Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T21:17:26.644Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

CLERGY, KINSHIP, AND CLOUT IN YUAN DYNASTY SHANXI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2016

Jinping Wang
Jinping Wang*
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore E-mail hiswj@nus.edu.sg
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, people in north China took advantage of a Mongol policy that gave Buddhist officials a status equivalent to what civil officials enjoyed, as a strategy for family advancement. Monk Zhang Zhiyu and his family provide a case study of an emerging influential Buddhist order based at Mount Wutai that connected the Yuan regime with local communities through the kinship ties of prominent monks. Within this Buddhist order, powerful monks like Zhiyu used their prestigious positions in the clerical world to help the upward social mobility of their lay families, displaying a distinctive pattern of interpenetration between Buddhism and family. This new pattern also fit the way that northern Chinese families used Buddhist structures such as Zunsheng Dhāranῑ pillars and private Buddhist chapels to record their genealogies and consolidate kinship ties.

Keywords

Chinese BuddhismTibetan BuddhismYuan dynastyMt. WutaiShanxiNorth ChinaZunsheng Dhāranī pillarskinship institution
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , July 2016 , pp. 197 - 228
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Hu Pinzhi comp 2003 Pinzhi, Hu 胡聘之 comp. Shanyou shike congbian 山右石刻叢編, in Liao Jin Yuan shike wenxian quanbian 遼金元石刻文獻全編, ed. Beijing Tushuguan Shanben Jinshizu bian. Beijing: Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2003.Google Scholar
NianchangNianchang, 念常. Fozu lidai tongzai 佛祖 歷代通載, 1347 edition, reprinted in Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本. Beijing: Chinese National Library, 2005.Google Scholar
Niu ChengxiuChengxiu, Niu 牛誠修. Dingxiang jinshi kao 定襄金石考. 1932 edition.Google Scholar
YuanshiLian, Song 宋濂. Yuanshi 元史. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1976.Google Scholar
ZhenchengZhencheng, 鎮澄. Qingliang shan zhi 清涼山志, ed. Yumin, Li 李裕民. Taiyuan: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe, 1989.Google Scholar
Ye ChangchiChangchi, Ye 葉昌熾. Yu shi 語石. Taipei: Tanwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1980.Google Scholar
Yuandai zouyi jiluYuandai zouyi jilu 元代奏議集錄, ed. Shusen, Qiu 邱樹森 and Zhaoji, He 何兆吉. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Guji Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Yuan HaowenHaowen, Yuan 元好問. Yuan Haowen quanji 元好問全集, ed. Dianzhong, Yao 姚奠中 and Zhengmin, Li 李正民. Taiyuan: Shanxi Guji Chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar
Atwood 2004 Atwood, Christopher P. “Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century.” The International History Review 26:2 (2004), pp. 237–56.Google Scholar
Bol 2008 Bol, Peter. Neo-Confucianism in History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Boretti 2004 Boretti, Valentina. “The Quasi-Genderless Heresy: The Dhūtaists and Master Jizhao.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67:3 (2004), pp. 349–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen 2013 Gaohua, Chen 陳高華, “Yuandai fojiao siyuan fuyi de yanbian” 元代佛教寺院賦役的演變. Beijing lianhe daxue xuebao: renwen shehui kexueban 11:3 (2013), pp. 5–15.Google Scholar
Chen 2002 Jinhua, Chen. “Family Ties and Buddhist Nuns in Tang China: Two Studies.” Asia Major 15:2 (2002), pp. 51–85.Google Scholar
Chen 2001/2002 Chen, Jinhua. “The Birth of a Polymath: The Genealogical Background of the Tang Monk-Scientist Yixing (673–727).” Tang Studies 18–19 (2001/2002), pp. 1–39.Google Scholar
Chikusa 2001 Masaaki, Chikusa 竺沙 雅章. Sō Gen bukkyō bunka shi kenkyū 宋元佛教文化史研究. Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, 2001.Google Scholar
Chikusa 1982 Masaaki, Chikusa 竺沙 雅章. Chūgoku Bukkyō shakaishi kenkyū 中國佛教社會史研究. Kyōto: Dōhōsha, 1982.Google Scholar
Cole 2008 Cole, Alan. Fathering Your Father: The Zen of Fabrication in Tang Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Cole 1998 Cole, Alan. Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1998.Google Scholar
Ebrey and Watson 1986 Patricia, Ebrey and Watson, James L., eds. Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China 1000–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Endicott-West 1989 Endicott-West, Elizabeth. Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Faure 2003 Faure, David. “Citang yu jiamiao: cong Song mo zhi Ming zhongye zongzu puyi de yanbian” 祠堂與家廟: 從宋末至明中葉宗族譜儀的演變. Lishi renlei xue xuekan 1:2 (2003), pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Franke 1981 Franke, Herbert. “Tibetans in Yuan China.” In China under Mongol Rule, ed. Langlois, John D. Jr., pp. 297–328. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Franke 1978 Franke, Herbert. From Tribal Chieftain to Universal Emperor and God: The Legitimation of the Yuan Dynasty. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften München, 1978.Google Scholar
Funada 2004 Yoshiyuki, Funada 船田 善之. “Semu ren yu Yuandai zhidu shehui: chongxin tantao menggu, semu, hanren, nanren huafen de weizhi” 色目人與元代制度、社會－－重新探討蒙古、色目、漢人、南人劃分的位置, in Yuanshi luncong 9, pp. 162–74. Beijing: Zhongguo Guangbo Dianshi Chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar
Gimello 1992 Gimello, Robert M. “Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t'ai Shan.” In Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China, eds. Naquin, Susan and Yü, Chün-fang, pp. 89–149. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory 2002 Gregory, Peter N.Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin 2015 Halperin, Mark. “Buddhists and Southern Literati in the Mongol Era.” In Modern Chinese Religion I: Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960–1368 AD), Volume 2, eds. Lagerwey, John and Marsone, Pierre, pp. 1433–92. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Halperin 2006 Halperin, Mark. Out of the Cloister: Literati Perspectives on Buddhism in Sung China, 960–1279. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
He 2009 Shuyi, He 何淑宜. Xianghuo: Jiangnan shiren yu Yuan Ming shiqi jizu chuantong de jiangou 香火: 江南士人與元明時期祭祖傳統的建構. Taipei: Daoxiang Chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Heller 2014 Heller, Natasha. Illusory Abiding: The Cultural Construction of the Chan Monk Zhongfeng Mingben. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Heller 2009 Heller, Natasha. “The Chan Master as Illusionist: Zhongfeng Mingben's Huanzhu jiaxun.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 69:2 (2009), pp. 271–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao 2007 Ch'i-ch'ing, Hsiao 蕭啟慶. Nei beiguo er wai Zhonguo: mengyuanshi yanjiu 內北國而外中國: 蒙元史研究. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2007.Google Scholar
Hou 1998 Xudong, Hou 侯旭東. Wu liu shiji beifang minzhong de fojiao xinyang: Yi zaoxiang ji wei zhongxin de kaocha 五、六世紀北方民眾的佛教信仰：以造像記為中心的考察. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Iiyama 2008 Tomoyasu, Iiyama 飯山 知保. “Monguru jidai Kahoku ni okeru keifu denshō to hikoku shiryō” モンゴル時代華北における系譜伝承と碑刻史料. Shiteki 30 (2008), pp. 164–80.Google Scholar
Iiyama 2003 Tomoyasu, Iiyama 飯山 知保. “Kin Gen dai Kahoku shakai ni okeru zaichi yūryokusha: hikoku kara mita Sansei Kinshū Teijōken no baai” 金元代華北社会における在地有力者――碑刻からみた山西忻州定襄県場合. Shigaku zashi 112:4 (2003), pp. 452–77.Google Scholar
Jing 2004 Jing, Anning. “Financial and Material Aspects of Tibetan Art under the Yuan Dynasty.” Arbitus Asiae 64:2 (2004), pp. 213–41.Google Scholar
Kieschnick 1997 Kieschnick, John. The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai 2010 Tianbing, Lai 賴天兵. “Guanyu Yuandai sheyu Jianghuai/Jiangzhe de shijiao duzongtong suo” 關於元代設於江浙/江淮的釋教都總統所. Shijie zongjiao yanjiu 1 (2010), pp. 55–68.Google Scholar
Lamotte 1960 Lamotte, Étienne. “Mañjuśrī.” T'oung Pao 48:1–3 (1960), pp. 1–96.Google Scholar
Li 2007 Youcheng, Li 李有成, “Shi lun Wutai shan Foding Zunsheng tuoluoni jing shi jingchuang” 試論五臺山《佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經》石經幢. Wutai shan yanjiu 9 (2007), pp. 43–46.Google Scholar
Lin 2014 Lin, Wei-cheng. Building a Sacred Mountain: The Buddhist Architecture of China's Mount Wutai. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lin 2008 Yunrou, Lin 林韻柔, “Tangdai Foding zunsheng tuoluoni jing de yichuan yu xinyang” 唐代佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經的譯傳與信仰. Fagu foxue xuebao 3 (2008), pp. 145–93.Google Scholar
Liu 2008 Shufen, Liu 劉淑芬. Miezui yu duwang: Foding zunsheng tuoluoni jingchuang zhi yanjiu 滅罪與度亡：佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經幢之研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar
Morita 2001 Kenji, Morita 森田 憲司. “Gencho ni okeru daishi ni tsuite” 元朝における代祀について. Tōho shūkyō 98 (2001), pp. 17–32.Google Scholar
Nishio 2006 Kenryū, Nishio 西尾 賢隆. Chūgoku kinsei ni okeru kokka to Zenshū 中国近世における国家と禅宗. Kyoto: Shibunkaku, 2006.Google Scholar
Nogami 1978 Shunjō, Nogami 野上 俊靜. Genshi Shaku Rō den no kenkyū 元史釋老傳の研究. Kyoto: Hōyū Shoten, 1978.Google Scholar
Noguchi 2005 Yoshitaka, Noguchi 野口 善敬. Gendai Zenshū shi kenkyū 元代禪宗史研究. Kyoto: Zen Bunka Kenkyūsho, 2005.Google Scholar
Rossabi 1994 Rossabi, Morris. “The Reign of Khubilai Khan.” In The Cambridge of History of China, vol. 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, eds. Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis, pp. 414–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Sakurai 2000 Satomi, Sakurai 櫻井 智美. “Gendai shūkenyin no setsuritsu” 元代集賢院の設立. Shirin 83:3 (2000), pp. 115–43.Google Scholar
Sakurai and Yao 2012 Satomi, Sakurai 櫻井 智美 and Yongxia, Yao 姚永霞. “Gen shigen kyu nen kōtaishi en’ō shikō hi o megutte” 元至元 9 年「皇太子燕王嗣香碑」をめぐって. Sundai shigaku 145 (2012), pp. 23–49.Google Scholar
Schopen 1997 Schopen, Gregory. Bones, Stones and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Stevenson 1996 Stevenson, Daniel B. “Visions of Mañjuśrī on Mount Wutai.” In Religions of China in Practice, ed. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., pp. 203–22. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teiser 1988 Teiser, Stephen F.The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Wong 2004 Wong, Dorothy C.Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Xie and Bai 1990 Chongguang, Xie 謝重光 and Wengu, Bai 白文固. Zhongguo sengguan zhidushi 中國僧官制度史. Xining: Qinghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1990.Google Scholar
Xu 1963 Pingfang, Xu 徐蘋芳. “Tang Song muzang zhong de mingqi shensha yu muyi zhidu: Du Dahan yuanling mizang jing zhaji” 唐宋墓葬中的“明器神煞”與“墓儀”制度：讀《大漢原陵秘葬經》札記. Kaogu 2 (1963), pp. 87–108.Google Scholar
Zhang 2008 Guowang, Zhang 張國旺. “Yuan dai Wutai shan Fojiao zai tan—yi Hebei sheng Lingshou xian Qilin yuan shengzhi bei wei zhongxin” 元代五台山佛教再探－－以河北省靈壽縣祈林院聖旨碑為中心. Shoudu shifan daxue xuebao: shehui kexue ban 1 (2008), pp. 27–31.Google Scholar
Zhao 2009 Gaiping, Zhao 趙改萍. Yuan Ming shiqi zangchuan fojiao zai neidi de fazhan ji yingxiang 元明時期藏傳佛教在內地的發展及影響. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Zürcher 1972 Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: Brill, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu Pinzhi comp 2003 Pinzhi, Hu 胡聘之 comp. Shanyou shike congbian 山右石刻叢編, in Liao Jin Yuan shike wenxian quanbian 遼金元石刻文獻全編, ed. Beijing Tushuguan Shanben Jinshizu bian. Beijing: Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2003.Google Scholar
NianchangNianchang, 念常. Fozu lidai tongzai 佛祖 歷代通載, 1347 edition, reprinted in Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本. Beijing: Chinese National Library, 2005.Google Scholar
Niu ChengxiuChengxiu, Niu 牛誠修. Dingxiang jinshi kao 定襄金石考. 1932 edition.Google Scholar
YuanshiLian, Song 宋濂. Yuanshi 元史. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1976.Google Scholar
ZhenchengZhencheng, 鎮澄. Qingliang shan zhi 清涼山志, ed. Yumin, Li 李裕民. Taiyuan: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe, 1989.Google Scholar
Ye ChangchiChangchi, Ye 葉昌熾. Yu shi 語石. Taipei: Tanwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1980.Google Scholar
Yuandai zouyi jiluYuandai zouyi jilu 元代奏議集錄, ed. Shusen, Qiu 邱樹森 and Zhaoji, He 何兆吉. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Guji Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Yuan HaowenHaowen, Yuan 元好問. Yuan Haowen quanji 元好問全集, ed. Dianzhong, Yao 姚奠中 and Zhengmin, Li 李正民. Taiyuan: Shanxi Guji Chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar
Atwood 2004 Atwood, Christopher P. “Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century.” The International History Review 26:2 (2004), pp. 237–56.Google Scholar
Bol 2008 Bol, Peter. Neo-Confucianism in History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Boretti 2004 Boretti, Valentina. “The Quasi-Genderless Heresy: The Dhūtaists and Master Jizhao.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67:3 (2004), pp. 349–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen 2013 Gaohua, Chen 陳高華, “Yuandai fojiao siyuan fuyi de yanbian” 元代佛教寺院賦役的演變. Beijing lianhe daxue xuebao: renwen shehui kexueban 11:3 (2013), pp. 5–15.Google Scholar
Chen 2002 Jinhua, Chen. “Family Ties and Buddhist Nuns in Tang China: Two Studies.” Asia Major 15:2 (2002), pp. 51–85.Google Scholar
Chen 2001/2002 Chen, Jinhua. “The Birth of a Polymath: The Genealogical Background of the Tang Monk-Scientist Yixing (673–727).” Tang Studies 18–19 (2001/2002), pp. 1–39.Google Scholar
Chikusa 2001 Masaaki, Chikusa 竺沙 雅章. Sō Gen bukkyō bunka shi kenkyū 宋元佛教文化史研究. Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, 2001.Google Scholar
Chikusa 1982 Masaaki, Chikusa 竺沙 雅章. Chūgoku Bukkyō shakaishi kenkyū 中國佛教社會史研究. Kyōto: Dōhōsha, 1982.Google Scholar
Cole 2008 Cole, Alan. Fathering Your Father: The Zen of Fabrication in Tang Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Cole 1998 Cole, Alan. Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1998.Google Scholar
Ebrey and Watson 1986 Patricia, Ebrey and Watson, James L., eds. Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China 1000–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Endicott-West 1989 Endicott-West, Elizabeth. Mongolian Rule in China: Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Faure 2003 Faure, David. “Citang yu jiamiao: cong Song mo zhi Ming zhongye zongzu puyi de yanbian” 祠堂與家廟: 從宋末至明中葉宗族譜儀的演變. Lishi renlei xue xuekan 1:2 (2003), pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Franke 1981 Franke, Herbert. “Tibetans in Yuan China.” In China under Mongol Rule, ed. Langlois, John D. Jr., pp. 297–328. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Franke 1978 Franke, Herbert. From Tribal Chieftain to Universal Emperor and God: The Legitimation of the Yuan Dynasty. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften München, 1978.Google Scholar
Funada 2004 Yoshiyuki, Funada 船田 善之. “Semu ren yu Yuandai zhidu shehui: chongxin tantao menggu, semu, hanren, nanren huafen de weizhi” 色目人與元代制度、社會－－重新探討蒙古、色目、漢人、南人劃分的位置, in Yuanshi luncong 9, pp. 162–74. Beijing: Zhongguo Guangbo Dianshi Chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar
Gimello 1992 Gimello, Robert M. “Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t'ai Shan.” In Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China, eds. Naquin, Susan and Yü, Chün-fang, pp. 89–149. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory 2002 Gregory, Peter N.Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin 2015 Halperin, Mark. “Buddhists and Southern Literati in the Mongol Era.” In Modern Chinese Religion I: Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960–1368 AD), Volume 2, eds. Lagerwey, John and Marsone, Pierre, pp. 1433–92. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Halperin 2006 Halperin, Mark. Out of the Cloister: Literati Perspectives on Buddhism in Sung China, 960–1279. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
He 2009 Shuyi, He 何淑宜. Xianghuo: Jiangnan shiren yu Yuan Ming shiqi jizu chuantong de jiangou 香火: 江南士人與元明時期祭祖傳統的建構. Taipei: Daoxiang Chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Heller 2014 Heller, Natasha. Illusory Abiding: The Cultural Construction of the Chan Monk Zhongfeng Mingben. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Heller 2009 Heller, Natasha. “The Chan Master as Illusionist: Zhongfeng Mingben's Huanzhu jiaxun.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 69:2 (2009), pp. 271–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiao 2007 Ch'i-ch'ing, Hsiao 蕭啟慶. Nei beiguo er wai Zhonguo: mengyuanshi yanjiu 內北國而外中國: 蒙元史研究. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2007.Google Scholar
Hou 1998 Xudong, Hou 侯旭東. Wu liu shiji beifang minzhong de fojiao xinyang: Yi zaoxiang ji wei zhongxin de kaocha 五、六世紀北方民眾的佛教信仰：以造像記為中心的考察. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Iiyama 2008 Tomoyasu, Iiyama 飯山 知保. “Monguru jidai Kahoku ni okeru keifu denshō to hikoku shiryō” モンゴル時代華北における系譜伝承と碑刻史料. Shiteki 30 (2008), pp. 164–80.Google Scholar
Iiyama 2003 Tomoyasu, Iiyama 飯山 知保. “Kin Gen dai Kahoku shakai ni okeru zaichi yūryokusha: hikoku kara mita Sansei Kinshū Teijōken no baai” 金元代華北社会における在地有力者――碑刻からみた山西忻州定襄県場合. Shigaku zashi 112:4 (2003), pp. 452–77.Google Scholar
Jing 2004 Jing, Anning. “Financial and Material Aspects of Tibetan Art under the Yuan Dynasty.” Arbitus Asiae 64:2 (2004), pp. 213–41.Google Scholar
Kieschnick 1997 Kieschnick, John. The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai 2010 Tianbing, Lai 賴天兵. “Guanyu Yuandai sheyu Jianghuai/Jiangzhe de shijiao duzongtong suo” 關於元代設於江浙/江淮的釋教都總統所. Shijie zongjiao yanjiu 1 (2010), pp. 55–68.Google Scholar
Lamotte 1960 Lamotte, Étienne. “Mañjuśrī.” T'oung Pao 48:1–3 (1960), pp. 1–96.Google Scholar
Li 2007 Youcheng, Li 李有成, “Shi lun Wutai shan Foding Zunsheng tuoluoni jing shi jingchuang” 試論五臺山《佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經》石經幢. Wutai shan yanjiu 9 (2007), pp. 43–46.Google Scholar
Lin 2014 Lin, Wei-cheng. Building a Sacred Mountain: The Buddhist Architecture of China's Mount Wutai. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Lin 2008 Yunrou, Lin 林韻柔, “Tangdai Foding zunsheng tuoluoni jing de yichuan yu xinyang” 唐代佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經的譯傳與信仰. Fagu foxue xuebao 3 (2008), pp. 145–93.Google Scholar
Liu 2008 Shufen, Liu 劉淑芬. Miezui yu duwang: Foding zunsheng tuoluoni jingchuang zhi yanjiu 滅罪與度亡：佛頂尊勝陀羅尼經幢之研究. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar
Morita 2001 Kenji, Morita 森田 憲司. “Gencho ni okeru daishi ni tsuite” 元朝における代祀について. Tōho shūkyō 98 (2001), pp. 17–32.Google Scholar
Nishio 2006 Kenryū, Nishio 西尾 賢隆. Chūgoku kinsei ni okeru kokka to Zenshū 中国近世における国家と禅宗. Kyoto: Shibunkaku, 2006.Google Scholar
Nogami 1978 Shunjō, Nogami 野上 俊靜. Genshi Shaku Rō den no kenkyū 元史釋老傳の研究. Kyoto: Hōyū Shoten, 1978.Google Scholar
Noguchi 2005 Yoshitaka, Noguchi 野口 善敬. Gendai Zenshū shi kenkyū 元代禪宗史研究. Kyoto: Zen Bunka Kenkyūsho, 2005.Google Scholar
Rossabi 1994 Rossabi, Morris. “The Reign of Khubilai Khan.” In The Cambridge of History of China, vol. 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, eds. Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis, pp. 414–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Sakurai 2000 Satomi, Sakurai 櫻井 智美. “Gendai shūkenyin no setsuritsu” 元代集賢院の設立. Shirin 83:3 (2000), pp. 115–43.Google Scholar
Sakurai and Yao 2012 Satomi, Sakurai 櫻井 智美 and Yongxia, Yao 姚永霞. “Gen shigen kyu nen kōtaishi en’ō shikō hi o megutte” 元至元 9 年「皇太子燕王嗣香碑」をめぐって. Sundai shigaku 145 (2012), pp. 23–49.Google Scholar
Schopen 1997 Schopen, Gregory. Bones, Stones and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Stevenson 1996 Stevenson, Daniel B. “Visions of Mañjuśrī on Mount Wutai.” In Religions of China in Practice, ed. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., pp. 203–22. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teiser 1988 Teiser, Stephen F.The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Wong 2004 Wong, Dorothy C.Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Xie and Bai 1990 Chongguang, Xie 謝重光 and Wengu, Bai 白文固. Zhongguo sengguan zhidushi 中國僧官制度史. Xining: Qinghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1990.Google Scholar
Xu 1963 Pingfang, Xu 徐蘋芳. “Tang Song muzang zhong de mingqi shensha yu muyi zhidu: Du Dahan yuanling mizang jing zhaji” 唐宋墓葬中的“明器神煞”與“墓儀”制度：讀《大漢原陵秘葬經》札記. Kaogu 2 (1963), pp. 87–108.Google Scholar
Zhang 2008 Guowang, Zhang 張國旺. “Yuan dai Wutai shan Fojiao zai tan—yi Hebei sheng Lingshou xian Qilin yuan shengzhi bei wei zhongxin” 元代五台山佛教再探－－以河北省靈壽縣祈林院聖旨碑為中心. Shoudu shifan daxue xuebao: shehui kexue ban 1 (2008), pp. 27–31.Google Scholar
Zhao 2009 Gaiping, Zhao 趙改萍. Yuan Ming shiqi zangchuan fojiao zai neidi de fazhan ji yingxiang 元明時期藏傳佛教在內地的發展及影響. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Zürcher 1972 Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: Brill, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar