Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:22:37.685Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Globalizing the U.S. Law School Curriculum: How Should Legal Educators Respond?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2019

Farida Ali
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the implications of globalization for legal practice, law students, and law school curricula. It opens with a review of the impact of globalization on the legal profession, together with an overview of the benefits and challenges that come with globalizing legal education. The article then examines the current state of U.S. legal education by identifying some of the schools that have expressed or demonstrated a commitment to providing a global legal education, and surveying the types of reforms that these schools have adopted in order to meet this objective. The article considers schools’ attitudes to and choice of reforms in light of the view that the typical new American lawyer is inadequately prepared to practice law in today's global legal order, in which he or she is increasingly likely to be called upon to resolve legal issues of a transnational nature. Preparing students to practice law in a globalized society, the article contends, should therefore be a key objective for American legal educators. With this goal in mind, the article examines the current program at Northwestern University School of Law as a case study and offers recommendations that can help to achieve the goal of globalizing legal education while responding to the needs and concerns of today's law students and future legal practitioners.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Legal Information , Volume 41 , Issue 3 , Winter 2013 , pp. 249 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 by the International Association of Law Libraries. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See Nelly P. Stromquist & Karen Monkman, Globalization and Education: Integration and Contestation Across Cultures 3-4 (2000).Google Scholar

2 See Mattei, Ugo, An Opportunity Not to Be Missed: The Future of Comparative Law in the United States, 46 Am. J. Comp. L. 709, 713 (1998).Google Scholar

3 A “global legal order” acknowledges the interconnectedness and interdependence of nation-states, and represents the move away from a conception of international regulation based on state sovereignty, towards a global political authority based on a community of nations. See David Held et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture 32-86 (1999).Google Scholar

4 Transnational law is a hybrid of domestic and international law that has assumed increasing significance in contemporary life. See Harold Hongju Koh, Why Transnational Law Matters, 24 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 745, 745 (2006).Google Scholar

5 Jan Klabbers & Mortimer Sellers, The Internationalization of Law and Legal Education 22 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Id.Google Scholar

7 Id.Google Scholar

8 Id.Google Scholar

9 Id.Google Scholar

10 Id.Google Scholar

11 Id.Google Scholar

12 Id.Google Scholar

13 See Part III, section B, of this article.Google Scholar

14 See Sexton, John Edward, Structuring Global Law Schools, 18 Dick. J. Int'l L. 451, 451-52 (2000) (There are four ways to define “global” legal education: (1) by an “accentuation” of public and private international law; (2) by using legal research and teaching to search for “uniform rules” that cut across geographical boundaries; (3) by globalizing or internationalizing legal practice; and (4) by accepting it as a perspective that aims to understand the wisdom outside one's narrow world.). Ideally, law schools should integrate all of these factors into their curriculum.Google Scholar

15 See Toni M. Fine, The Globalization of Legal Education in the United States, 2 Eur. J.L. Reform 567, 568, 574 (2000).Google Scholar

16 See Klabbers & Sellers, supra note 5.Google Scholar

17 Id.Google Scholar

18 Id.Google Scholar

19 For the purposes of this article, “international law” will include public international law and international business law. The term “international” will also be used interchangeably with the terms “transnational” and “global.”Google Scholar

20 See Stromquist & Monkman, supra note 1, at 5-6.Google Scholar

21 Id.Google Scholar

22 See Jean-Paul Rodrigue, The Geography of Transport Systems ch. 5 (2013), available at http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/ch5c2en.html (last visited Apr. 8,2013).Google Scholar

23 Id.Google Scholar

24 See Stromquist & Monkman, supra note 1, at 5.Google Scholar

25 Id. at 4-6; Rodrigue, supra note 22, at ch.5.Google Scholar

26 See generally Jane L. Garwood-Cutler & R. John Pritchard, Domestic Adjudication of International Law Violations, 146 New L. J. 527 (1996).Google Scholar

27 See Yves Dezalay & Bryant G. Garth, Global Prescriptions: The Production, Exportation, and Importation of a New Legal Orthodoxy 18-19 (2002).Google Scholar

28 Id. at 16-17; see also John W. Head, Supranational Law: How the Move Toward Multilateral Solutions Is Changing the Character of “International” Law, 42 U. Kan. L. Rev. 605 (1994); U.S. Dept. of State, Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2012 (2012), http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/20 2293.pdf.Google Scholar

29 See Dezalay & Garth, supra note 27, at 16-17.Google Scholar

30 See e.g., The First Universal Session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum, United Nations Environment Programme: Strengthening the Human Rights and Environment Nexus for Sustainable Development, Nairobi (Feb. 18, 2013), available at http://www.unep.org/gc/gc27/-Docs/se/Stregenthening%20the%20Human%20right%20and%20Environment%20nexus.pdf.Google Scholar

31 See generally European Law Institute, Statement on Case-Overload at the European Court of Human Rights: Vienna (Jul. 6, 2012), available at http://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/fileadmin/-user_upload/p_eli/Publications/S12012_Statement_on_Case_Overload_at_the_European_Court_of_Human_Rights.pdf (describes ever-growing caseload of court); Kerstin Blome, Wallflower or Essential Constituent? The Inter-American Court of Human Rights ’ Role in an Emerging International Judicial Human Rights System, Sgir, at 2 (Sep. 2010), available at http://stockholm.sgir.eu/uploads/SGIR_20-10_Blome.pdf (notes that the European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court and Commission dispose of a “remarkabl[y]” large caseload compared to other international courts).Google Scholar

32 See Dezalay & Garth, supra note 27, at 16.Google Scholar

33 Id.; United Nations Rule of Law, Non-Governmental Organizations, http://www.unrol.org/-article.aspx?article_id=23 (last visited Apr. 10, 2013).Google Scholar

34 See Dezalay & Garth, supra note 27, at 71, 74-75, 79.Google Scholar

35 See Van Zandt, David E., The Northwestern Law Approach to Strategic Planning, 31 U. Tol. L. REV. 761, 765 (2000).Google Scholar

36 Id.Google Scholar

37 Id.Google Scholar

38 Id.Google Scholar

39 Id.Google Scholar

40 See Rhee, Robert J., On Legal Education and Reform: One View Formed from Diverse Perspectives, 70 Md. L. Rev. 310, 321 (2011).Google Scholar

41 Id. at 323.Google Scholar

42 Id.Google Scholar

43 Id. at 764-65.Google Scholar

44 See Bernabe-Riefkohl, Alberto, Tomorrow's Law Schools: Globalization and Legal Education, 32 San Diego L. Rev. 137, 149 (1995).Google Scholar

45 See id.; Roorda, Peter, The Internationalization of the Practice of Law, 28 Wake Forest L. Rev. 141, 143, n.8(1993).Google Scholar

46 See Zandt, Van, Supra note 35, at 764.Google Scholar

47 Goldstein, Lisa & Shay, Kathleen M., What Do Business Leaders Want From Their Lawyers? A Corporate Counsel Roundtable Discussion, The Philadelphia Lawyer, Fall 2005, http://www.phila-delphiabar.org/page/TPLFall05BusinessLeadersWant?appNum=1 (last visited May 12, 2013).Google Scholar

48 Id.Google Scholar

49 Id.Google Scholar

50 See Clark, David S., Transnational Legal Practice: The Need for Global Law Schools, 46 Am. J. Comp. L. 261, 273 (1998); Fine, supra note 15, at 571.Google Scholar

51 See Fine, supra note 15, at 571.Google Scholar

52 Id. at 572.Google Scholar

53 See Goldstein, and Shay, , Supra note 47.Google Scholar

54 See Fine, supra note 15, at 572.Google Scholar

55 See Kerschberg, Ben, Legal Services Outsourcing (LSO)–Maximizing Comparative Advantage, Forbes, May 16, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/benkerschberg/2011/05/16/legal-services-outsourcing-lso-maximizing-comparative-advantage/.Google Scholar

56 See generally Trubek, Louise G., Crossing Boundaries: Legal Education and the Challenge of the “New Public Interest Law,” 2005 Wis. L. Rev. 455 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 See Kaszak, Nancy L., Practicing Law in the Global Economy, 22 N. Ill. U. L. Rev. 1, 2-16 (2001); Bryant G. Garth, Taking Dispute Resolution Theory Seriously at Home and Abroad: Prospects and Limitations, 2 J. Disp. Resol. 377, 381 (2003); Dezalay & Garth, supra note 27, 16–19.Google Scholar

58 See Slaughter, Anne-Marie, The International Dimension of Law School Curriculum, 22 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 417, 418 (2004); Susan Bryant, The Five Habits: Building Cross-Cultural Competence in Lawyers, 8 Clinical L. Rev. 33, 38 (2000).Google Scholar

59 For a detailed discussion of this subject, see Part III, section C, of this article.Google Scholar

60 See generally Chase, Oscar G., American “Exceptionalism” and Comparative Procedure, 50 Am. J. Comp. L. 277 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 Sloan, Karen, NY Judge Offers AALS a Cure for What Ails It, N.Y. Law Journal, Jan. 10, 2012 (available on LexisNexis).Google Scholar

62 Id.Google Scholar

63 Rodriguez, Dan, Neither Sacred Nor Profane: Real Life, Real Law Schools, Word on the Streeterville Blog, http://deansblog.law.northwestern.edu/2012/01/06/neither-sacred-nor-profane-real-life-real-law-schools/ (last visited May 11, 2013),Google Scholar

64 Id.Google Scholar

65 Id.Google Scholar

66 Id.Google Scholar

67 Id.Google Scholar

68 See generally Roundtable on the Teaching of International Law, 85 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 102, 120(1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

69 See generally Whitmore Gray, The Challenge of Asian Law, 19 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1 (1995); Roger J. Goebel, Professional Qualification and Educational Requirements for Law Practice in a Foreign Country: Bridging the Cultural Gap, 63 Tul. L. Rev. 443 (1989); Special Feature: The State of International Legal Education in the United States, 29 Harv. Int'l L.J. 239, 296 (1988).Google Scholar

70 See text accompanying supra note 30.Google Scholar

71 See Greenpeace, Mission Statement, http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/about/ (last visited Apr. 10, 2013); Human Rights Watch, About Us, http://www.hrw.org/about (last visited Apr. 10, 2013).Google Scholar

72 See Maxeiner, James R., Address: Learning from Others: Sustaining the Internationalization and Globalization of U.S. Law School Curriculums, 32 Fordham Int'l L.J. 32, 47 (2008).Google Scholar

73 See Bernabe-Riefkohl, supra note 44, at 157-58; Elizabeth Amon, Law Schools in the Future Will Become Global and Professional, 2 Nat'l L. J. A16 (1996).Google Scholar

74 Blackett, Adelle, Globalization and Its Ambiguities: Implications for Law School Curricular Reform, 37 Colum. J. Transnat'l Law 57, 67 (1998).Google Scholar

75 Id.Google Scholar

76 Id.Google Scholar

77 See Daly, Mary C., The Ethical Implications of the Globalization of the Legal Profession: A Challenge to the Teaching of Professional Responsibility in the Twenty-First Century, 21 Fordham Int'l L. J. 1239, 1251 (1998).Google Scholar

78 See generally Kramer, Matthew H., Where Law and Morality Meet (2008); Kent Greenwalt, Conflicts of Law and Morality (1989); Michael J. Perry, Morality, Politics & Law (1988).Google Scholar

79 See Hershkoff, Helen, Integrating Transnational Legal Perspectives Into the First Year Civil Procedure Curriculum, 56 J. Legal Educ. 479, 483 (2006).Google Scholar

80 See e.g., Hendley, Kathryn, Murrell, Peter, & Ryterman, Randi, Agents of Change or Unchanging Agents? The Role of Lawyers within Russian Industrial Enterprises, 26 Law & Soc. Inquiry 685, 686 (2000) (lawyers “have the potential to act as agents of change in socioeconomic systems undergoing reform”).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

81 See Langbein, John H., The Influence of Comparative Procedure in United States Courts: Commentary and Materials, 43 Am. J. Comp. L. 545, 545 (1995).Google Scholar

82 Id.Google Scholar

83 See Chodosh, Hiram E., Reforming Judicial Reform Inspired by U.S. Models, 52 DePaul L. Rev. 351, 361-62 (2002) (observes the inadequacies of simply transplanting U.S. judicial reforms elsewhere in the world).Google Scholar

84 See Tacha, Deanell Reece, Training the Whole Lawyer, 96 Iowa L. Rev. 1699, 1702 (2011) (observes that changes in law school instruction are likely to be unwelcome because teaching the case method is easy, whereas alternatives to it would increase faculty members’ workload and take time away from their scholarly writing).Google Scholar

85 Id.Google Scholar

86 See Segal, David, What They Don't Teach Law Students: Lawyering, N.Y. Times, Nov. 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/business/after-law-school-associates-learn-to-be-lawyers-.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (a 2010 study reported that the median amount of practical experience for law school faculty was one year, and that nearly half of them had never practiced law for a single day).Google Scholar

87 See Jukier, Rosalie, Transnationalizing the Legal Curriculum: How to Teach What We Live, 56 J. Legal Educ. 172, 181 (2006).Google Scholar

88 Id.Google Scholar

89 See Chodosh, Hiram E., Globalizing the U.S. Law Curriculum: The Saja Paradigm, 37 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 843, 851 (2004).Google Scholar

90 Id.Google Scholar

91 See Part III, section A, for a more detailed discussion of these types of programs.Google Scholar

92 Equal Justice Works, Declining Investment in Higher Education Hurts Students, U.S. News, Apr. 18, 2012, http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/student-loan-ranger/2012/04/18/how-our-declining-investment-in-higher-education-hurts-students (describes the decline in government funding for higher education); Joyce Gannon, Law School Applications Decline with Uncertain Job Prospects and Growing Student Debt, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Feb. 18, 2013, http://www.postgazette.com/stories/-business/legal/uncertain-job-prospects-growing-student-debt-suppressing-applications-to-law-schools-675832/ (describes decline in law school applications).Google Scholar

93 See Sexton, supra note 14, at 451-52.Google Scholar

94 See Fine, supra note 15, at 568, 574.Google Scholar

95 Id. at 574-75.Google Scholar

96 Id. at 580-82, 587-93.Google Scholar

97 Id. at 587.Google Scholar

98 See e.g., Northwestern Law, Int'l Law Concentration Requirements, http://www.law.north-westem.edu/concentrations/international/courses.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2013); IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, J.D. Curriculum, http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/curriculum.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2013); Columbia Law School, Search Course Offerings, http://www.law.columbia.edu/-courses/search (last visited Apr. 11, 2013); Michigan Law, Course Offerings in Int'l, Comparative, and Foreign Law, http://www.law.umich.edu/mlawglobal/curriculum/Pages/inter-nationalcourseofferings.aspx (last visited Apr. 11, 2013).Google Scholar

99 See supra text accompanying note 98.Google Scholar

100 See supra text accompanying note 92.Google Scholar

101 See Harvard Law School, Int'l & Comparative Law, http://www.law.harvard.edu/academics/-degrees/jd/pos/internationcomparativelaw/index.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2013).Google Scholar

102 See Law, Michigan, Course Descriptions: Transnational Law, http://www.law.umich.edu/current-students/registration/ClassSchedule/Pages/AboutCourse.aspx?crseId=038594 (last visited Apr. 11, 2013).Google Scholar

103 See Law, Georgetown, Week One: Law in a Global Context, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/-academics/academic-programs/jd-program/specialized-programs/week-one-law-in-a-global-context.cfm (last visited Apr. 11, 2013).Google Scholar

104 Id.Google Scholar

105 See Sexton, supra note 14, at 454.Google Scholar

106 See Scharf, Michael P., Internationalizing the Study of Law, 20 Penn State Int'l L.J. 29, 32 (2001).Google Scholar

107 See e. g., Northwestern Law, Electives, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/academics/concen-trations/business/elective.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2013); University of Wisconsin Law School, Guidelines for Choosing Your First-Year Elective, http://law.wisc.edu/current/selectingfirst-yearelective.html (last visited Apr. 11, 2013)Google Scholar

108 See Sexton, John Edward, The Global Law School Program at New York University, 46 J. Legal Educ. 329, 331-32 (1996).Google Scholar

109 Id. at 332.Google Scholar

110 Id.Google Scholar

111 See Harvard Law School, Harvard Law School and Sciences Po Launch Student/Faculty Exchange Program, Jun. 02, 2011, http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2011/06/02_hls-sciences-po-student-faculty-exchange.html (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

112 See Fine, supra note 15, at 592.Google Scholar

113 See Columbia Law School, 2012 Entering Class Profile, http://web.law.columbia.edu/admissions/-jd/experience/class-profile (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

114 See Law, Northwestern, Class Profile, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/admissions/profile/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

115 See NYU Law, J.D. Student Body & Fall Entering Class Profile, http://www.law.nyu.edu/admiss-ions/jdadmissions/applicants/classprofile/index.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

116 See Univ. of San Diego School of Law, JD Concentration Classes: International Law, http://www.sandiego.edu/law/academics/jd/concentrations/international_classes.php (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

117 See Yale Macmillan Center, Graduate Certificates, http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/-grad_certificates.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

118 See Law, Northwestern, Two-year JD for International Lawyers, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/-academics/jd/jd2.html (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

119 See Columbia Law School, Foreign Dual Degree Programs, http://web.law.Columbia.edu/inter-national-programs/study-abroad-programs/foreign-dual-degree-programs (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Cornell Univ. Law School, Cornell Law School: Dual Degrees, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/-admissions/degrees/dual_degree.cfm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Univ. of Virginia School of Law, Dual-Degree Programs, http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/academics/-combinedegree.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Duke Law, Degree Programs, http://law.duke.edu/-admis/degreeprograms/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Michigan Law, Law School Dual Degree Programs, http://www.law.umich.edu/curriculum/-dualdegrees/dualdegreesoffered/Pages/programs.aspx (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

120 See Law, Northwestern, LLM Programs, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/llm/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Columbia Law School, LL.M. Program, http://web.law.columbia.edu/admissions/graduate-legal-studies/llm-program (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); USC Gould School of Law, Master of Laws (LL.M.) Program, http://lawweb.usc.edu/how/gip/llm/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Duke Law, LLM Degree, http://law.duke.edu/internat/graduatedegrees/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Fordham Law, LL.M. Program, http://law.fordham.edu/llm-program/llmprogram.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Boston Coll. Law, Master of Laws (LL.M.) Program, http://www.bc.edu/content/bc/schools/law/admission/llmprogram.html (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

121 See ABA, Foreign Study, http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/-foreign_study.html (last visited Apr. 12,2013).Google Scholar

122 See ABA Standards for Approval of Law Schools 2012-2013, Criteria for Approval of Foreign Semester and Year-Long Study Abroad Programs Established by ABA-Approved Law Schools, Aug. 2010, available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/misc/legal_education/-Standards/2012_2013_criteria_approval_foreign_semester_and_yearlong_study_abroad.authcheckdam.pdf (Section IV, subsection A).Google Scholar

123 See Center, Leitner, Home, http://www.leitnercenter.org/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

124 See ILSA, Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, http://www.ilsa.org/-jessuphome (550 law schools from more than 80 countries participate in the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition) (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

125 See Washington & Lee Univ. School of Law, Law Library, Law Journals, http://lawlib.wlu.edu/-LJ/index.aspx (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

126 See U.S. News, International Law: Best Law Schools, http://gradschools.usnews.rankingsand-reviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/international-law-rankings?int=a950f4 (last visited Apr. 12, 2013); Roger Alford, New Study Analyzes the Best Law Schools and Top Faculty for Comparative and International Law, Opinio Juris, http://opiniojuris.org/2012/09/07/new-study-analyzes-the-best-law-schools-and-top-faculty-for-comparative-and-international-law/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

127 See U.S. News, supra note 126.Google Scholar

128 See NYU Law, Global, http://law.nyu.edu/print/ECM_DLV_014167?superheader=&-pagetitle-ecm_dlv_014100&sidebar=ECM_DLV_014165&sidebarType2=&parent http://law.nyu.edu//global/index.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

129 Id.Google Scholar

130 See Yale Law School, International Law, http://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/international-law.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

131 See Yale Law School, Legal Pluralism, http://ylsinfo.law.yale.edu/wsw/prereg/Course-Details.asp?cClschedid=110856 (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

132 See Yale Law School, supra note 130.Google Scholar

133 See Stanford Law School, Stanford Program in International and Comparative Law, http://www.law.stanford.edu/node/149751 (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

134 Id.Google Scholar

135 Id.Google Scholar

136 See Univ. of Chicago Law School, International and Comparative Law, http://www.law.u-chicago.edu/internationallaw (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

137 Id.Google Scholar

138 See Univ. of Chicago Law School, International and Comparative Law Courses, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/node/1441 (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

139 See Alford, supra note 126.Google Scholar

140 See Van Zandt, supra note 35, at 769.Google Scholar

141 Id. at 770.Google Scholar

142 See Northwestern Law, Plan 2008, at 16, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/difference/documents/-NorthwesternLawPlan2008.pdf.Google Scholar

143 Id.Google Scholar

144 Id.; Van Zandt, supra note 35, at 767-69.Google Scholar

145 U.S. News, supra note 126; The National Jurist, Best Value Law Schools, Nov. 2011, available at http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist1111/#/38.Google Scholar

146 See Special Feature, supra note 69, at 273.Google Scholar

147 See John King Gamble, Teaching International Law in the 1990s 105 (1992).Google Scholar

148 The author found no study that measures the utility of international and comparative courses in actual practice as law students become engaged in the practice of law. The author also found no study that measures whether students five or more years out of law school report these courses to be of great value to their daily law practice.Google Scholar

149 See Part IV, section B, of this article for my recommendation to this problem.Google Scholar

150 See Steven Lubet, What We Should Teach (But Don't) When We Teach Trial Advocacy, 37 J. Legal Educ. 123, 123 (1987).Google Scholar

151 Id.Google Scholar

152 See Bernabe-Riefkohl, supra note 44, at 137-162, 149, 153; see generally Arthur T Von Mehren, The Rise of Transnational Legal Practice and the Task of Comparative Law, 75 Tul. L. Rev. 1215 (2001).Google Scholar

153 See Bernabe-Riefkohl, supra note 44, at 153.Google Scholar

154 See Daly, supra note 77, at 1251.Google Scholar

155 Id.Google Scholar

156 This conclusion is based on the student enrollment data for the Legal Ethics course in the spring of 2013.Google Scholar

157 Indeed, the most lively class discussions in my Legal Ethics class occurred when LL.M. students offered comparisons of U.S. and foreign ethical rules, which led to further questions and debate. Unfortunately, however, the instructor was ill-equipped to answer students’ questions and seemed uninterested in promoting such discussions.Google Scholar

158 This conclusion is based on the author's role as a participant-observer in the class.Google Scholar

159 See Daly, supra note 77, at 1252.Google Scholar

160 Id. at 1258.Google Scholar

161 Id. at 1259.Google Scholar

162 Id. at 1253.Google Scholar

163 Id.Google Scholar

164 Id. at 1252Google Scholar

165 Id.Google Scholar

166 Id.Google Scholar

167 See Jukier, supra note 87, at 181.Google Scholar

169 Id.Google Scholar

170 See Harvard Law School, supra note 111.Google Scholar

171 See Mills, Jon & McLendon, Timothy, Law Schools as Agents of Change and Justice Reform in the Americas, 20 Fla. J. Int'l L. 5, 15 (2008).Google Scholar

172 Id.Google Scholar

173 Id.Google Scholar

174 Id.Google Scholar

175 Id.Google Scholar

176 Id.Google Scholar

177 Law, Northwestern, Study Abroad, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/studyabroad/ (last visited Apr. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

178 Id.Google Scholar

179 Id.Google Scholar

180 Id.Google Scholar

181 Id.Google Scholar

182 Id.Google Scholar

183 Id.Google Scholar

184 Id.Google Scholar

185 See Kebede, Alazar, Can India and Brazil be the Next China, Capital, Mar. 11,2013, http://wwwxapitalethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2622:can-india-and-brazil-be-the-next-china&catid=40:economy&Itemid=53.Google Scholar

186 See Voroshilova, Anna, A Hotlist on English-Speaking Countries, Siberian State Aerospace Univ., http://www.kn.sbc.com/wired/fil/pages/listenglishan2.html (last visited Mar. 20, 2013). Although Northwestern has partnered with a law school in Australia, the school is located in Gold Coast, Australia, which is not as popular a destination as the major cities of Sydney and Melbourne.Google Scholar

187 See Greenfield, Beth, The World's Richest Countries, Forbes, Feb. 22, 2012, http://www.forbes-.com/sites/bethgreenfield/2012/02/22/the-worlds-richest-countries/.Google Scholar

188 See e.g., Wharton MBA Program, International Opportunities, http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/mba/academics/international-opportunities.cfm (last visited Mar. 15, 2013); MIT Sloan Management, Global MIT Sloan: Academic Activities, http://mitsloan.mit.edu/-globalmitsloan/academic.php (last visited Mar. 15, 2013).Google Scholar

189 See Kellogg Sch. of Mgmt., Kellogg's MBA Exchange Program, http://www.kellogg.north-western.edu/academic/international/exchange/index.htm (last visited Mar. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

190 See Kellogg Sch. of Mgmt., Participating Schools, http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/-academic/international/exchange/participating.htm (last visited Mar. 12, 2013).Google Scholar

191 See Kellogg Sch. of Mgmt., supra note 189.Google Scholar

192 Id.Google Scholar