Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:52:45.845Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Culture and the Digital Copyright Chimera: Assessing the International Regulatory System of the Music Industry in Relation to Cultural Diversity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2006

Johnlee Scelba Curtis
Johnlee Scelba Curtis
Affiliation:
Fellow, NCCR | TRADE, a research initiative in the field of international trade law directed by the World Trade Institute, Bern, Switzerland. Email: papers@aboutcurtis.com.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the international legal regime that governs cultural commodities by providing an up-to-date stocktaking in the field. In doing so, this paper focuses on the music industry, both as the general backdrop and as a context in which to observe the evolution of the current regulatory regime. It includes a review of the history of the commoditization process of musical goods, the requisite legislative and judicial decisions, the international regulatory environment, and a tripartite case study. By reviewing various approaches and examining several recent arenas where the issues have been implicated, the author demonstrates that, in its current form, the international copyright regime is not sufficiently supportive of diversity in cultural property.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Cultural Property , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , February 2006 , pp. 59 - 97
Copyright
© 2006 International Cultural Property Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albro, R. “Diversity's Fate in Cultural Policymaking.” Anthropology News. 46, No. 9 ( Dec. 2005): 26.Google Scholar
Aplin, T. Copyright Law in the Digital Society: The Challenges of Multimedia. Hart Publishing, 2005.
Barber, B. R. Jihad vs. McWorld. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
Bauer, A. A. “Definitional Anxieties.” Anthropology News. 46, No. 9 (Dec. 2005): 27.Google Scholar
Bauer, A. A.. “(Re)Introducing the International Journal of Cultural Property.” International Journal of Cultural Property 12 (2005): 6–10.Google Scholar
Berkman Center for Internet & Society, “Roadmap for Open ICT Ecosystems.” Berkman Center for Internet and Society, 2005. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/epolicy/roadmap.pdf (accessed January 15, 2006).
Bollier, D. Brand Name Bullies: The Quest to Own and Control Culture. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Boyle, J. “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain.” Law & Contemporary Problems 66 (Winter/Spring 2003): 33.Google Scholar
Brouder, A. “The UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: Treacherous Treaty or Compassionate Compact?” Transnational Economic Law Research Center Policy Papers on Transnational Economic Law 18 (2005).
Brown, M. F. Who Owns Native Culture? Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. 43–68.
Brown, M. F.. “Heritage Trouble: Recent Work on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Property.” International Journal of Cultural Property 12 (2005): 40–61.Google Scholar
Carrier, M. “Cabining Intellectual Property Through a Property Paradigm.” Duke Law Journal 54 (2004): 1.Google Scholar
Carroll, M. “Whose Music is it Anyway? How We Came to View Musical Expression as a Form of Property.” University of Cincinnati Law Review 72 (2004): 1405.Google Scholar
Carroll, M. W. “A Primer on U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Applicable to Music Information Retrieval Systems,” University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy 313 (2003).Google Scholar
Coombe, R. The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropriation, and the Law. Durham: Duke University Press, 1998.
Correa, C., and A. Yusuf, eds. Intellectual Property and International Trade: The TRIPs Agreement. Kluwer Law International Press, 1998.
Cottier, T. “The New Global Technology Regime: The Impact of New Technologies on Multilateral Trade Regulation and Governance.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 72 (1996): 415.
Cottier, T. “The Prospects for Intellectual Property in GATT.” In The New Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, edited by E. Petersmann, and M. Hilf. Kluwer, 1991.
Cottier, T., andSchefer, K. N. “The Relationship Between World Trade Organization Law, National and Regional Law,” Journal of International Economic Law 1 (1998): 83.
Craven, M. C. R. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
D'Amoto, A., andLong, D. E., eds. International Intellectual Property Law. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
Dodes, J. “Beyond Napster, Beyond the United States: The Technological and International Legal Barriers to Online Copyright Enforcement,” New York Law School Law Review 46 (2003): 279.
Drexl, J., “Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten des urheberrechts im rahmen des GATT: In länderbehandlung, meistbegünstigung, maximalschutz: eine prinzipienorientierte betrachtung im lichte bestehender konventionen,” Münchener Universitätsschriften 10 (1990): 11.
Drahos, P., andBraithwaite, J. Information Feudalism. The New Press, 2002.
Eckersley, P. “Virtual Markets for Virtual Goods: The Mirror Image of Digital Copyright?” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 18 (2004): 85.
Eugui, D. V. Issues on the Relationship between E-Commerce and Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO: Implications for Developing Countries. www.southcentre.org/publications/occasional/paper05/toc.htm (accessed January 15, 2006).
External Egypt. “Library of Alexandria.” External Egypt. http://www.eternalegypt.org/ (accessed January 15, 2006).
Fact Sheet No. 16 (Rev.1). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs16.htm (accessed January 15, 2006).
Footer, M., andGraber, C. “Trade Liberalisation and Cultural Policy,” Journal of International Economic Law, 3, no. 1 (2000).
Friedman, T. The World is Flat. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Frischmann, B. “A Dynamic Institutional Theory of International Law.” Buffalo Law Review, 51 (2003): 679.Google Scholar
Gartner G2, andthe Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society. “Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World: Version 2,” 2005. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/media/wp2005 (accessed January 15, 2006).
Germann, C. “Content Industries and Cultural Diversity: The Case of Motion Pictures.” CultureLink: Cultural Diversity and Sustainable Development, Special Issue (2003).
Germann, C. “Diversité culturelle et cinéma: Une vision pour un pays en voie de développement.” In Free Trade Versus Cultural Diversity: WTO Negotiations in the Field of Audiovisual Services, edited by C. Graber, M. Girsberger, and M. Nenova.Schulthess Press, 2004.
Gervais, D. The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History & Analysis, Second Edition. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2003.
Goldstein, P. International Copyright: Principles, Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Graber, C. B. “Audiovisual Media and the Law of the WTO.” in Graber/Girsberger/Nenova, eds. Free Trade versus Cultural Diversity: WTO Negotiations in the Field of Audiovisual Services. Schulthess Press, 2004.
Graber, C. B.. “Copyright and Access—A Human Rights Perspective.” In Digital Rights Management: The End of Collecting Societies? edited by C. B. Graber, C. Govoni, M. Girsberger, and M. Nenova. Berne: Staempfli Publishers Ltd., 2005.
Graber, C. B... “Volkerrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen von Filmproduktion und Filmforderung in der Schweitz.” In Entertainment Law, edited by O. Arter and J. S. Florian. 28 et seq. Bern: Staempfli, 2005.
Graber, C. B., C. Govoni, M. Girsberger, and M. Nenova, eds. Digital Rights Management: The End of Collecting Societies? Berne: Staempfli Publishers Ltd., 2005.
Grant, M. The Classical Greeks, Orion Publishing Group, 2001.
Grout, D. J., and C. V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 7th ed. W.W. Norton Press, 2001.
Harvard Asia Quarterly. “Intellectual Property in China.” Harvard University Department of Far-East Asian Studies. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/∼asiactr/haq/199903/9903a010.htm (accessed January 15, 2006).
Henderson, I. “Ancient Greek Music.” In New Oxford History of Music: Ancient and Oriental Music, edited by E. Wellesz. Oxford University Press, 1979.
Hines, C. Localization: A Global Manefesto. London: Earthscan Press, 2000.
Hughes, D., and G. Abraham, eds. The New Oxford History of Music: Ars Nova and Renaissance (1300–1540). Oxford University Press, 1960.
International Intellectual Property Alliance. “IIPA Celebrates the 10th Anniversary of the WTO TRIPS Agreement and the 20th Anniversary of the Formation of the Alliance of the Copyright Industries.” http://www.iipa.com/pressreleases/2004_Oct7_TRIPS10_IIPA20b.pdf (accessed January 15, 2006).
International Intellectual Property Alliance. “WTO TRIPS Implementation.” International Intellectual Property Alliance. http://www.iipa.com/trips.html (accessed January 1, 2006).
Jefferson, T. “Letter to Isaac McPherson August 13, 1813.” In The Founder's Constitution, edited by P. Kurland and R. Lerner. University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Joseph, S., J. Schultz, and M. Castan. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Oxford University Press, 2000, 386.
Jowett, B., trans. The Republic of Plato: An Ideal Commonwealth. Colonial Press, 1901.
Kretschmer, M. “Intellectual Property in Music.” In Cultural Industry: Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies, 6 (1999): 2.Google Scholar
Ku, R. “The Creative Destruction of Copyright: Napster and the New Economics of Digital Technology,” University of Chicago Law Review 69 (2002): 263.Google Scholar
Lessig, L. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: The Penguin Press, 2004.
Lippman, E. A History of Western Musical Aesthetics. University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
Litman, J. Digital Copyright. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2001.
Lowinsky, E. “Music in the Culture of the Renaissance.” Journal of Historic Ideas 15 (1954): 509–11.Google Scholar
Lucas, A. Propriété Littéraire et Artistique, 2e éd. Dalloz, 2002.
Macmillan, F. “Copyright and Freedom of Movement for Culture” Culture and Market: Can Europe Reconcile Unity and Diversity? Annual Congress of the Academy of European Law. Trier, 2004.
Maskus, K. Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy. Institute for International Economics Press, 2000.
Mathiesen, T. J. Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Middle East Institute. “Can Trade Be a Lever for Reforms in the Arab World?” Testimony by David L. Mack in Hearings of the Senate Finance Committee, March 10, 2004. http://www.mideasti.org/articles/doc173.html (accessed January 15, 2006).
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Speech by Jack Valenti, February 2003. http://www.mpaa.org/jack/2003/2003_02_24.htm (accessed January 15, 2006).
Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR). “2005 Special 301 Report.” http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2005/2005_Special_301/asset_upload_file195_7636.pdf (accessed January 15, 2006).
Olcott, M. “Ancient and Modern Notions of Plagiarism: A Study of Concepts of Intellectual Property in Classical Greece.” Journal of the Copyright Society 49 (2002): 1047, 1052.Google Scholar
Patterson, L. R.. Copyright in Historical Perspective. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968, 79.
Pepper, T. “Making Their Own Breaks.” Newsweek International, Sept. 26—Oct. 3, 2005.
Pew Trust. “Pew Internet and American Life Project.” http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/121/report_display.asp (accessed January 15, 2006).
Regourd, S. De l'exception à la diversité culturelle, problèmes politiques et sociaux. No. 904, La Documentation Francaise, 2004.
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). “Facts & Figures.” Recording Industry Association of America. www.riaa.com/news/marketingdata/facts.asp (accessed January 15, 2006).
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). “Testimony of John Papovitch before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform.” Recording Industry Association of America. http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/RIAA%20-%20Papovich%20Testimony.pdf (accessed January 15, 2006).
Richardson, B. Hollywood's Vision of a Clear, Predictable Trade Framework Consistent with Cultural Diversity. In Free Trade Versus Cultural Diversity: WTO Negotiations in the Field of Audiovisual Services, edited by C. Graber, M. Girsberg, and M. Bern Nenova, Schulthess Press, 2004.
Rifkin, J. The Age of Access: The New Culture of Hypercapitalism, Where All of Life is a Paid-for Experience. New York: Putnam Press, 2000.
Rosen, S. “The Economics of Superstars.” American Economic Review, 71 (1981): 845–58.Google Scholar
Sauvé, P., and K. Steinfatt. Towards Multilateral Rules on Trade and Culture: Protective Regulation or Efficient Protection? (Presented to: Achieving Better Regulation of Services Conference, June 26–27 2000).
Scully, J. “Beyond Napster—Is it Just Music? Or Are Judicial Resolutions Ineffective in Digital Commerce?” Journal of Transnational Law 15 (2002): 313, 321.Google Scholar
Shawcross, W. Murdoch. Touchstone Publishers: New York, 1993.
Slashdot. “Artist Suggesting Ways Around Copy Protection.” http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/19/0343251&from=rss (accessed January 15, 2006).
Smiers, J. Arts Under Pressure: Promoting Cultural Diversity in the Age of Globalization. London: Zed Books, 2003.
Sunder, M. “Cultural Dissent.” Stanford Law Review 54 (2001): 495.Google Scholar
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Culture, Trade and Globalization: Questions and Answers, Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2000.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Convention on Cultural Diversity. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 2005.
University of Michigan. “Statement on Google Literary Project.” September 21, 2005. http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Sep05/r092105. (accessed January 15, 2006).
United States Copyright Office. Circular 1, Copyright Basics: What Works are Protected? http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html (accessed January 14, 2006).
Van den Bossche, P. The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Vaver, D. Internationalizing Copyright Law: Implementing the WIPO Treaties. Oxford Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 1999. www.oiprc.ox.ac.k/EJWP0199.html (accessed January 15, 2006).
VerSteeg, R., “The Roman Law Roots of Copyright,” Maryland Law Review 59 (2000): 522.Google Scholar
Wired. “Artists Just Wana Be Free.” http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,59501,00.html (accessed January 15, 2006).
World Trade Organization. Overview: The TRIPS Agreement. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm (accessed January 15, 2006).
Wu, T. “Copyright's Communications Policy.” Michigan Law Review 103 (2004): 278.Google Scholar
Wyatt, E. “Google Alters Plans for Copyrighted Books.” New York Times, August 12, 2005.
Yahoo. “Record Labels, Satellite Radio Seen in Showdown.” Yahoo! News. Wednesday, October 5, 2005, 5:36 PM ET. http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/261959/record_labels_satellite_radio_seen_in_showdown/ (accessed January 15, 2006).