Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2019
On numerous online discussion forums in various countries, ordinary people pose specific legal questions and both ordinary people and lawyers answer them. This article considers this new and rapidly growing method of providing legal advice. It emphasizes qualitative over quantitative issues. It seeks to answer questions such as “What kind of questions are being asked?”; “What sort of people are giving legal advice?”, “What sort of people are getting legal advice?”. For those few legal systems that I know something about, I also have considered the question, “How good is the advice?” This is a comparative study, involving discussion forums for Armenian, Australian, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Moldovan, Portuguese, Russian, Scots, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, United Kingdom, and United States law.
1 With considerable difficulty I have resisted my inclination to use the Latin plural “fora.”Google Scholar
2 All the Internet sites cited in this article were last visited by me in April 2006 or thereafter.Google Scholar
3 Marc A. Smith, Invisible Crowds in Cyberspace: Mapping the Social Structure of the Internet, in Communities in Cyberspace 195 (Mark A. Smith & Peter Kollack eds., 1999) p. 213, note 4.Google Scholar
4 <http://netscan.research.microsoft.com/>..>Google Scholar
6 <http://www.thinkofit.com/plato/dwplato.htm#origdev>. An expanded online forum and communication system, Lotus Notes, was developed by PLATO veterans Ray Ozzie, Tim Halvorsen, and Len Kawell. This system was widely used and served as the inspiration for many other online discussion forum systems..+An+expanded+online+forum+and+communication+system,+Lotus+Notes,+was+developed+by+PLATO+veterans+Ray+Ozzie,+Tim+Halvorsen,+and+Len+Kawell.+This+system+was+widely+used+and+served+as+the+inspiration+for+many+other+online+discussion+forum+systems.>Google Scholar
11 <http://www.newsreaders.info/>..>Google Scholar
12 <http://www.fido7.ru/>..>Google Scholar
18
<http://www.unicode.org/>; <http://www.livejournal.com/support/encodings.bml>.;+
19 Eugene Gorny, Russian LiveJournal: National specifics in the development of a virtual community, <http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/russ-cyb/library/texts/en/gorny_rlj.htm>..>Google Scholar
21 The positive network externalities associated with critical mass are discussed in James E. Katz and Ronald E. Rice, Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement, and Interaction 350 (2002). More generally, see: Paul A. David, CLIO and the Economics of QWERTY, 75 Am. Econ. Rev. 332 (1985).Google Scholar
22 Id Google Scholar
23
<http://www.orkut.com>; Seth Kugel, A Web Site Born in U.S. Finds Fans In Brazil, N.Y. Times, April 10, 2006, Sec. C, p. 1, col. 5. Access to Orkut is available only by invitation from existing members. Readers wishing invitations should contact me at the e-mail address shown for me in the faculty listing on the website: <http://www.law.uiuc.edu>.;+Seth+Kugel,+A+Web+Site+Born+in+U.S.+Finds+Fans+In+Brazil,+N.Y.+Times,+April+10,+2006,+Sec.+C,+p.+1,+col.+5.+Access+to+Orkut+is+available+only+by+invitation+from+existing+members.+Readers+wishing+invitations+should+contact+me+at+the+e-mail+address+shown+for+me+in+the+faculty+listing+on+the+website:+
24 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut>; Seth Kugel, A Web Site Born in U.S. Finds Fans In Brazil, N.Y. Times, April 10, 2006, Sec. C, p. 1, col. 5.;+Seth+Kugel,+A+Web+Site+Born+in+U.S.+Finds+Fans+In+Brazil,+N.Y.+Times,+April+10,+2006,+Sec.+C,+p.+1,+col.+5.>Google Scholar
25 < http://answers.yahoo.com/>..>Google Scholar
26
Rules for many Usenet discussion groups are collected at: <http://www.faqs.org>. A typical set of such rules may be found at <http://www.faqs.org/faqs/fr/misc/droit-poster/>. Another example is the rules for a Russian legal discussion group at <http://community.livejoumal.com/ru_pravo/63854.html>..+A+typical+set+of+such+rules+may+be+found+at+
27
E.g., <http://www.newsreaders.info/list-of-all-newsgroups.htm>. There are comprehensive search facilities at <http://groups.google.com>..+There+are+comprehensive+search+facilities+at+
28 The group “misc.immigration.misc” is an exception. Not surprisingly, it contains discussions of the law of many countries.Google Scholar
29 <http://community.livejoumal.com/law_club/>..>Google Scholar
30 aus.legal.Google Scholar
31 aus.legal.moderated.Google Scholar
32 at.gesellschaft.recht.Google Scholar
33
Direito <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=27615>, started May 13, 2004, 86980 members; Direito do Trabalho <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=76066>, started June 13, 2004. 15395 members; Direito e Processo Civil <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=104233> Started July 16, 2004, 20539 members; Direito Civil <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=69789>, started June 28, 2004, 14677 members; Processo Penal <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=276413>, started September 7, 2004, 4588 members; Direito Autoral <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=71943>, started May 26, 2004, 1868 members; Direito Agrário e Ambiental <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=531495>, started Oct. 8, 2004, 1477 members; Direito Constitucional <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=528282>, started Oct. 8, 2004, 1321 members; Direito da Informática <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=81251>, started June 3, 2004, 1204 members; Direito das Telecomunicações <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=249231>, started Aug. 4, 2004, 873 members; Direito Desportivo <http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=141117>, started July 5, 2004, 801 members,+started+May+13,+2004,+86980+members;+Direito+do+Trabalho+
36
<http://www.direitobrasil.hpg.com.br>, <http://www.juristas.com.br/forum/> (limited discussion, mainly lawyer to lawyer), http://br.groups.yahoo.com/group/informativo-juridico/ (limited discussion, mainly informational).,+
37 can.legal.Google Scholar
38 hr.fido.pravo.Google Scholar
39 alt.fr.droit.Google Scholar
40 fr.misc.droit, fr.misc.droit.travail, fr.misc.droit.internet, fr.misc.droit.immobilier, fr.misc.droit.famille, alt.fr.droit.Google Scholar
41 fr.misc.droit.immobilier.Google Scholar
42 fr.misc.droit.travail.Google Scholar
43 fr.misc.droit.famille.Google Scholar
44 fr.misc.droit.internet.Google Scholar
45 de.soc.recht.misc.Google Scholar
46 de.soc.recht.strassenverkehr, de.soc.recht.arbeit+soziales, de.soc.recht.wohnen, de.soc.recht.steuern+buchfuehrung, de.soc.recht.datennetze, de.soc.recht.marken+urheber, de.soc.recht.strafrecht, de.soc.recht.familie+erben.Google Scholar
47 it.diritto.Google Scholar
48 it.diritto, it.discussioni.consumatori.tutela, it.diritto.condominio, it.diritto.internet, it.diritto.assicurazioni, free.it.diritto.copyright.Google Scholar
49 fido7.moldova.law.Google Scholar
50 Three questions were posted simultaneously two forums each.Google Scholar
51 fido7.aids.law, fido7.pvt.law, fido7.su.civil-law, fido7.ru.copyright, fido7.ru.arbitrage, fido7.ru.internet.law, fido7.ru.migration.Google Scholar
52 es.humanidades.derecho.Google Scholar
53 <ch.soc.law>..>Google Scholar
54 fido7.kharkov.laws.Google Scholar
55 <http://community.livejournal.com/ua_pravo/>..>Google Scholar
56 alt.uk.law, free.uk.legal, uk.legal, uk.legal moderated.Google Scholar
57 england.legal.Google Scholar
58 scot.legal.Google Scholar
59 uk. legal. moderated.Google Scholar
60 free.uk.legal.family-law, free.uk.legal.public-law.Google Scholar
61 misc.legal, us.legal.Google Scholar
62 misc.legal.moderated.Google Scholar
63 us.taxes, law.court.federal, misc.legal.computing, misc.legal.moderated, alt.child-support, alt.activism.death-penalty, alt.law-enforcement, alt.law-enforcement.traffic, alt.lawyers, misc.int-property, misc.taxes, misc.taxes.moderated.Google Scholar
64 <http://netscan.research.microsoft.com/>..>Google Scholar
65 Statistics gathered on June 13, 2005 from <http://netscan.research.microsoft.com/reportcard.aspx?tp=10&sd=2/9/2006&ng=fido7.pvt.law>>Google Scholar
70 Saul Hansell, “Advertisers Trace Paths Users Leave On Internet,” N.Y. Times, Late Edition – Final, August 15, 2006, Section C, p. 1, col. 1.Google Scholar
75 See Phaedon John Kozyris, Abusive Advertising on the Internet Through Spam: Problems and Conclusions: General Report, prepared for the 2006 Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law, Utrecht, Netherlands.Google Scholar
79 (My translation) <http://community.livejournal.com/ru_pravo/949847.html>;;>Google Scholar
89 James E. Katz and Ronald E. Rice, Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement, and Interaction 351-352 (2002); Peter Kollock, The Economies of Online Cooperation: Gifts and Public Goods in Cyberspace, in Communities in Cyberspace 220 (Mark A. Smith & Peter Kollack eds., 1999).Google Scholar
90 Karim R. Lakhani & Eric A. von Hippel, How Open Source Software Works: ‘Free’ User-to-User Assistance, 32 Research Policy (6), 923-43 (2003); Karim R. Lakhani & Eric A. von Hippel, “How Open Source Software Works: ‘Free’ User-to-User Assistance?” (May 2000); MIT Sloan Working Paper No. 4117-00. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=290305.Google Scholar
91 American Bar Association Task Force on the Model Definition of the Practice of Law, “Guidelines for the Adoption of a Definition of the Practice of Law,” Adopted by the American Bar Association House of Delegates on August 11, 2003 <http://www.abanet.org/cpr/clientpro/Guidelines_PracticeofLaw.pdf>, p. 1.,+p.+1.>Google Scholar
95 Victoria Slind-Flor, The National Pulse: Is a Lawyer's Blog an Ad? Query to Kentucky Panel Sets the Internet Buzzing, 4 No. 24 A.B.A. J. E-Report 5 (available in Westlaw, TP-ALL database). My thanks to my colleague Nina Tarr for bringing this article to my attention.Google Scholar
97 George C. Leef, Lawyer Fees Too High? The Case for Repealing Unauthorized Practice of Law Statutes, <http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg20nlc.html>..>Google Scholar
98 See Larry E. Ribstein, “Lawyers’ Property Rights in State Law” (November 27, 2000). George Mason Law & Economics Working Paper No. 00-43. Available at SSRN: http://ssm.com/abstract=251750 or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.251750Google Scholar