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The AMINO experiment: exposure of amino acids in the EXPOSE-R experiment on the International Space Station and in laboratory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 September 2014

Marylène Bertrand ,
Annie Chabin ,
Cyril Colas ,
Martine Cadène ,
Didier Chaput ,
Andre Brack ,
Herve Cottin  and
Frances Westall
Marylène Bertrand*
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France
Annie Chabin
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France
Cyril Colas
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France Univ. ORLEANS, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, rue de Chartres, F-45067 Orleans, France
Martine Cadène
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France
Didier Chaput
Affiliation:
CNES, Toulouse, France
Andre Brack
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France
Herve Cottin
Affiliation:
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, F-94010 Creteil Cedex, France
Frances Westall
Affiliation:
CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orleans, France
*
e-mail: marylene.bertrand@cnrs-orleans.fr
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Abstract

In order to confirm the results of previous experiments concerning the chemical behaviour of organic molecules in the space environment, organic molecules (amino acids and a dipeptide) in pure form and embedded in meteorite powder were exposed in the AMINO experiment in the EXPOSE-R facility onboard the International Space Station. After exposure to space conditions for 24 months (2843 h of irradiation), the samples were returned to the Earth and analysed in the laboratory for reactions caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) and other electromagnetic radiation. Laboratory UV exposure was carried out in parallel in the Cologne DLR Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt). The molecules were extracted from the sample holder and then (1) derivatized by silylation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC–MS) in order to quantify the rate of degradation of the compounds and (2) analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in order to understand the chemical reactions that occurred. The GC–MS results confirm that resistance to irradiation is a function of the chemical nature of the exposed molecules and of the wavelengths of the UV light. They also confirm the protective effect of a coating of meteorite powder. The most altered compounds were the dipeptides and aspartic acid while the most robust were compounds with a hydrocarbon chain. The MS analyses document the products of reactions, such as decarboxylation and decarbonylation of aspartic acid, taking place after UV exposure. Given the universality of chemistry in space, our results have a broader implication for the fate of organic molecules that seeded the planets as soon as they became habitable as well as for the effects of UV radiation on exposed molecules at the surface of Mars, for example.

Keywords

amino acidGC–MS analysisHRMS analysisirradiationInternational Space Stationlow-Earth orbitphotochemistryVUV
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 , Special Issue 1: SPECIAL ISSUE: EXPOSE-R , January 2015 , pp. 89 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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