140 Characters or Less: An Experiment in Legal Research

Patrick M. Ellis

doi:10.1017/S0731126500012075

¹ Swartz, Aaron, Guerilla Open Access Manifesto, Internet Archive (July 2008), http://www.archive.org/details/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto (@bohyunkim, Jan. 15, 2013). One objective of this article is to demonstrate the astounding amount of freely accessible information available via social media sites, like Twitter. In an effort to demonstrate this wealth of information, a majority of the sources used to research and write this article were obtained through Twitter. Thus, most citations in this article contain a parenthetical following the conventional, Bluebook citation of the source. This parenthetical contains a person's or company's Twitter name or “handle,” followed by the date that the source was “tweeted.” The person who tweeted the link or comment is not necessarily nor usually the author of the source. For example, the quote cited in this footnote comes from Aaron Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto. A link to this document was shared on Twitter by an individual identified on Twitter as @bohyunkim. @bohyunkim tweeted a link to Swartz's piece on January 15, 2013. For a further discussion of Twitter terms, see Twitter Glossary, infra note 227.Google Scholar

² Hyde, Lucy, Stumped by a Problem? This Technique Unsticks You, Ass'n for Psychol. Sci. (Mar. 6, 2012), http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/stumped-by-a-problem-this-technique-unsticks-you.html (@EnglishwithJohn, Sept. 26, 2013). For another iteration of this study and the implications of functional fixedness in business, see Andy Zynga, The Cognitive Bias Keeping Us from Innovating, Harv. Bus. Rev. Blog (June 13, 2013, 10:00 AM), http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/06/the-cognitive-bias-keeping-us-from/ (@ifundraiser, June 30, 2013).Google Scholar

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⁴ Id.Google Scholar

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⁸ See generally, Scheiber, Noam, The Last Days of Big Law: You can't imagine the terror when the money dries up, New REPUBLIC (July 21, 2013), http://www.newrepublic.com/article/11394l/big-law-firms-trouble-when-money-dries# (@rajuip, July 22, 2013); see also Bruce W. Marcus, What the Collapse of Dewey & LeBoeuf Says about the Future of the Professions, Prof. Servs. Marketing 3.0, http://psm3dot0.com/2012/07/what-the-collapse-of-dewey-leboeuf-says-about-the-future-of-the-professions/#.UGylJP3KZxw.twitter, (last visited Sept. 28, 2013)_(@ray_mclennan, Nov. 6, 2012). Marcus cites, inter alia, a flawed partnership structure, excessive debt, misplaced concentration on partner compensation, and a failure to meet the contemporary needs of clients as the reasons for law firm inefficiencies. Traditional firm structures are succumbing to market realities and causing increased stress on partnerships, compensation, rank of equity partners, and other issues. Id. See generally Mark Harris, Why More Law Firms Will Go the Way of Dewey & LeBoeuf, Forbes (May 8, 2012, 10:32AM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesleadershipforum/2012/05/08/why-more-law-firms-will-go-the-way-of-dewey-leboeuf/ (@LegalDisruption, July 18, 2013); see generally Sean Williams & David Nersessian, Overview of the Professional Services Industry and the Legal Profession, Alfred P. Sloan Found. by the Harv Law Sch. Center on Laws. and the Prof'l Services Industry, http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/plp/pdf/Industry_Report_2007.pdf. See also Debra Cassens Weiss, Denial and partner morale problems proliferate at law firms, report says, ABA J. (Feb. 6, 2013, 5:30 AM), http://www.abajournal.com/news-/article/denial_and_partner_morale_problems_proliferate_atlawfirmsreportsays (@ABAjournai, Feb. 6, 2013). In addition, “[l]awyer productivity is lackluster, realization rates are at historic lows, and competition is increasing.” Id. See also Habeas Corp.: Confronting an Inefficient Legal Market, Habeas Corp. Blog (12:04 PM, July 15, 2013), http://blog.habeas.co/post/55531-261097/habeas-corp-confronting-an-inefficient-legal-market (@HabeasCorp, July 15, 2013). “A consumer of legal services is often as helpless as the buyer of a used car. He is generally not an expert in the law, and can only evaluate lawyers simplistically.” Id.Google Scholar

⁹ See Marcus, supra note 8; see Winston, Clifford and Crandall, Robert W., Winston and Crandall: The Law Firm Business Model Is Dying, Wall St. J. (May 29, 2012, 2:52PM), http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405270230419270457-7402140768087330.html?mod=wsj_share_tweet (@maxwellelliot, May 29, 2012).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Weissman, Jordan, The Jobs Crisis at Our Best Law Schools Is Much, Much Worse Than You Think, Atlantic (April 9, 2013, 9:45 AM), http://www.the-atlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/the-jobs-crisis-at-our-best-law-schools-is-much-much-worse-than-you-think/274795/(@JD_COT, April 15, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹² Susskin, Richard, What are we training young lawyers to become?, The Times (Sept. 13, 2012, 12.01 PM), http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article3535964.ece (@richardsusskind, Sept. 13, 2012). See also Ethan Bronner, A Call for Drastic Changes in Educating New Lawyers, N.Y. Times (Feb. 10, 2013), available at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/11/us/lawyers-call-for-drastic-change-in-educating-new-lawyers.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0 (@ashlystr, Feb. 11, 2013); Keith Lee, ABA Future of Legal Education Issues Its Draft Report, ASSOCIATE'S Mind, (Sept. 20, 2013), http://associatesmind.com/2013/09/20/aba-future-of-legal-education-issues-its-draft-report/ (@atlblog, Sept. 20, 2013).Google Scholar

¹³ See infra Section I.D.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Hyde, supra note 2.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See discussion infra Section I.C.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Kerr, Orin S., A Theory of Law, 16 Green Bag 2D 111 (2012), available at http://www.greenbag.org/v16n1/v16n1_ex_post_kerr.pdf (@Jeff_Fine, July 22, 2013).Google Scholar

¹⁹ See infra discussion Section II.Google Scholar

²⁰ Blodget, Henry & Cocotas, Alex, The State of the Internet [Slide Deck], Bus. Insider (Oct. 1, 2012, 3:15 PM), http://www.businessinsider.com/state-of-internet-slides-2012-10?op=1 (@rocketlawyer, Nov. 6, 2012).Google Scholar

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²³ Ogburn, Pete, Broadcast Legend ‘Appalled’ by Michelle Fields, Fishbowldc (Oct. 8, 2012, 3:15 PM), http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowldc/broadcast-legend-apalled-by-michelle-fields_b85637 (@FishbowlDC, Nov. 8, 2012). “Citizen Journalism” can be defined as “[t]he act of citizens ‘playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information'” Jay Rosen, A Most Useful Definition of Citizen Journalism, Press Think (July 14, 2008), http://archive.pressthink.org/2008/07/14/a_most_useful_d.html?utm_content=buffer7d4c5&utm_source=buffer&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Buffer (@RobCalice, July 19, 2013). “New media technology, such as social networking and media-sharing websites, in addition to the increasing prevalence of cellular phones, has made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide.” Id.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ogburn, supra note 23.Google Scholar

²⁵ Id.Google Scholar

²⁶ Blodget, supra note 29.Google Scholar

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³² Id. According to a report from eMarketer, in 2012, global e-commerce sales passed the $1 trillion mark for the first time ever. This phenomenon is largely fueled by growth in North American and Asian-Pacific sales. eMarketer projects that US ecommerce sales will grow from $343 billion in 2012 to $385 billion in 2013, more than double the sales of China, which is expected to grow to $182 billion in 2013 from $110 billion in 2012. Global ecommerce sales are expected to grow to just shy of $1.3 trillion in the coming year. Seth Fiegerman, Ecommerce Sales Topped $1 Trillion Worldwide in 2012, Mashable (Feb. 5, 2013), http://mashable.com/2013-/02/05/ecommerce-sales-top-1-trillion-worldwide/ (@mashable, Feb. 5, 2013).Google Scholar

³³ Blodget, supra note 20.Google Scholar

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³⁵ Id.Google Scholar

³⁶ Lahiri, Tripti, From Toilets to Phones, Dalits Lag Other Indians, Wall St. J. India (Oct. 5, 2012, 10:52 AM), http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/05/from-toilets-to-phones-dalits-lag-other-indians/ (@ShaeljaSharma, Nov. 4, 2012).Google Scholar

³⁷ Despite the Internet's undeniable popularity, there are still holdouts. According to a recent study from Pew, 5% of Americans don't go online for a variety of reasons. By far the largest reason is that it's a “waste of time”. A smaller slice of Americans can't get online for a few reasons related to the digital divide: the Internet is too expensive, it's inaccessible in their area, or it's too complicated. See Gregory Ferenstein, Pew: 15% Of Americans Don't Have Internet. 5% Think It's Irrelevant, TechCrunch (Sept. 25, 2013), http://techcrunch.com/2013/09/25/15-of-americans-dont-have-intemet-5-think-its-irrelevant-charts-galore/(@StephKimbro, Sept. 25, 2013).Google Scholar

³⁸ Borsh, Laurie Pehar, The Art of Social – NEW Media, Got PR? (Jan. 28, 2012), http://personalprpro.wordpress.com/2012/01/28/the-art-of-social-new-media/ (@LPBPR, Nov. 5, 2012).Google Scholar

³⁹ Godard, Lance, Breastfeeding, Social Media, Wages, Human Trafficking: California Employers Face Mountain of New Labor Laws, Small Bus. Support (Oct. 10, 2012), http://smallbusiness.jdsupra.com/post/breastfeeding-social-media-wages-human-trafficking-california-employers-face-mountain-of-new-labor-laws (@JDSuprabuzz, Oct. 10,2012).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Carleton, Williams, Defining “social media,” legislatively, Counselor @ Law, (Oct. 9, 2012), http://www.wac6.com/wac6/2012/10/defining-social-medialegislatively.html?utm_source=feedbumer&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+WilliamCarletonCounselorLaw+%28William+Carleton%2C+Counselor+%40+Law%29&utm_erm=%24{WilliamCarletonCounselorLaw} (@wac6, Oct. 9, 2012).Google Scholar

⁴¹ The Sedona Conference Primer on Social Media, Sedona Conf. (Oct. 2012), at 1, https://thesedonaconference.org/publication/Primer%20on%20Social%20Media (@DonPhilbin, Jan. 16, 2013) [hereinafter “Sedona Primer”].Google Scholar

⁴² For a discussion of the link between social media and new media, see supra, note 23.Google Scholar

⁴³ O'Keefe, Kevin, Is social media really media?, Real Laws. Have Blogs, (Oct. 15th, 2012), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2012/10/15/is-social-media-really-media/ (@kevinokeefe, Oct. 16, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Kannalley, Craig, The Problem With the Media's Social Media Addiction, Huffington Post (Oct. 8, 2012, 6:32 PM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-kanalley/problem-social-media-addiction_b_1949488.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000008 (@HuffingtonPost, Oct. 9, 2012) (cigarettes, alcohol); CBS N. Y. Staff, Study: Young people more inclined to choose social media over sex, CBS News, (Oct. 10, 2012, 2:25 PM), http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205162-57529849/study-young-people-more-inclined-to-choose-social-media-over-sex/ (@SocialMedia411, Oct. 10, 2012) (sex).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Blodget, supra note 20.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Murray, Nancy, Social media gave me instant gratification, Balt. Post Exam'r. (Nov. 15, 2012), http://baltimorepostexaminer.com/social-media-gave-me-instant-gratification/2012/11/15 (@MrMikeStreet, Nov. 15, 2012).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Google, Facebook, and Twitter, have led the pack when it comes to social media. See Blodget, supra note 20.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Id.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Twitter Reached A Milestone of 218 Million Users Worldwide, Techsquach (Oct. 6, 2013), http://www.thetechsquash.com/2013/10/twitter-reached-milestone-of-218.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter (@brianjohnspencer, Oct. 6, 2013).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Bullas, Jeff, 44 Reasons Why You Should Use Social Media for Your Personal and Business Brand, Business2Community (Nov. 20, 2012), http://www.business2-community.com/social-media/44-reasons-why-you-should-use-social-media-for-your-personal-and-business-brand-0338071 (@EAZYASIT, Sept. 19,2013).Google Scholar

⁵² For example, all one hundred U.S. Senators are on Twitter. See Amar Toor, All 100 US senators are now on Twitter, The Verge (Jan. 20, 2013, 12:04 PM), http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/20/3896648/twitter-usage-among-members-of-us-congress (@kevinokeefe, Jan. 20, 2013). For more information on politicians on social media, in the U.S. and abroad, see Philipp Köker, Politics and social media: why Eastern Europe's politicians are all atwitter, UCL SSEES Res. Blog (Feb. 13, 2013), http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/ssees/2013/02/13/politics-and-social-media-why-eastern-europes-politicians-are-all-atwitter/ (@Twiplomacy, Feb. 13, 2013).Google Scholar

⁵³ Social Media Begins to Drive the Political Conversation, Emarketer (Oct. 12, 2012), http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1009411 (@zenetn, Oct. 16, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Catone, Josh, How Social Media Can Safeguard Your Vote, Mashable (Oct. 2, 2012), http://mashable.com/2012/10/02/voter-suppression-social-media/ (@mash-able, Oct. 24, 2012).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Hall, Emma, Year After Arab Spring, Digital and Social Media Shape Region's Rebirth, ADAGE (June 11, 2012), http://adage.com/article/global-news/year-arab-spring-digital-social-media-shape-region-s-rebirth/235259/ (@funkmastacrump, Oct. 16, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Chopra, Deepak, The Mideast Protests, Social Networks And The Global Brain, Deepak Chopra (Sept. 22, 2012), https://www.deepakchopra.com/blog/view/860/deepak_chopra:_the_mideast_protests_social_networks_and_the_global_brain (@marieforleo, Oct. 23, 2012).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See Mashable, supra note 23.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Memorialhermann (Storify username), First Live Tweet of an Open Heart Surgery, Storify, http://storify.com/memorialherman/first-live-twsurgery, (@ManageFlitter, Oct. 9, 2012).Google Scholar

⁶² Matthews, Greg, Physician use of Twitter: Examining the data, Kevinmd.Org (Oct. 16, 2012), http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/10/physician-twitter-examining-data.html (@healthblawg, Oct. 17, 2013).Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ For instance, the renowned healthcare provider, The Mayo Clinic, has adopted the following social media philosophy: Mayo Clinic believes individuals have the right and responsibility to advocate for their own health, and that it is our responsibility to help them use social media tools to get the best information, connect with providers and with each other, and inspire healthy choices. We intend to lead the health care community in applying these revolutionary tools to spread knowledge and encourage collaboration among providers, improving health care quality everywhere. Mayo Clinic Center for Social Media, About, Mayo Clinic, http://socialmedia.mayoclinic.org/about-3/ (last visited Feb. 21, 2013) (@Siobhan_ODwyer, Oct. 18, 2012). For more information on developing social media policies for businesses, see Sedona Primer, supra note 40, at 5.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ A common abbreviation for “Tweeting the Details.”Google Scholar

⁶⁷ @snooki; @KimKardashian; @charliesheen.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ “Mass murderer” is a quoted in jest in this article, but it is worth noting that Anders Breivik and James Holmes both lacked a substantial social media presence. Kashmir Hill, Beware, Tech Abandoners. People Without Facebook Accounts Are ‘Suspicious', Forbes (Aug. 6, 2012, 2:12PM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmir-hill/2012/08/06/beware-tech-abandoners-people-without-facebook-accounts-are-suspicious/ (@ashlystr, Oct. 22, 2012).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ See Sedona Primer, supra note 40, at 4-5.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ The tweet, transmitted during the first presidential debate, read, “Obamas gma even knew it was going to 2 b bad! ‘She died 3 days b4 he became president'. #nbcpolitics.” Kevin O'Keefe, What lawyers and law firms can learn from KitchenAid's social media debacle, Real Laws. Have Blogs (Oct. 4, 2012), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2012/10/04/what-lawyers-and-law-firms-can-learn-from-kitchenaids-social-media-debacle/ (@kevinokeefe, Oct. 4, 2012).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Id. For more information on Twitter's preservation techniques, see infra note 227 and accompanying text.Google Scholar

⁷² O'Keefe, supra note 70.Google Scholar

⁷³ O'Keefe, Kevin, NY Times social media policy a good model for law firms, REAL Laws. Have Blogs (Oct. 18, 2012), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2012/10/18/ny-times-social-media-policy-a-good-model-for-law-firms/ (@brianjohnspencr, 10/21).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Bercovici, Jeff, 'Don't Be An Idiot': The Only Social Media Policy That Matters, Forbes (Sept. 12, 2012, 4:55PM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffber-covici/2012/10/2012/dont-be-an-idiot-the-only-social-media-policy-that-matters/ (@GirlsGuidetoLS, 10/13).Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ This Section takes a critical look at the legal industry's current use of social media. While this Section and the remainder of the article may, in some ways, paint a negative picture of law firms', lawyers', law schools', and law students’ use of social media, there are a number of firms, companies, and people who directly or indirectly provided the insight and material to write this article and without whom this article would have been impossible. Namely, I would like to thank the following legal tweeters: @reneeknake, ©computational, @kevinokeefe, @bobambrogi, @JohnGrimley, @brianjohnspencr, @EJWalters, @StephKimbro, @carolynelefant, @ValoremLamb, @R_Amani, @pcarayiannis, @abziegler, and @SilviaHodges. This list is by no means exhaustive. There are too many great people, firms, and companies in this space to name. But these people, listed above, are outstanding examples of how to do social media right in the legal industry. Thank you.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ The Sedona Conference is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) research and educational institute dedicated to the advanced study of law and policy in the areas of antitrust law, complex litigation, and intellectual property rights. For more information, see Sedona Conf., https://thesedonaconference.org/ (last visited Feb. 21, 2013).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ See Sedona Primer, supra note 40, at 4-5.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Id. at 1.Google Scholar

⁸¹ See generally id. Even the Supreme Court is learning how to deal with social media. See Frank Berkman, Tumblr Makes First Appearance Before the Supreme Court, Mashable (Sept. 27, 2013), http://mashable.com/2013/09/27/supreme-court-tumblr/ (@SocialMediaLawl, Sept. 28, 2013).Google Scholar

⁸² Black, Niki, Social Media for Lawyers-Done Right (Part 1), Mycase, (Sept. 25, 2012), http://www.mycaseinc.com/blog/2012/09/social-media-for-lawyers-done-right-part-1/ (@MyCaseInc, Sept. 25, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁸⁴ Google is the most commonly cited online legal resource mentioned by survey respondents who searched online for a lawyer in the past year, followed by Lawyers.com. Facebook was cited as the most-used social media site. LexisNexis Releases Findings of Consumer-Focused “Attorney Selection Research Study” (Press Release), LexisNexis (Sept. 18, 2012), http://www.lexisnexis.com/media/press-release.aspx?id=1348154532803488 (@Alabama_DUI, Sept. 19, 2012).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Black, supra note 82.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Id.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Black, Niki, Social Media for Lawyers-Done Right (Part 2), MYCASE, (Oct. 2, 2012), http://www.mycaseinc.com/blog/2012/10/social-media-for-lawyers%E2%80%93done-right-part-2/ (@MyCaseInc, Oct. 2, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ O'Keefe, Kevin, Top 10 Ways Legal Marketing Has Changed in the Past Five Years: Survey, Real Laws. Have Blogs (Aug. 21, 2012), http://kevin.lex-blog.com/2012/08/21/top-10-ways-legal-marketing-has-changed-in-the-past-five-yearssurvey/ (@kevinokeefe, Oct. 29, 2012).Google Scholar

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⁹³ Id. Despite the difficulties, bar associations are accounting for social media. For example, the ABA recently amended the comments to Rule 1.1 requiring lawyers to “keep abreast of changes in the law and its practice, including the benefits and risks associated with relevant technology” in order to competently serve their clients.” Michael J. Evens, Legal Technology Trends in 2013 and Beyond, Legal Solutions Blog (Jan. 23, 2013), http://westlawinsider.com/small-law-firms/legal-technology-trends-in-2013-and-beyond/ (@Westlaw, Jan. 23, 2013).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Wecker, Menachem, Law Students Should Embrace Social Media, Study Suggests, U.S. News (Sept. 7, 2012), http://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/articles/2012/09/07/law-students-should-embrace-social-media-study-suggests (@business317, Oct. 31, 2012). In addition to employers, or firms, another report finds that the number of attorneys that belong to a social network increased from 15% to 78% between 2008 and 2012. Evens, supra note 93.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Wecker, supra note 94.Google Scholar

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⁹⁸ Hickey, supra note 96.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁰ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Id. For a discussion of how lawyers and firms can optimize their Linkedln page, see Kevin O'Keefe, How to optimize your law firm's Linkedln company page, Real Laws. Have Blogs (Aug. 23, 2013), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2013-/08/23/how-to-optimize-your-law-firms-linkedin-company-page/ (@kevinokeefe, Aug. 24, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ An example of a Twitter-based referral: @L_M_Brown: “A friend of mine would like to know if any of my followers can refer an #Illinois #attorney to draft a #prenup?#lawyer #referral.” (@L_M_Brown, Jan. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Spencer, Brian John, 12 Twitter Tips for Small Law Firms, Twitter for Law Firms (Oct. 2, 2012), http://thetweetinglawyer.blogspot.com/2012/10/12-twitter-tips-for-small-law-firms.html (@brianjohnspencr, 10/2/2012).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁸ Bodine, Larry, How Small and Medium-Sized Law Firms Benefit from Twitter, Law Marketing Blog (Sept. 21, 2013), http://blog.larrybodine.com/2013/09/articles/social-media/how-small-and-mediumsize-law-firms-benefit-from-twitter/?utm_source=feedbumer&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LarryBodineLawMarketingBlog+%28Lany+Bodine+Law+Marketing+Blog%29&utm_content=Netvibes (@Joyce_Brafford, Sept. 23, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹¹¹ The world's top ten highest grossing law firms in the most recent fiscal year: (1) DLA Piper, (2) Baker and McKenzie, (3) Latham & Watkins, (4) Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom, (5) Clifford Chance; (6) Kirkland & Ellis (7) Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, (8) Linklaters LLP, (9), Allen & Overy, (10) Jones Day. See Staci Zaretsky, Bow Before The Global 100, The Top-Grossing Law Firms On The Planet, Above the Law (11:55 AM, Oct. 1, 2013), http://abovethelaw.com/2013/10/-bow-before-the-global-100-the-top-grossing-law-firms-on-the-planet/?utm_source=Above%20the%20Law&utm_campaign=Above_the_Law_Daily_l_0022013&utm_medium=email (@LegalExpressUS, Oct. 2, 2013).Google Scholar

¹¹² Law firm Twitter handles (corresponding to note 111): @DLA_Piper_News; @bakermckenzie; @lathamwatkins; @SkaddenArps; @Clifford_Chance; @Kirkland_Ellis; @Freshfields; @LinklatersLLP; @AllenOvery; @JonesDay.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Law firm Facebook pages (corresponding to note 111): DLA Piper, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/officialdlapiper (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Baker McKenzie, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/officialbakermckenzie (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Latham & Watkins, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/-lathamwatkins (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/skadden (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Clifford Chance, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Clifford-Chance/108153465874176 (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Kirkland & Ellis, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/CliffordChance/108153465874176 (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Freshfields, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/FreshfieldsUk-Trainees (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Linklaters, Facebook, https://www.face-book.com/LinklatersGlobal (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Allen & Overy, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Allen-Overy/109596369065859 (last visited Oct. 2, 2013); Jones Day, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/JonesDay/1054658-82821510 (last visited Oct. 2, 2013).Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ O'Keefe, Kevin, Law firms being anti-social with social media is costing them revenue, Real Laws. Have Blogs (Mar. 25, 2012), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2012/03/25/law-firms-being-anti-social-with-social-media-is-costing-them-revenue/ (@kevinokeefe, Mar. 25, 2012); see also Alan Cohen, Big Law Social Media Success Strategies, American Law. (Sept. 30, 2013), http://www.americanlawyer.com/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202620318854&Big_Law_Social_Media_Success_Strategies&slreturn=20130906211455 (@Axiom_Law, Oct. 2, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹¹⁷ Screenshot was taken Oct. 27, 2012 at 3:36PM from Skadden Arps, Twitter, https://twitter.com/SkaddenArps.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Insights, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher, Flom, http://www.skadden.com/insights (last visited Feb. 21, 2013).Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ See Skadden's Facebook Page, supra note 113; see Skadden's LinkedIn Page, supra note 114.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Laver, Nicola, Lawyers struggle to take commercial advantage of social media, Guardian (Oct. 26, 2012, 5:42PM), http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/oct/26/lawyers-social-media?CMP=twt_gu (@mikecoulter, Sept. 14, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹²³ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Brian John Spencer, Tweet: “@Sparty_Legal yea from a marketing and business development aspect but for BigLaw it shows that they're up to date and ‘with it.'” (@brianjohnspencr, Oct. 6, 2012).Google Scholar

¹²⁵ For example, Perkins Coie, a leader in emerging companies law and has a strong social media presence. Emerging Companies Overview, Perkins Coie, hrtp://www.perkinscoie.com/emerging_companies/ (last visited Feb. 21, 2013). See generally @PerkinsCoieLLP.Google Scholar

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¹³⁴ Monahan, Alison, Hey, 1Ls! It's Okay to Use the Internet, Girls Guide to Law Sch. (Sept. 10, 2013), http://thegirlsguidetolawschool.com/09/hey-11s-its-okay-to-use-the-internet/ (@rightbrainlaw, Oct. 5, 2013).Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Wecker, supra note 94. But see, Monhan, supra note 134 (arguing that legal employers are seeking students with technical abilities and online communication skills that can be honed through social media).Google Scholar

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¹³⁷ Many of the nation's top law schools have adopted social media. For example, Harvard Law School has a Twitter account (https://twitter.com/-Harvard_Law); a Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/harvardlaw), and a LinkedIn account (http://www.linkedin.com/company/1654?trk=tyah). Several well-known law professors have also taken to social media. Clare Kaufman, Top 50 Law Professors on Twitter, World Wide Learn, http://www.worldwideleam.com/-education-articles/top-50-law-professor-twitter.html (last visited Oct. 6, 2013) (@SDuffyALI, Oct. 10, 2012).Google Scholar

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¹³⁹ Renee Knake, who teaches Ethics at Michigan State University's College of Law, has introduced Twitter to students as part of her classes. Randy Wilson, Twitter Being Taught in Legal Ethics Courses, Laws. Get Social (Aug. 30, 2012), http://lawyersgetsocial.com/2012/08/30/twitter-being-taught-in-legal-ethics-courses/. (@reneeknake, Oct. 21, 2012). Other law professors have taken similar approaches, see generally Inventive Education for the Lawyers of Tomorrow, Total Att'ys (Sept. 27, 2012), http://www.totalattorneys.com/blog/inventive-education-for-the-lawyers-of-tomorrow/ (@R_Amani, Oct. 21, 2012).Google Scholar

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¹⁴¹ O'Keefe, Kevin, Don't law schools have an obligation to teach law students how to use the Internet?, Real Laws. Have Blogs (May 14, 2012), http://kevin.lex-blog.com/2012/05/14/dont-law-schools-have-an-obligation-to-teach-law-students-how-to-use-the-internet/. (@kevinokeefe, May 14, 2012).Google Scholar

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¹⁴³ O'Sullivan, John, Lower Legal Cost – Same Legal Expertise?, SLAW (Oct. 29, 2012), http://www.slaw.ca/2012/10/29/lower-legal-cost-same-legal-expertise/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter (@slaw_dot_ca, Oct. 29, 2012).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Knake, Renee Newman, Why Law Students Should Be Thinking About Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Legal Services, Bloomberg Law (Nov. 30, 2012), http://about.bloomberglaw.com/2012/11/28/innovation/ (@KentLegal, Nov. 29, 2012).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ See generally Brian Tannebaum, The Practice: The Future of Law Is Officially a Joke, Above The Law (Dec. 3, 2012, 2:08PM), http://abovethelaw.com/-2012/2012/the-practice-the-future-of-law-is-officially-a-joke/?utm_source=pulse-news&utm_mreferral&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+abovethelaw+%28Above+the+Law%29 (@katkristiansen, Dec. 4, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁴⁷ O'Keefe, Kevin, The perils of your law firm being a social media holdout, Real Laws. Have Blogs (Aug. 1, 2013), http://kevin.lexblog.com/2013/08/01/-perils-of-law-firm-being-a-social-media-holdout/ (@socialmedia_law, Aug. 22, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁵⁸ Open access (OA) is the practice of providing unrestricted access via the Internet to peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles. For more information on OA and the OA Movement, see Peter Suber, Open Access Overview (Dec 16, 2012), http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Public.Resource.Org, https://public.resource.org (last visited Jan. 30, 2013). Public.Resource.Org's purpose is to make government information more accessible. Id.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Schwartz, supra note 122.Google Scholar

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¹⁶² Id. To view the FBI's report on the Swartz-PACER investigation, see Aaron Swartz, Wanted by the FBI, Raw Thought, (Oct. 5, 2009), http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/fbifile.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ In January 2011, Aaron Swartz was prosecuted for downloading and distributing JSTOR documents. He faced up to 50 years in prison and a $1 million fine. He committed suicide shortly after. For more on the life and legacy of Aaron Swartz, see Hal Abelson, The Lessons of Aaron Swartz, MIT Tech. R., http://www.technologyreview.com/view/519866/the-lessons-of-aaron-swartz/?utm_campaign=socialsync&utm_medium=social-post&utm_source=twitter (@techreview, Oct. 5, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁸ Id. See also Steve Schultze, What Does It Cost to Provide Electronic Public Access to Court Records?, Managing Miracles: Policy for the Network Soc'y, (May 29, 2009), http://managingmiracles.blogspot.com/2010/05/what-is-electronic-public-access-to.html (@evwayne, June 14, 2010).Google Scholar

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¹⁷¹ Knake, supra note 144.Google Scholar

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¹⁷⁵ Knake, Renee Newman, Democratizing the Delivery of Legal Services, 73 Ohio St. L.J. 1, 2 (2012), available at http://www.bespacific.com/law-review-article-democratizing-the-delivery-of-legal-services/ (@LibraryFeed, May 4, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁷⁸ Id. The Legal Aid Society, which offers pro bono services in three major areas (civil, criminal, and juvenile rights), requires that 90% of clients represented have incomes that do not exceed 250% of poverty. For example, individuals applying for legal aid must not have an income that exceeds $12,762 a year. A family of four's income must not exceed $25,812. Frequently Asked Questions about the Legal Aid Society, Legal Aid Soc'y, http://www.legal-aid.org/en/las/aboutus/legalaid-societyfaq.aspx (last visited Feb. 19, 2013). These figures are just above the poverty thresholds, which, in 2011 (the most recent year available) were $11,702 for a single adult under 65 and $23,201 for a family of four. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States: 2011 - Tables & Figures, United States’ Census Bureau, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/incpovhlth/-2011/tables.html (last visited Feb 19, 2013).Google Scholar

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¹⁹³ Different packages offer different price options. Lisa Solomon, Westlaw Reps Don't Know their A$$es from Their Elbows When it Comes to WestlawNext Packages and Pricing, Legal RES. AND WRITING PRO (Mar. 18, 2010), http://legal-researchand_writingpro.com/blog/2010/03/18/westlaw-reps-dont-know-their-asses-from-their-elbows-when-it-comes-to-westlawnext-packages-and-pricing/.Google Scholar

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²¹¹ Bloomberg Law, http://about.bloomberglaw.com/ (last visited Feb. 21, 20-13).Google Scholar

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²¹⁴ For more information, on the OA movement and the future of legal research, see Malamud's Public.Resource.Org, supra note 202.Google Scholar

²¹⁵ See generally Knake, supra note 175.Google Scholar

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²¹⁷ See Hyde, supra note 2.Google Scholar

²¹⁸ See discussion supra Part I.A.Google Scholar

²¹⁹ “Twittersphere,” or “Twitterverse,” is a commonly used to describe the “network of Twitter users and their tweets.” Melanie Nelson, Social Media Basics: Twitter Terms, Blog Her (Apr. 22, 2010, 6:09 AM), http://www.blogher.com/social-media-basics-twitter-terms (@ihanna, Apr. 26, 2010). For those readers who are familiar with Twitter, feel free to “skip” this section.Google Scholar

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²²⁵ Smith, supra note 223.Google Scholar

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²⁵⁴ One example of an article that came from this search is: Daniel A. Schwartz, Example #438 of Why You Need a Social Media, Connecticut Employment Law Blog (Oct. 5, 2012), http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/example-438-of-why-you-need-a-social-me-41079/?utm_source=jds&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=-bizlaw (@ILTechLawyer, 10/5).Google Scholar

²⁵⁵ “To favorite a Tweet means to mark it as one of your favorites by clicking the yellow star next to the message.” “Favoriting” a tweet saves that tweet in the user's “Favorites,” allowing the user to access the tweet later. https://support.twitter.com/articles/166337-the-twitter-glossary#f. For more information on Favorites, see About Favorites and Where to Find Them, Twitter Help Center, https://support.twitter.com/groups/31-twitter-basics/topics/111-features/articles/142-14-what-are-favorites#. Author's Favorites available by request.Google Scholar

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²⁵⁷ @brianjohnspencer, Oct. 5, 2012.Google Scholar

²⁵⁸ @brianjohnspencer: “@Sparty_Legal cool, glad u like. Check my blog for more, here: http://thetweetinglawyer.blogspot.co.uk/ Where are you from?” @Sparty_Legal: “@brianjohnspencr from Detroit, studying law at michigan state. Looking forward to checking out your blog. Thanks mate.” @brianjohnspencer: “@Sparty_Legal great to hear where ur from and what your up to. Already we're experiencing the marvels of Twitter and what it can bring 2 law.” @Sparty_Legal: “@brianjohnspencr my thought exactly. That is why I'm here. I believe this will change our profession.” @brianjohnspencer: “@Sparty_Legal yea it's fascinating what the digital revolution is doing to the industry, exciting! #AdaptOrDie.” @Sparty_Legal: “@brianjohnspencr btw, if you have any more follow suggestions for me, let me know! Looking for people with the same mindset as us. Thanks!”Google Scholar

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²⁶³ @Sparty_Legal: “@ProfBainbridge Reading your Van Gorkom article from 2008 - a clear analysis and helpful for #lawstudents. But what is a stalking horse?” (Sparty_Legal, Nov. 27, 2012).Google Scholar

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²⁶⁵ “These “direct messages” are private, but if you remember Congressman Weiner's travails, you'll want to use the direct message (DM) tool cautiously. A good rule of thumb is to only post Twitter content that you would be comfortable seeing on the front page of your local newspaper.” Smith, supra note 223.Google Scholar

²⁶⁶ The act of forwarding another user's Tweet to all of your followers. The Twitter Glossary, supra note 227.Google Scholar

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²⁷⁸ Apple Inc. (“Apple”), along with its subsidiaries, designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a range of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Apple is now considered the most powerful brand in the world and has the highest market value of any company in the world. Apple, Forbes, available at http://www.forbes.com/-companies/apple/ (last visited Jan. 30, 2013).Google Scholar

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