Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T08:44:59.763Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

COVID-19, the Ubiquitous National Security Threat: Lessons Learned Around the Globe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2021

Extract

Today is October 1, 2020. In this moment, over 34 million bodies—that we know of—have hosted a deadly virus and more than one million of those bodies have succumbed to the strain of their unwelcome, malignant guest. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—genetically related to, yet different from the coronavirus responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak—is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus first materialized in Wuhan, Hubei province, China as early as November 17, 2019, and quickly escalated from a small cluster of cases of what appeared to be pneumonia to a global pandemic by March 11, 2020.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2021. Published by International Association of Law Libraries

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

© Shannon Havlicak Grondel 2021.

References

2 Worldometer, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (last visited Dec. 20, 2020).

3 Naming the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the Virus that Causes it, Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), Technical Guidance, World Health Organization (Feb. 11, 2020), https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it.

4 Josephine Ma, Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17, South China Morning Post (Mar. 13, 2020, 9:00 AM), https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back.

5 Archived: WHO Timeline – COVID-19, News, World Health Organization (Apr. 27, 2020), https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.

6 Lauren Gardner, Update January 31: Modeling the Spreading Risk of 2019-nCoV, John Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering (Jan. 31, 2020), https://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov-model-2/.

7 World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/countries/ (last visited Dec. 2, 2020).

8 Zhuo Guanqi Lai Zhenyuan, Ten Years Ago, 346 People Were Infected with 73 Deaths in SARS Epidemic, Public Television Service Foundation (Mar. 25, 2013, 1:59 AM), https://news.pts.org.tw/article/238707.

9 Ralph Jennings Not Just Coronavirus Asians Have Worn Face Masks for Decades, VOA News (Mar. 11, 2020, 7:44 AM), https://www.voanews.com/science-health/coronavirus-outbreak/not-just-coronavirus-asians-have-worn-face-masks-decades.

10 Han Cheung, Taiwan in Time: Saying No to Universal Healthcare, Taipei Times (Jul. 14, 2020), http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/07/14/2003718621.

11 Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Cathy Zhang & Aaron Glickman, Learning from Taiwan About Responding to Covid-19—and Using Electronic Health Records, Stat News (Jun. 30, 2020), https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/taiwan-lessons-fighting-covid-19-using-electronic-health-records/.

12 CDC Implements Extra Inspection Measures for Wuhan Flights, Taiwan Today (Jan. 2, 2020), https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=168773.

13 Wang, C. Jason, Ng, Chun Y. & Brook, Robert H., Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing, 323(14) JAMA 1341, 1342 (2020)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

14 Chen Weiting Taiwan Sets up a Three-Level Epidemic Command Center to Prevent and Prepare for Wuhan Pneumonia, Central News Agency (Jan. 1, 2020, 4:26 PM), https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202001205004.aspx.

15 Press Release, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan Timely Identifies First Imported Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection Returning from Wuhan, China Through Onboard Quarantine; CECC Raises Travel Notice Level for Wuhan, China to Level 3: Warning (Jan. 21, 2020) (on file with author). (https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/pVg_jRVvtHhp94C6GShRkQ?typeid=158.

16 Isaac Scher, Taiwan has Only 77 Coronavirus Cases. Its Response to the Crisis Shows that Swift Action and Widespread Healthcare Can Prevent and Outbreak, Business Insider (Mar. 17, 2020, 1:07 PM), https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-taiwan-case-study-rapid-response-containment-2020-3.

17 C. Jason Wang, Chun Y. Ng & Robert H. Brook, supra.

18 Taiwan Reports First Death from Coronavirus Infection (Update), Focus Taiwan (Feb. 16, 2020, 9:07 PM), https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202002160012.

19 C. Jason Wang, Chun Y. Ng & Robert H. Brook, supra.

20 Cindy Wang & Samson Ellis, How Taiwan's COVID Response Became the World's Envy, Fortune (Oct. 31, 2020, 4:00 AM), https://fortune.com/2020/10/31/taiwan-best-covid-response/.

21 Webcast, Inside Taiwan's Response to COVID-19, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (Apr. 24, 2020), https://www.jhsph.edu/covid-19/news-and-events/events/april-24.html.

22 Joshua Berlinger, Taiwan Just Went 200 Days Without a Locally Transmitted Covid-19 Case. Here's How They Did it, CNN (Oct. 30, 2020, 3:51 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/29/asia/taiwan-covid-19-intl-hnk/index.html.

23 Mortality Analyses, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality (last visited Dec. 10, 2020).

24 Kang, JaHyun, Jang, Yun Young, Kim, JinHwa, Han, Si-Hyeon, Lee, Ki Rog, Kim, Mukju & Eom, Joong Sik, South Korea's Responses to Stop the COVID-19 Pandemic, 48 AJIC 1080, 1081 (2020)Google ScholarPubMed.

25 Daetongryung ryung gugga yeongu gaebal peulojegteu gwanlie gwanhan gyujeong-ui [Presidential Decree of the Regulations on the Management of National Research and Development Projects], Presidential Decree No. 28210, Jul. 26, 2017 (S. Kor.).

26 Press Release, South Korea Agency for Disease Control and Prevention, In Order to Respond More Quickly to the Infectious Disease Crisis, We Will Change the Infectious Disease System for Next Year (Dec. 26, 2019) (on file with author).

27 Emerging COVID-19 Success Story: South Korea Learned the Lessons of MERS, Our World in Data (Jun. 30, 2020), https://ourworldindata.org/covid-exemplar-south-korea.

28 Max Fisher & Choe Sang-Hun, How South Korea Flattened the Curve, The New York Times (Mar. 23, 2020), https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/world/asia/coronavirus-south-korea-flatten-curve.html.

29 Sean Fleming, South Korea's Foreign Minister Explains How the Country Contained COVID-19, World Economic Forum (Mar. 31, 2020), https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/south-korea-covid-19-containment-testing/.

30 S. Nathan Park, Cults and Conservatives Spread Coronavirus in South Korea, Foreign Policy, (Feb. 27, 2020, 10:45 AM), https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/27/coronavirus-south-korea-cults-conservatives-china/.

31 Seoul City Seeks Murder Charges Against Sect Founder Over Virus, Yahoo Finance (Mar. 1, 2020), https://finance.yahoo.com/news/seoul-city-seeks-murder-charges-against-sect-founder-025259454.html.

32 South Korea's K-League to Begin New Season with Restrictions on Talking, BBC Sport (May 7, 2020) https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/52495329.

33 South Korea Weighs Tougher Covid-19 Restrictions to Stem Third Wave, Financial Times (Nov. 13, 2020), https://www.ft.com/content/2841f59b-15a9-4598-8f0e-305639bc4dba.

35 Baker, Michael G., Wilson, Nick & Anglemyer, Andrew, Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand, 383 NEJM 56 (2020)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

37 Johns Hopkins University & Medicine, supra.

38 NZ to Close Doors on Foreign Travelers from China, Radio New Zealand, (Feb. 2, 2020, 8:07 PM), https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/408675/nz-to-close-doors-on-foreign-travellers-from-china.

39 Coronavirus: New Travel Restrictions for Iran Announced, Radio New Zealand, (Feb. 28, 2020, 3:49 PM), https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/410613/coronavirus-new-travel-restrictions-for-iran-announced.

40 Covid-19: 74 People Now Recovered in NZ – Health Ministry, Radio New Zealand (Mar. 31, 2020, 3:49 AM), https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/413028/covid-19-74-people-now-recovered-in-nz-health-ministry.

41 Hannah Kronast & Tova O'Brien, Jacinda Ardern Announces Alert System for COVID-19, News Hub (Mar. 21, 2020), https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/03/jacinda-ardern-announces-alert-system-for-covid-19.html.

42 Brittney Deguara, Live: Coronavirus – Airport Arrivals Whisked Straight to Auckland Hotel, Stuff (Mar. 26, 2020, 10:50 AM), https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120495548/live-pm-jacinda-ardern-to-give-update-on-coronavirus-alert-level.

43 Dan Satherley, Mark Quinlivan, Lana Andelane & Shannon Redstall, Coronavirus: First New Zealand Death Recorded, News Hub (Mar. 29, 2020), https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/03/coronavirus-first-new-zealand-death-recorded.html.

44 Eleanor Ainge Roy, ‘Kiwis – Go Home’: New Zealand to Go into Month-Long Lockdown to Fight Coronavirus, The Guardian (Mar. 22, 2020, 10:29 PM), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/kiwis-go-home-new-zealand-to-go-into-month-long-lockdown-to-fight-coronavirus.

45 Derek Cheng, Covid-19 Coronavirus: Level 2 Unveiled – Cafes Open from Thursday, Schools from Monday, Bars in 10 Days, New Zealand Herald (May 11, 2020, 5:24 PM), https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12330988.

46 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern Reveals Move to Level 1 from Midnight, Radio New Zealand (Dec. 22, 2020), https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/418524/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-reveals-move-to-level-1-from-midnight.

47 Henry Cooke & Luke Malpass, Quarantine Fee of $3,100 to Hit Temporary Visitors or Those Leaving Country After New Rules Come into Effect, Stuff (Jul. 29, 2020, 3:32 PM), https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300068658/quarantine-fee-of-3100-to-hit-temporary-visitors-or-those-leaving-country-after-new-rules-come-into-effect.

48 Nick Perry, New Zealand Marks 100 Days of Virus Elimination, AP News (Aug. 8, 2020), https://apnews.com/article/international-news-asia-pacific-virus-outbreak-new-zealand-97f42beb18130cc61198bb90ffa7089b.

49 Johns Hopkins University & Medicine, supra.

51 Coronavirus: What are the Lockdown Measures Across Europe?, DW (Apr. 14, 2020), https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-what-are-the-lockdown-measures-across-europe/a-52905137.

52 Bojan Pancevski & Sam Schechner, Coronavirus Contact-Tracing Apps Launch Across Europe Amid Hopes for Broad Adoption, The Wall Street Journal (Jun. 16, 2020, 3:10 PM), https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-contact-tracing-apps-launch-across-europe-amid-hopes-for-broad-adoption-11592319612?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=12.

53 Abdullah A. Algaissi, Naif Khalaf Allharbi, Mazen Hassanain & Anwar M. Hashem, Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: Building on MERS Experience, 13(6) JIPH 834, 836 (2020).

54 Jonathan Gornall, The Kingdom vs. COVID-19, Arab News (August 20, 2020), https://www.arabnews.com/TheKingdomVsCOVID19.

55 Hassounah, Marwah, Raheel, Hasfa & Alhefzi, Mohammed, Digital Response During COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia, 22(9) JMIR 19338 (2020)Google ScholarPubMed.

56 E-Services: (Mawid Service), Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/cassystem.aspx (last visited Nov. 22, 2020).

57 Al-Rabiah Highlights Updates of Transformation Programs and Initiatives, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News-2019-09-10-003.aspx (Sep. 10, 2019).

58 MOH: (Tetamman) Smart Bracelet a Must for Citizens Returning from Abroad, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News-2020-05-22-002.aspx (May 22, 2020).

59 Prompt Action Defines Saudi Arabia's Success Story in Emerging from COVID-19, Omnia Health (Sep. 6, 2020), https://insights.omnia-health.com/hospital-management/prompt-action-defines-saudi-arabias-success-story-emerging-covid-19.

60 Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Strategy 2011 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213717/dh_131040.pdf.

61 James Gallagher, Coronavirus: Two Cases Confirmed in UK, BBC News (Jan. 31, 2020), https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51325192.

62 Toby McTague, How the Pandemic Revealed Britain's National Illness, The Atlantic (Aug. 12, 2020), https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/08/why-britain-failed-coronavirus-pandemic/615166/.

63 Robert Peston, Why did the UK's Coronavirus Response Go So Wrong?, The Spectator (Jul. 17, 2020, 6:18 AM), https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-did-the-uk-s-coronavirus-response-go-so-wrong-

64 Sarah Boseley, WHO Urges Countries to ‘Track and Trace’ Every Covid-19 Case, The Guardian (Mar. 13, 2020, 2:13 PM), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/who-urges-countries-to-track-and-trace-every-covid-19-case.

65 Gavin Yamey & Clare Wenham, The U.S. and U.K. Were the Two Best Prepared Nations to Tackle a Pandemic—What Went Wrong?, Time (Jul. 1, 2020, 6:00 AM), https://time.com/5861697/us-uk-failed-coronavirus-response/.

66 Toby Helm, Emma Graham-Harrison & Robin McKie, How did Britain Get its Coronavirus Response so Wrong?, The Guardian (Apr. 19, 2020, 9:51 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/18/how-did-britain-get-its-response-to-coronavirus-so-wrong.

67 Neil M. Ferguson et al., Imperial College London, Report 9: Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID-19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand (2020).

68 Bevan Shields, ‘Biggest Failure in a Generation’: Where did Britain go Wrong?, The Sydney Morning Herald (May 3, 2020), https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/biggest-failure-in-a-generation-where-did-britain-go-wrong-20200428-p54o2d.html.

69 Gabriel Scally, Bobbie Jacobson & Kamran Abbasi, Editorial, The UK's Public Health Response to Covid-19, 2020 BMJ 1932 (2020).

70 Cathleen O'Grady, The U.K. Backed off on Herd Immunity. To Beat COVID-19, We'll Ultimately Need it, National Geographic (Mar. 20, 2020), https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/uk-backed-off-on-herd-immunity-to-beat-coronavirus-we-need-it/#close.

71 Johns Hopkins University & Medicine, supra.

72 Covid 19 Coronavirus: Sweden Running out of Intensive Care Beds as Cases Soar, NZ Herald, (Dec. 12, 2020, 11:55 AM), https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/covid-19-coronavirus-sweden-running-out-of-intensive-care-beds-as-cases-soar/NV27IJI3G7RSG5XDC2OQROZVKM/.

73 Johan Carlson: The Infection Came in from Countries that Went Under our Radar, Dagens Nyheter (Jun. 10, 2020), https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/johan-carlsson-smittan-kom-in-fran-lander-som-gick-under-var-radar/.

74 Several Signs of Societal Spread of Covid-19 in Sweden, Folkhälsomyndigheten (Mar. 10, 2020), https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/mars/flera-tecken-pa-samhallsspridning-av-covid-19-i-sverige/.

76 Number of Cases of COVID-19 in Sweden, The Swedish Public Health Agency, https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/09f821667ce64bf7be6f9f87457ed9aa (Dec. 10, 2020).

77 People over 70 Should Limit Social Contacts Until Further Notice, Folkhälsomyndigheten (Mar. 17, 2020), https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/mars/personer-over-70-bor-begransa-sociala-kontakter-tills-vidare/.

78 Higher Education Institutions and Upper Secondary Schools are Now Encouraged to Conduct Distance Education, Folkhälsomyndigheten (Mar. 17, 2020), https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/mars/larosaten-och-gymnasieskolor-uppmanas-nu-att-bedriva-distansundervisning/.

79 Felicia Nordlund, Swedish Public Health Agency: Avoid Traveling Within Sweden, SVT NYHETER (Mar. 19, 2020, 7:45 AM) https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/folkhalsomyndigheten-undvik-att-resa-inom-sverige.

80 Hannah Frejdeman, Gatherings of Over 50 People are Prohibited, Svenska Dagbladet (Mar. 27, 2020), https://www.svd.se/stefan-lofven-och-rikspolischefen-haller-presstraff.

81 Ylva Larsson, One Third of all Deaths from Nursing Homes in Sweden, SVT NYHETER (Apr. 16, 2020, 7:25 PM), https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/en-tredjedel-av-alla-dodsfall-fran-aldreboenden-i-sverige.

82 Travel Advice Extended – New Advice for Travel Within the Country, Sveriges Radio (May 13, 2020, 3:58 PM), https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?artikel=7472677.

83 Daily vs. Total Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths per Million, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-deaths-daily-vs-total-per-million?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute&time=2020-01-22..latest&country=&region=World (last visited Dec. 10, 2020).

84 Kate Duffy, Sweden, Having Refused to Lock Down, is now Bringing in Tougher COVID-19 Restrictions as Cases and Deaths Soar. ‘This is the New Norm,’ the Prime Minister Said, Business Insider (Nov. 17, 2020, 4:30 AM), https://www.businessinsider.com/sweden-covid19-covid-lockdown-restrictions-rules-deaths-cases-stefan-loftven-2020-11.

85 Niclas Rolander & Rafaela Lindeberg, Swedish PM Makes Covid Plea in Historic National Address, Bloomberg (Nov. 22, 2020, 12:23 PM), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-22/swedish-pm-sends-covid-plea-to-nation-after-careless-response.

86 Johns Hopkins University & Medicine, supra.

87 Covid 19 Coronavirus: Sweden Running out of Intensive Care Beds as Cases Soar, supra.

88 Worldometer, supra.