Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-31T11:52:04.689Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

High-Energy Radiation From Active Galactic Nuclei

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

Marek Sikora
Marek Sikora*
Affiliation:
N. Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, PolandandJoint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of ColoradoandNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Two recent findings concerning high-energy radiation properties of active galactic nuclei—discovery of breaks in hard X-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies, and discovery of huge fluxes of hard gamma rays from blazars—seem to press us to change our standard views about radiation production in these objects. I review briefly the existing radiation models, confront them with the newest observations, and discuss newly emerging theoretical pictures which attempt to account for the discoveries.

Subject headings: galaxies: active — galaxies: nuclei — radiation mechanisms: nonthermal

Type
Active Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects
Information
International Astronomical Union Colloquium , Volume 142: Particle Acceleration Phenomena in Astrophysical Plasmas , 1994 , pp. 923 - 928
Copyright
Copyright © The American Astronomical Society 1994

References

Angel, J.R.P., & Stockman, H.S. 1985, ARA&A, 18, 321 Google Scholar
Antonucci, R.R.J., & Barvainis, R. 1988, ApJ, 332, L13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonucci, R.R.J., & Ulvestad, J.S. 1985, ApJ, 294, 158 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthel, P.D. 1989, 336, 606 Google Scholar
Barvainis, R. 1987, ApJ, 350, 537 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barvainis, R. 1990, ApJ, 353, 419 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtold, J., Czerny, B., Elvis, M., Fabbiano, G., & Green, R.F. 1987, ApJ, 314, 699 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begelman, M.C., Blandford, R.D., & Rees, M.J. 1984, Rev. Mod. Phys., 56, 255 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begelman, M.C., de Kool, M., & Sikora, M. 1991, ApJ, 382, 416 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begelman, M.C., Rudak, B., & Sikora, M. 1990, ApJ, 362, 38; erratum 370,791(1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, P., & Strittmatter, P.A. 1987, ApJ, 322, 643 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 533 Google Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Eichler, D. 1987, Phys. Rep., 154, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Königl, , 1979, 232, 34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Payne, D.G. 1982, MNRAS, 199, 883 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Rees, M.J. 1978, in Pittsburgh Conference on BL Lac Objects, ed. Wolfe, A.N. (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Univ. Press), 328 Google Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Znajek, R.L. 1977, MNRAS, 179, 433 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenthal, G.R., & Gould, R.J. 1970, Rev. Mod. Phys., 42, 237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, R.A., et al. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 478 Google Scholar
Clavels, J., et al. 1992, ApJ, 393, 113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppi, P.S., Kartje, J.F., & Königl, A. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 559 Google Scholar
Dermer, C.D., Schlickeiser, R., & Mastichiadis, A., 1992, A&A, 256, L27 Google Scholar
Done, C., Ghisellini, G., & Fabian, A.C. 1990, MNRAS, 245, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelson, R.A., & Malkan, M.A. 1986, ApJ, 308, 59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichler, D., & Wiita, P.J. 1978, Nature, 274, 38 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, D.C., & Eichler, D. 1984, ApJ, 286, 691 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabian, A.C., Blandford, R.D., Guilbert, P.W., Phinney, E.S., & Cuellar, L. 1986, MNRAS, 221, 931 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanaroff, B., & Riley, J.M. 1974, MNRAS, 167, 31 PCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fichtel, C.E., et al. 1993, in Advances in Space Research, 24th COSPAR Plenary Meeting, in pressGoogle Scholar
Galeev, A., Rosner, R., & Vaiana, G.S. 1979, ApJ, 229, 318 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghisellini, G., & Maraschi, L. 1989, ApJ, 340, 181 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginzburg, V.L., & Syrovatsky, S.I. 1969, ARA&A, 7, 375 Google Scholar
Guilbert, P.W., Fabian, A.C., & Rees, M.J. 1983, MNRAS, 205, 593 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilbert, P.W., & Rees, M.J. 1988, MNRAS, 233, 475 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haardt, F., & Maraschi, L. 1991, ApJ, 380, L51 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, R.C., et al. 1992, ApJ, 385, L1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermsen, W., et al. 1993, A&AS, 97, 97 Google Scholar
Impey, C.D., & Neugebauer, G. 1988, AJ, 95, 307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jourdain, E., et al. 1992, A&A, 256, L38 Google Scholar
Katz, J. I. 1976, ApJ, 206, 910 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazanas, D. 1984, ApJ, 287, 112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazanas, D., & Ellison, D.C. 1986, ApJ, 304, 178 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kii, T., et al. 1992, in Frontiers of X-Ray Astronomy, ed. Tanaka, Y. & Koyama, K. (Tokyo: Universal Academy Press), 577 Google Scholar
Kirk, J.G., & Mastichiadis, A. 1989, A&A, 211, 75 Google Scholar
Kriss, G. 1988, ApJ, 324, 809 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laor, A. 1990, MNRAS, 246, 369 Google Scholar
Liang, E.P.T., & Price, R.H. 1977, ApJ, 218, 247 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, E.P.T., & Thompson, K.A. 1979, MNRAS, 189, 421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightman, A.P., & Eardley, D.M. 1974, ApJ, 187, L1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightman, A.P., & White, T.R. 1988, ApJ, 335, 57 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.C., et al. 1992, ApJ, 401, L61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loska, Z., Szczerba, R., & Czerny, B. 1993, MNRAS, 261, 63 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maisack, M., et al. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 493 Google Scholar
Malkan, M.A., & Sargent, W.L.W. 1982, ApJ, 254, 22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannheim, K., & Biermann, P.L. 1992, A&A, 253, L21 Google Scholar
Maraschi, L., Ghisellini, G., & Celotti, A. 1992, ApJ, 397, L5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marscher, A.P., & Bloom, S.D. 1992, in Proc. Compton Observatory Science Workshop, ed. Shader, C.R., Gehrels, N., & Dennis, B. (NASA CP-3137), 346 Google Scholar
McHardy, I.M., 1988, Soc. Astron. Italia, 59, 239 Google Scholar
Michel, F.C. 1987, ApJ, 321, 714 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padovani, P., & Urry, C.M. 1992, ApJ, 387, 449 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phinney, E.S. 1983, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge Google Scholar
Phinney, E.S. 1989, in Theory of Accretion Disks, ed. Meyer, F. et al. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 457 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pier, E.A., & Krolik, J.H. 1992, ApJ, 401, 99 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porcas, R.W. 1987, in Superluminal Radio Sources, ed. Zensus, A. & Pearson, T. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 12 Google Scholar
Pounds, K.A., Nandra, K.P., Steward, G.C., George, I.M., & Fabian, A.C. 1990, Nature, 344, 132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, J.E., Rees, M.J., & Pacholczyk, A.G. 1973, A&A, 29, 179 Google Scholar
Punch, M., et al. 1992, Nature, 358, 477 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M.J. 1966, Nature, 211, 468 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothschild, R.E., Mushotzky, R.F., Baity, W.A., Gruber, D.E., Matteson, J.L., & Peterson, L.E. 1983, ApJ, 269, 423 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakimoto, P., & Coroniti, F.V. 1981, ApJ, 247, 19 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, D.B., Phinney, E.S., Neugebauer, G., Soifer, B.T., & Matthews, K. 1989, ApJ, 347, 29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, S.L., Lightman, A.P., & Eardley, D.J. 1976, ApJ, 204, 187 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, G. 1978, Nature, 272, 706 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sikora, M., & Begelman, M.C. 1992, in High Energy Neutrino Astrophysics, ed. Stenger, V.J., Learned, J.G., Pakvasa, S., & Tata, X. (Singapore: World Scientific), 114 Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Begelman, M.C., & Rees, M.J. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 598 Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Begelman, M.C., & Rees, M.J. 1994, in pressGoogle Scholar
Sikora, M., Begelman, M.C., & Rudak, B. 1989, ApJ, 341, L33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sikora, M., Kirk, J.G., Begelman, M.C., & Schneider, P. 1987, ApJ, 320, L81 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, B.E., Begelman, M.C., Sikora, M., & Svensson, R. 1993, in preparationGoogle Scholar
Stern, B.E., Sikora, M., & Svensson, R. 1992, in Testing the AGN Paradigm, ed. Holt, S.S., Neff, S.G., & Urry, C.M. (New York: AIP), 313 Google Scholar
Sunyaev, R.A., & Titarchuk, L.G. 1980, A&A, 86, 121 Google Scholar
Svensson, R. 1987, MNRAS, 227, 403 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, R. 1990, in Physical Processes in Hot Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Brienkmann, W., Fabian, A.C., & Giovanneli, F. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 357 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorne, K.S., & Price, R.H. 1975, ApJ, 195, L101 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, T.J., & Pounds, K.A. 1989, MNRAS, 240, 833 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, M.-H. 1991, in Structure and Emission Properties of Accretion Disks, ed. Bertout, C., Collin-Souffrin, S., Lasota, J.-P., & Tran Thanh Van, J. (Gif-sur-Yvette: Éditions Frontières), 43 Google Scholar
Weymann, R.J., Turnshek, D.A., & Christiansen, W.A. 1985, in Astrophysics of Active Galaxies and Quasi-stellar Objects, ed. Miller, J. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 333 Google Scholar
Williams, O.R., et al. 1992, ApJ, 389, 157 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worrall, D.M., Giommi, P., Tananbaum, H., & Zamorani, G. 1987, ApJ, 313, 596 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worrall, D.M., & Wilkes, B.J. 1990, ApJ, 360, 396 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zbyszewska, M. 1993, in AIP Proc. 280, Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, ed. Friedlander, M., Gehrels, N., & Macomb, D.J. (New York: AIP), 608 Google Scholar
Zdziarski, A.A., 1986, ApJ, 305, 45 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zdziarski, A.A., Coppi, P.S., & Lamb, D.Q. 1990, ApJ, 357, 149 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zdziarski, A.A., Ghisellini, G., George, I.M., Svensson, R., Fabian, A.C., & Done, C. 1990, ApJ, 363, L1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zdziarski, A.A., & Krolik, J.H. 1993, ApJ, 409, L33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zdziarski, A.A., & Lightman, A.P. 1985, ApJ, 294, L79 CrossRefGoogle Scholar