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The non-destructive separation of diverse astrobiologically relevant organic molecules by customizable capillary zone electrophoresis and monolithic capillary electrochromatography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2019

Kosuke Fujishima Open the ORCID record for Kosuke Fujishima [Opens in a new window] ,
Szymon Dziomba ,
Hajime Yano ,
Seydina I. Kebe ,
Mohamed Guerrouache ,
Benjamin Carbonnier  and
Lynn J. Rothschild
Kosuke Fujishima
Affiliation:
Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 1528550, Japan Universities Space Research Association at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Szymon Dziomba
Affiliation:
Université Paris-Est, UPEC, ICMPE (UMR7182), 94320, Thiais, France Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
Hajime Yano
Affiliation:
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
Seydina I. Kebe
Affiliation:
Université Paris-Est, UPEC, ICMPE (UMR7182), 94320, Thiais, France
Mohamed Guerrouache
Affiliation:
Université Paris-Est, UPEC, ICMPE (UMR7182), 94320, Thiais, France
Benjamin Carbonnier*
Affiliation:
Université Paris-Est, UPEC, ICMPE (UMR7182), 94320, Thiais, France
Lynn J. Rothschild*
Affiliation:
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Lynn J. Rothschild, E-mail: lynn.j.rothschild@nasa.gov and Benjamin Carbonnier, E-mail: carbonnier@icmpe.cnrs.fr
Author for correspondence: Lynn J. Rothschild, E-mail: lynn.j.rothschild@nasa.gov and Benjamin Carbonnier, E-mail: carbonnier@icmpe.cnrs.fr
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Abstract

The in situ detection of organic molecules in space is key to understanding the variety and the distribution of the building blocks of life, and possibly the detection of extraterrestrial life itself. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been the most sensitive analytical strategy for organic analyses in flight, and was used on missions from NASA's Viking, Phoenix, Curiosity missions to ESA's Rosetta space probe. While pyrolysis GC-MS revealed the first organics on Mars, this step alters or degrades certain fragile molecules that are excellent biosignatures including polypeptides, oligonucleotides and polysaccharides, rendering the intact precursors undetectable. We have identified a solution tailored to the detection of biopolymers and other biomarkers by the use of liquid-based capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography. In this study, we show that a capillary electrochromatography approach using monolithic stationary phases with tailor-made surface chemistry can separate and identify various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nucleobases and aromatic acids that could be formed under astrophysically relevant conditions. In order to simulate flyby organic sample capture, we conducted hypervelocity impact experiments which consisted of accelerating peptide-soaked montmorillonite particles to a speed of 5.6 km s−1, and capturing them in an amorphous silica aerogel of 10 mg cm−3 bulk density. Bulk peptide extraction from aerogel followed by capillary zone electrophoresis led to the detection of only two stereoisomeric peptide peaks. The recovery rates of each step of the extraction procedure after the hypervelocity impact suggest that major peptide loss occurred during the impact. Our study provides initial exploration of feasibility of this approach for capturing intact peptides, and subsequently detecting candidate biomolecules during flight missions that would be missed by GC-MS alone. As the monolith-based electrochromatography technology could be customized to detect specific classes of compounds as well as miniaturized, these results demonstrate the potential of the instrumentation for future astrobiology-related spaceflight missions.

Keywords

Aerogelastrobiologybiosignaturecapillary zone electrophoresiselectrochromatographyflight instrumentflyby sample returnmonolithic capillary
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 18 , Issue 6 , December 2019 , pp. 562 - 574
Creative Commons
This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States.
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Footnotes

*

Contributed equally.

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