” Pp.177–205 in The femAle Offender, edited by Crites, Laura. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Jang, Sung Jong. 2007. “Gender Differences in Strain, Negative Emotion, and Coping Behaviors: A General Strain Theory Approach.” Justice Quarterly 24(3):523–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansz, Jeroen. 2000. “Masculine Identity and Restrictive Emotionality.” Pp.166–86 in Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction. Second series. Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives, edited by Fischer, Agneta H. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Konstantinović-Vilić, Slobodanka, Nikolić-Ristanović, Vesna, and Kostić, Miomira. 2010. Kriminologija. Belgrade: Prometej.Google Scholar
Lake, Elise. 1993. “An Exploration of the Violent Victim Experiences of Female Offenders.” Violence and Victims 8(1):41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, Michael and Saarni, Carolyn. 1985. The Socialization of Emotions. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linsky, Arnold S. and Straus, Murray A. 1986. Social Stress in the United States. Dover, MA: Auburn House.Google ScholarPubMed
Maerov, Arnold. 1965. “Prostitution: A Survey and Review of 20 Cases.” Psychiatric Quarterly 39(4):674–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malatesta, Carol Zander and Haviland, Jeannette M.. 1982. “Learning Display Rules: The Socialization of Emotion Expression in Infancy.” Child Development 53(4):991–1003.Google ScholarPubMed
Mazerolle, Paul. 1998. “Gender, General Strain and Delinquency: An Empirical Examination.” Justice Quarterly 15(1):65–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazerolle, Paul, Piquero, Alex R, and Capowich, George E. 2003. “Examining the Links Between Strain, Situational, and Dispositional Anger and Crime: Further Specifying and Testing General Strain Theory.” Youth & Society 35(2):131–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3(5):672–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Mirceva, Stojanka, Chacheva, Violeta and Kenig, Nikolina. 2014. Voice for Justice (Research Report). Assessment of Court Proceedings in Domestic Violence Cases, with Specific Focus on Assessing the Case Management From Gender Perspective. Skopje: UKIM, Institute for Social, Political and Juridical Research.Google Scholar
Moon, Byongook, Morash, Merry, McCluskey, Cynthia Perez, and Hwang, Hey-Won. 2009. “A Comprehensive Test of General Strain Theory: Key Strains, Situational- and Trait-Based Negative Emotions, Conditioning Factors, and Delinquency.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 46(2):182–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadon, Susan M., Koverola, Catherine, and Schludermann, Eduard H.. 1998. “Antecedents to Prostitution: Childhood Victimization.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 13(2):206–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naffine, Ngaire. 1987. Female Crime: The Construction of Women in Criminology. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Piquero, Nicole Leeper and Sealock, Miriam D.. 2004. “Gender and General Strain Theory: A Preliminary Test of Broidy and Agnew’s Gender/GST Hypothesis.” Justice Quarterly 21(1):125–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleak, R. R., and Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F.. 1990. “Sexual Behavior and AIDS Knowledge of Young Male Prostitutes in Manhattan.” Journal of Sex Research 27(4):557–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proctor, Janice. 2004. “Understanding the Range of Female Criminality: A Prison-Based Test of Three Traditional Theories.” Women Studies Quarterly 32(3–4):61–85.Google Scholar
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Labor and Social Policy. 2012. ‘National Strategy for Prevention and Protection From Domestic Violence 2012–2015.’ Retrieved November 20, 2018 (http://mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/nasisltvo_strategija_mkd.pdf).Google Scholar
Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. 1995–2017. Perpetrators of Criminal Offences. Skopje: Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office.Google Scholar
Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. 2007–2016. Social Welfare for Children, Juveniles and Adults. Skopje: Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office.Google Scholar
Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. 2008, 2010, 2012–2017. Women and Men in the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje: Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office.Google Scholar
Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. 2011–2016. Population Estimates by Sex and Age, by Municipality and Statistical Regions. Skopje: Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office.Google Scholar
Roy, Alec and Janal, Malvin. 2006. “Gender in Suicide Attempt Rates and Childhood Sexual Abuse Rates: Is There an Interaction?” Suicide Life Threat Behavior 36(30):329–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruggiero, Kenneth J., McLeer, Susan, and Dixon, J. Faye. 2000. “Sexual Abuse Characteristics Associated With Survivor Psychopathology.” Child Abuse & Neglect 24(7):951–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schur, Edwin M. 1984. Labeling Women Deviant. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Seng, M. J. 1989. “Child Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Prostitution: A Comparative Analysis.” Adolescence 24(95):665–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Shields, Stephanie. 1995. “The Role of Emotion Beliefs and Values in Gender Development.” Pp. 212–32 in Review of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 15, edited by Eisenberg, Nancy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Shields, Stephanie. 2002. Speaking from the Heart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silbert, Mimi H. and Pines, Ayala M. 1983. “Early Sexual Exploitation as an Influence in Prostitution.” Social Work 28(4):285–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, Robin W. and Nath, Leda E. 2004. “Gender and Emotion in the United States: Do Men and Women Differ in Self-Reports of Feelings and Expressive Behavior?” American Journal of Sociology 109(5):1137–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, Ronald L., Whitbeck, Les B., Conger, Rand D., and Conger, Katherine J.. 1991. “Parenting Factors, Social Skills, and Value Commitments as Precursors to School Failure, Involvement with Deviant Peers, and Delinquent Behavior.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20(6):645–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, Ronald L. and Whitbeck, Les B.. 1993. “A Comparison of Adaptive Strategies and Patterns of Victimization among Homeless Adolescents and Adults.” Violence and Victims 8(2):135–52.Google Scholar
Simpson, Sally S. 1989. “Feminist Theory, Crime, and Justice.” Criminology 27(4):605–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Mark, Anglin, Trina Menden, Song, Li yu, and Lunghofer, Lisa. 1995. “Adolescents’ Exposure to Violence and Associated Symptoms of Psychological Trauma.” Journal of the American Medical Association 273(6):477–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smart, Carol. 1976. Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Smart, Carol. 1979. “The New Female Criminality: Reality or Myth?” British Journal of Criminology 19(1):50–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanojoska, Angelina and Aslimoski, Pere. 2019. Kriminologija. Bitola: Praven Fakultet Kicevo.Google Scholar
Stapley, Janice C. and Haviland, Jeannette M. 1989. “Beyond Depression: Gender Differences in Normal Adolescents’ Emotional Experiences.” Sex Roles 20(5–6):295–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, Darrell and Allan, Emilie. 1996. “Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending.” Annual Review of Sociology 22:459–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Ivan Y., Haishan, Luo, Wu, Yuning, and Wen-Hsu, Lin. 2016. “Strain, Negative Emotions, and Level of Criminality Among Chinese Incarcerated Women.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60(7):828–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, Edwin H. and Cressey, Donald R. 1978. Criminology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Thorne, Barrie. 1993. Gender Play. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Frank P. III and McShane, Marilyn D.. 2010. Criminological Theory, 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Google Scholar