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Article contents
Resources for Becoming Culturally Competent in a Multijurisdictional Practice: G20 Nations and Associated Legal Traditions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 September 2016
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the importance of cultural competency skills for multijurisdictional practice and a comprehensive list of resources for international business law for G20 nations. Law students today are certain to confront issues of cultural competency in both clinical settings during law school and also during their legal careers as a result of the increasingly global practice of law. This article focuses on cultural competency as an essential lawyering skill in the context of private international law. First, the article will provide a brief history of cultural competency and its inclusion as a type of skills training in a clinical legal education setting at some law schools. Then, the article includes a brief survey of current globalization offerings and initiatives at U.S. law schools. Finally, the article provides a comprehensive list of resources to aid cultural competency and understanding of the legal systems and, further, an authoritative survey of international business resources for G20 countries.
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References
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3 See, e.g., Kadia v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 817, 819 (7th Cir. 2007) (stating that “immigration judges often lack the ‘cultural competence’ to base credibility determinations on an immigrant's demeanor”).
4 Those topics of extraterritoriality (reach of federal statutes and federal common law in cases that have contacts with foreign countries) included cross-border shootings under the FTCA, the Alien Tort Statute after Kiobel, application of the Securities Exchange Act, the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (FTAIA), the RICO Act, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), the Antiterrorism Act, the Act of State doctrine, and other tort, products liability, contracts, xenophobia statutes in Oklahoma based on adoption of a constitutional amendment prohibiting the use of Sharia law along with any other foreign law or international law and other States (including Louisiana, Tennessee, Arizona, Kansas, South Dakota, North Carolina, and Alabama that also followed suit, which reveals a sort of anti-Sharia movement in the last decade), automobile insurance contracts, marital property and paternity, and enforcement of foreign country judgments. See Simeonides, Symeon C., Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2014: Twenty-Eighth Annual Survey , 63 Am. J. Comp. L. __ (2015)Google Scholar. See also Schutte, Casey, Mandating Cultural Competence Training for Dependency Attorneys , 52 Fam Ct. Rev. 564 (July 2014)Google Scholar.
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8 See Appendix A, Susan J. Bryant and Jean Koh Peters, Six Practices for Connecting with Clients Across Culture: Habit Four, Working with Interpreters and Other Mindful Approaches, in Silver, Marjorie, A., The Affective Assistance of Counsel: Practicing Law as a Healing Profession (Carolina Academic Press 2007, pp. 183–228) (noting that cross-cultural interactions with clients present “endless challenges and endless rewards to thoughtful lawyers” and providing strategies for identifying red flag situations and correctives for legal practice). See also Ruth Ellen Wasem, Asylum and “Credible Fear” Issues in U.S. Immigration Policy, CRS Report R41753, available at http://www.rcusa.org/uploads/pdfs/CRS%20Asylum%20and%20Credible%20Fear%20April%202011.pdf (2011).
9 Thao, Mayia and Tawatao, Mona, Developing Cultural Competence in Legal Services Practice , 38 Clearinghouse Rev. 244 (2004–2005)Google Scholar. See also Livermore, David, Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The Real Secret to Success 43–98 (2nd ed. 2015) and Verna A. Myers, Moving Diversity Forward: How to Go From Well-Meaning to Well-Doing (ABA Center for Racial & Ethnic Diversity 2011).
10 Boutin-Foster, , Foster, , and Konopasek, , Physician, Know Thyself: The Professional Culture of Medicine as a Framework for Teaching Cultural Competence , 83(1) Academic Medicine 106 (Jan. 2008)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Romanello, M.L. and Holtgrefe, K., Teaching for Cultural Competence in Non-Diverse Environments , 7(4) IJAHSP 1 (2009)Google Scholar(revealing the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence which emphasizes cultural competency as an individualized plan of care that begins with performing an assessment through a cultural lens and accepting and respecting cultural differences). See also Beamon, Devisetty, Hill, Huang, and Shumate, A Guide to Incorporating Cultural Competency into Health Professionals' Education and Training (National Health Law Program 2006), available at http://njms.rutgers.edu/culweb/medical/documents/CulturalCompetencyGuide.pdf; Training for Better Care: A Cultural Competency Curriculum for the Health Professions (Columbia University Medical Center 2007), available at http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/residency/peds/new_compeds_site/pdfs_new/cultural_competency_manual-10-25-07.pdf; Project ReMADE: Cultural Competency and Curriculum Training (Stanford training for all volunteers in ReMADE and San Quentin prison course, Jan. 8, 2015), available at https://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2015/01/08/project-remade-cultural-competency-and-curriculum-training and Harvard Division of Continuing Education, Cultural Competence for the Global Workplace (Oct. 19–20, 2015), available at http://www.dce.harvard.edu/professional/programs/cultural-competence-global-workplace.
11 Miller, Nelson P., Beyond Bias—Cultural Competence as a Lawyer Skill , Mich. B. J. 38–41 (June 2008)Google Scholar; Edwards, Harry T., The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession , 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34 (1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bryant, Susan, The Five Habits: Building Cross-Cultural Competence in Lawyers , 8 Clinical L. Rev. 33 (2001–2002)Google Scholar; Silver, Marjorie A., Emotional Competence, Multicultural Lawyering, and Race , 3 Fla. Coastal L.J. 219 (2001–2002)Google Scholar; and Cummings, Scott L. and Rhode, Deborah L., Managing Pro Bono: Doing Well by Doing Better , 78 Fordham L. Rev. 2357 (2009–2010)Google Scholar.
12 Stanford Law School's Mills Legal Clinic, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution, available at http://humanrightsclinic.law.stanford.edu/the-clinic-experience/, Project ReMADE: Cultural Competency and Curriculum Training, available at https://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2014/01/09/project-remade-cultural-competency-and-curriculum-training, and Harvard Law School Case Study Resources, available at http://casestudies.law.harvard.edu/case-study-resources/. Columbia Law School also discusses cultural competency within the framework of their “Leadership Training Initiative” – see http://web.law.columbia.edu/students/student-services/connecting/mentoring/leadership-training-initiative.
13 David Livermore, Leading with Cultural Intelligence: The Real Secret to Success (2nd ed. 2015). See also David Livermore, Expand your Borders: Discover Ten Cultural Clusters (2013)(identifying ten cultural clusters of the world and associated characteristics within the broad individualism/collectivism framework as Anglo, Arab, Confucian Asia, Eastern European, Germanic Europe, Latin America, Latin Europe, Nordic Europe, Southern Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa).
14 Fordham Law School, Feerick Center for Social Justice, Managing Pro Bono: Training Resources, available at http://law.fordham.edu/feerick-center/30506.htm. These materials integrate a discussion of the impact of the more than 2.3 million litigants without appropriate counsel each year in New York, the number of New Yorkers (over 6.5 million) who are living at or below poverty level, and a discussion about the United Nations definition of poverty. Id. See also O'Leary, Kimberly E., Using a “Difference Analysis” to Teach Problem-Solving , 4 Clinical L. Rev. 65 (1997)Google Scholar (identifying how “difference analysis” might be used in a clinical classroom setting to teach multicultural analysis within client interviewing) and Cruz, Christine Zuni, [On the] Road Back In: Community Lawyering in Indigenous Communities , 5 Clinical L. Rev. 557 (1999)Google Scholar(analyzing lawyering within native communities and how instructors/students might prepare and confront communities across cultures within a clinical legal setting).
15 See generally, supra, note 10. See also NASN, Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, available at https://www.nasn.org/ToolsResources/CulturalCompetency/PurnellModelforCulturalCompetence.
16 Bryant, Susan, The Five Habits: Building Cross-Cultural Competence in Lawyers , 8 Clinical L. Rev. 33, 37 (2001)Google Scholar.
17 Id. at 64–78.
18 Janus, Kathleen Kelly and Smythe, Dee, Navigating Culture in the Field: Cultural Competency Training Lessons from the International Human Rights Clinic , 56 NYLS L. Rev. 445 (2011–2012)Google Scholar(identifying an approach for inclusion of cultural competency training in a human rights clinic setting). See also Patel, Serena, Cultural Competency Training: Preparing Law Students for Practice in Our Multicultural World , 62 UCLA L. Rev. Disc. 140, 149–156 (2014)Google Scholar(proposing “five habits” of cultural competency in a seminar setting that includes recognizing cultural biases, stereotypes, and ways of thinking, making “isomorphic attributions” to understand client behavior, remaining nonjudgmental in cross-cultural interactions, and building cross-cultural communication skills through activities in international human rights clinics).
19 Id. See also Ahmad, Muneer, Interpreting Communities: Lawyering Across Language Difference , 54 UCLA L. Rev. 999 (2007)Google Scholar; Anderson, Alexis, et al. , Challenges of “Sameness”: Pitfalls and Benefits to Assumed Connections in Lawyering , 18 Clin. L. Rev. 339 (2012)Google Scholar; Birckhead, Tamar, Culture Clash: The Challenge of Lawyering Across Difference in Juvenile Court , 62 Rutgers L. Rev. 959 (2010)Google Scholar; and Jolls, Christine and Sunstein, Cass R., The Law of Implicit Bias , 94 Cal. L. Rev. 969 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
20 See, e.g., Task Force to Expand Access to Civil Legal Services in New York, Report to the Chief Judge of the State of New York (2010)(stating that “more than 2.3 million litigants still attempt to navigate the complex civil justice system without a lawyer each year.”), available at http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ip/access-civil-legal-services/PDF/CLS-TaskForceREPORT.pdf. The United Nations Poverty Definition should be woven into curricular planning:
Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.
UN Doc ECOSOC/5759, Statement of Commitment for Action to Eradicate Poverty Adopted by Administrative Committee on Coordination , UN Yearbook 783 (1998)Google Scholar, available at http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/docs.shtml. See also Terpstra, Clary, & Rynell, Social Impact Research Center, Poor by Comparison: Report on Illinois Poverty (Jan. 2015)(revealing that Illinois ranks poorly when compared to other States nationwide after analyzing poverty rates, unemployment rates, uninsured rates per household, high school completion rates, food insecurity rates, and asset poverty rates).
21 Silver, Carole, Getting Real About Globalization and Legal Education: Potential and Perspectives for the U.S. , 24 Stanford Law & Policy Rev. 457 (2013)Google Scholar. See also Alfieri, Anthony V., Against Practice , 107 Mich. L. Rev. 1073 (2009)Google Scholar (positing that the Carnegie Foundation's call for curricular innovations and changes to a clinical lawyer practices overlooks the pedagogy for teaching students how to understand differences and represent difference-based clients and communities here and abroad).
22 See below chart of ABA-Accredited Law Schools with study abroad programs. After surveying the ABA law schools and their associated law school websites, it appears that over 140 law schools have study abroad programs and only 35 law schools currently have formal training in cultural competency (although some programs have informal study in cultural competency infused in their clinics or other law school coursework). Law schools that allow students to choose from a list of ABA- Approved study abroad programs are listed at: http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/foreign_study/foreign_summer_winter_programs.html
23 Seville, Marci, Chinese Soup, Good Horses, and Other Narratives: Practicing Cross-Cultural Competence before We Preach , Golden Gate Univ. Sch. Law Digital Commons 440 (2011)Google Scholar; Lopez, Antoinette Sedillo, Making and Breaking Habits: Teaching (and Learning) Cultural Context, Self-Awareness, and Intercultural Communication Through Case Supervision in a Client-Service Legal Clinic , 28 Wash. Univ. J. of L & Pol'y 37 (2008)Google Scholar; Piomelli, Ascanio, Cross-Cultural Lawyering by the Book: The Latest Clinical Texts and A Sketch of a Future Agenda , 4 Hastings Race & Poverty L.J. 131 (2006)Google Scholar; and Janus, Kathleen Kelly and Smythe, Dee, Navigating Culture in the Field: Cultural Competency Training Lessons from the International Human Rights Clinic , 56 NYLS L. Rev. 445 (2011/12)Google Scholar.
24 See, e.g., Lynch, Mary, The Importance of Experiential Learning for Development of Essential Skills in Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Effectiveness , 1 J. Experiential L. 129 (Winter 2014)Google Scholar; Shalleck, Ann, Constructions of the Client Within Legal Education , 45 Stan. L. Rev. 1731 (1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Shanks, Laurie, Whose Story Is It, Anyway?—Guiding Students to Client-Centered Interviewing Through Storytelling , 14 Clinical L. Rev. 509 (2008)Google Scholar.
25 Timmer, Amy and Berry, John, The ABA's Excellent and Inevitable Journey to Incorporating Professionalism in Law School Accreditation Standards , 20(1) Prof. Lawyer (2010)Google Scholar, available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/2011_build/legal_education/committees/standards_review_documents/comment_professionalism_timmer_and_berry_tpl_february_2010.authcheckdam.pdf (citing cultural competency as one of the ethics electives that schools might create in conjunction with the new ABA accreditation standards). See also NYU Law, Global Leadership Skills Series, available at http://www.law.nyu.edu/graduateaffairs/programsandevents/globalleadershipskillsseries.
26 See, e.g., Ramos-Burkhart, Michelle, Do You See What I See? How a Lack of Cultural Competency May be Affecting Your Bottom Line , 25(3) Expert: The Art and Science of Litigation Advocacy 1 (May/June 2013)Google Scholar.
27 See Simeonides, supra note 2, for a complete discussion of the intersection of private international law and public international law and doctrinal legal subjects in a choice of law framework.
28 See “Argentina—Legislation and the Judicial System” in Reynolds & Flores, Foreign Law Guide (2012).
29 Id.
30 See Gloria Orrego Hoyos, “Update: A Research Guide to the Argentine Legal System” (Sept. 2015) in GlobaLex (NYU), http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Argentina1.html.
31 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Argentina”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
32 CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/, provides country overviews for every foreign jurisdiction's geography, people and society, government, economy, energy, communications, transportation, military and security, and a summary of transnational issues.
33 See, e.g., the Law Library of Congress's Global Legal Monitor reports for Argentina, which directs a researcher to websites in Spanish for the Penal Code, https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/argentina-proposal-to-reform-the-criminal-code/. See also other jurisdictions' articles in the Law Library of Congress's wonderful Global Legal Monitor reports, https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/jurisdiction/.
34 See, supra note 29, and accompanying text.
35 See, supra note 31, and accompanying text.
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51 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Argentina” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/ARG.pdf.
52 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Argentina” (2015), https://www.pwc.com.ar/es/doing-business/assets/doing-business-arg-2015.pdf.
53 See OAS, SICE Trade Agreements in Force, http://www.sice.oas.org/agreements_e.asp. See also Argentina, SICE Trade Agreements, http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/ARG/ARGagreements_e.asp.
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56 See CIA Factbook, Australia, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html.
57 Petal Kinder, GlobaLex, Update: A Guide to Online Research Resources for the Australian Federal Legal System with some Reference to the State Level, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Australia1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Australia,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/australia.php.
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59 See, e.g., https://www.legislation.gov.au/Series/C2004A03366 , for Australian domestic legislation.
60 See BBC, Australia Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15674351 (2015).
61 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Australia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/AUSession23.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Australia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/AUIndex.aspx.
62 See Human Rights Watch, Australia, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/australia.
63 See Amnesty International, Australia, Country report, http://www.amnesty.org.au/.
64 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Australia, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=AU.
65 Parliament of Australia, Infosheet 20, http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20_-_The_Australian_system_of_government.
66 See A Guide to Basic Procedures of Corporate Law for Young Lawyers, http://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/026374.pdf (2014).
67 See Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/treaties/treaty-making-process/pages/treaty-making-process.aspx.
68 See Australian Government, Federal Register of Legislation, https://www.legislation.gov.au/.
69 See, e.g., http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cth/.
70 See Australian Government, https:// www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 (Australian Corporations Act).
71 See United Nations Mission to Australia, http://unny.mission.gov.au/ and United Nations Association of Australia, http://www.unaa.org.au/.
72 See Australian Trade Commission, Guide to Business and Investing in Australia, https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-business-and-environment-laws.
73 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Australia (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm.
74 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Australia Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacific/australia.
75 See, Wenger, Jean, ASIL, Electronic Resource Guide: International Economic Law (2015)Google Scholar, https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/ERG_IECONL.pdf.
76 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Australia, http://export.gov/australia/doingbusinessinaustralia/index.asp and Australia, Country Commercial Guide), http://export.gov/ccg/australia090720.asp.
77 See OECD, Australia resources, http://www.oecd.org/australia/ (2016).
78 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Australia” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/AUS.pdf.
79 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Australia” (2014), https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-australia.pdf.
80 See Australian Foreign Affairs and Trade Department, Free Trade Agreements, http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/pages/trade-agreements.aspx.
81 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, Brazil—Introduction/Legal History, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/foreign-law-guide/brazil-introduction-COM_037300#.
82 See, e.g., OAS, Member States—Brazil, http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=BRA.
83 See WorldLII, http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2175.html.
84 See, e.g., https://translate.google.com/ for the list of languages, including Portuguese.
85 See Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online: Nations of the World, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/brazil.php.
86 CIA World Factbook, Brazil, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html.
87 BBC, Brazil: Country Profile, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1227110.stm.
88 See, Monaliza Da Silva, Update: Doing Legal Research in Brazil (2015), http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Brazil1.html.
89 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Brazil, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/brsession1.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Brazil, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/LACRegion/Pages/BRIndex.aspx.
90 See Human Rights Watch, Brazil, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/brazil.
91 See Amnesty International, Brazil, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/brazil/report-brazil/.
92 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Brazil, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=BR.
93 See Organization of American States, Member States, http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/default.asp.
94 See Inter-American Court for Human Rights, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.php/en.
95 See Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/.
96 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Brazil (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm.
97 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Brazil Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/brazil.
98 See, Wenger, Jean, ASIL, Electronic Resource Guide: International Economic Law (2015)Google Scholar, https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/ERG_IECONL.pdf.
99 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Brazil, http://export.gov/ccg/brazil090732.asp and Brazil, Country Commercial Guide, http://export.gov/brazil/doingbusinessinbrazil/index.asp.
100 See OECD, Brazil resources, http://www.oecd.org/brazil/ (2016).
101 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Brazil” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/BRA.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
102 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Brazil” (2013), https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-and-investing-in-brazil.pdf.
103 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Brazil, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp383_e.htm.
104 See, e.g., CanLII (Canadian Legal Information Institute), http://www.canlii.org/en/index.html.
105 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Australia”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
106 See CIA Factbook, Canada, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html.
107 Ted Tjaden, GlobaLex, Update: Researching Canadian Law, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Canada1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Canada,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/canada.php.
108 See, Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada, http://www.international.gc.ca/commerce/index.aspx?lang=eng.
109 See, e.g., Economist Intelligence Unit, Canada – Country Profile, http://country.eiu.com/canada.
110 See, e.g., Canada, Human Rights Failures, https:// www.hrw.org/americas/canada and UN Report Slams Canada's Human Rights Record, The Star, http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/07/23/anti-terror-bill-not-in-keeping-with-canadas-international-obligations-un.html (7/23/2015).
111 See, BBC, Canada Profile—Overview, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1198865.stm (2015).
112 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Canada, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/CASession4.aspx. See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Canada, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/LACRegion/Pages/CAIndex.aspx.
113 See Human Rights Watch, Canada, Country report (2015), https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/canada.
114 See Amnesty International, Canada, Country report, http://www.amnesty.ca/features/annual-report-20142015.
115 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Canada, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=CA.
116 See NAFTA, Government of Canada—Foreign Affairs, http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/nafta-alena/index.aspx?lang=eng.
117 See, e.g., Government of Canada, Canada and the WTO, http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/wto-omc/index.aspx?lang=eng.
118 See Government of Canada, Justice Laws website, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/.
119 See Supreme Court of Canada, http://www.scc-csc.ca/home-accueil/index-eng.aspx.
120 See, e.g., Canadian Legal Information Institute (LexUM - CanLII), http://www.canlii.org/en/index.html.
121 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Canada” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/CAN.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
122 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Canada” – Going Public, https://www.pwc.com/ca/en/transaction-service/publications/pwc-guide-going-public-canada-2014-05-en.pdf . See also http://www.pwc.com/ca/en/services/tax/publications/global-irw-newsbrief.html.
123 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Canada (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2089.htm.
124 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Canada Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/canada.
125 See, Wenger, Jean, ASIL, Electronic Resource Guide: International Economic Law (2015)Google Scholar, https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/ERG_IECONL.pdf.
126 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Canada, http://export.gov/ccg/canada090978.asp and Canada, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/canada/doingbusinessincanada/index.asp.
127 See OECD, Canada resources, http://www.oecd.org/canada/ (2016).
128 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Canada, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp414_e.htm.
129 See, LexisNexis, Doing Business in Canada, http://store.lexisnexis.ca/store/ca/catalog/booktemplate/productdetail.jsp?pageName=relatedProducts&catId=&prodId=prd-cad-00325.
130 See, e.g., NATLEX, Canadian Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.listResults?p_lang=en&p_country=CAN&p_count=2678&p_classification=01.05&p_classcount=49 . See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
131 See, e.g., AsianLII (Asian Legal Information Institute), http://www.asianlii.org/.
132 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “China”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
133 See CIA Factbook, China, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html.
134 Roy Sturgeon and Sergio Stone, GlobaLex, One Country, Two Systems of Legal Research: A Brief Guide to Finding the Law of China's Hong Kong Administrative Region, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Hong_Kong1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “China,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/china.php.
135 See China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/tyfls_665260/ . See also Meagher, Michael J. & Lian, Lucia, Chinese Law for Lao Wai, 51- FEB B. B.J. 17 (2007)Google Scholar(summarizing Chinese Law for American business lawyers).
136 See, e.g., http://www.lawinfochina.com/ , for Chinese domestic legislation in English. See also Westlaw China, http://www.westlawchina.com/index_en.html.
137 See BBC, China Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 (2015)(noting that China is the world's most populous country).
138 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—China, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/UPRCNStakeholdersInfoS4.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for China, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/CNIndex.aspx.
139 See Human Rights Watch, China, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/china-and-tibet.
140 See Amnesty International, China, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/.
141 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, China, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=CN.
142 See China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/.
143 See United Nations Mission to China, http://www.china-un.org/eng/.
144 See World Bank, “Doing Business in China” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/CHN.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
145 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in China” (2013), http://download.pwc.com/ie/pubs/2013_doing_business_and_investing_in_china.pdf.
146 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with China (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm.
147 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-China Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan.
148 See Export.gov, Doing Business in China, http://export.gov/canada/doingbusinessincanada/index.asp and Canada, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/china090765.asp.
149 See OECD, China resources, http://www.oecd.org/china/ (2016).
150 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: China, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp400_e.htm.
151 See, e.g., NATLEX, China Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=CHN. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
152 See, e.g., LegiFrance, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Traductions/en-English.
153 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “France”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
154 See CIA Factbook, France, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html.
155 Stéphane Cottin and Jérôme Rabenou, GlobaLex, Researching French Law, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/France1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “France,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/france.php.
156 See France, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/economic-diplomacy-foreign-trade/.
157 See, e.g., U.S. Department of State, Country Report summary: France, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154424.htm.
158 See BBC, France Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17298730 (2015).
159 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—France, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/frsession2.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for France, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/ENACARegion/Pages/FRIndex.aspx.
160 See Human Rights Watch, France, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/croatia-european-union-france-germany-greece-hungary-italy#0309a6.
161 See Amnesty International, France, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/france/report-france/.
162 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, France, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=FR.
163 See United Nations Mission to France, http://www.franceonu.org/-France-at-the-United-Nations- .
164 LexisNexis, Doing Business in France, http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/booktemplate/productdetail.jsp?pageName=relatedProducts&prodId=10246.
165 See World Bank, “Doing Business in France” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/FRA.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
166 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in France” (2012), https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-france.pdf.
167 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with France (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm.
168 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-EU/France Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/europe/european-union.
169 See Export.gov, Country Commercial Guide, http://export.gov/ccg/france090795.asp and Export.gov, Doing Business in France (2015), http://export.gov/france/doingbusinessinfrance/index.asp.
170 See OECD, French resources, http://www.oecd.org/france/ (2016).
171 See European Union/France, French Trade Foreign Policy, http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/economic-diplomacy-foreign-trade/a-european-and-international/making-international-regulations/article/free-trade-agreements-potential.
172 See, e.g., NATLEX, French Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=FRA. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
173 See, e.g., The Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, http://www.mpil.de/en/pub/research.cfm . See also WorldLII: Germany, http://www.worldlii.org/de/.
174 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Germany”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
175 See CIA Factbook, Germany, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html.
176 Rita Exter and Martina Kammer with Update by Sebastian Omlor, GlobaLex, Update: Legal Research in Germany between Print and Electronic Media: An Overview, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Germany1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Germany,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/germany.php.
177 See Germany, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, https://www.dfa.ie/travel/travel-advice/a-z-list-of-countries/germany/.
178 See, e.g., https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/toc.php?type=S, for German domestic legislation in translation.
179 See BBC, Germany Country Profile, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1047864.stm (2015).
180 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Germany, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/ENACARegion/Pages/DEIndex.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Germany, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/DESession4.aspx.
181 See Human Rights Watch, Germany, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/germany.
182 See Amnesty International, Germany, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/germany/.
183 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Germany, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=DE.
184 See United Nations Mission to Germany, http://www.new-york-un.diplo.de/.
185 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Germany” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/DEU.pdf.
186 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Germany,” http://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-germany-guide-2015.pdf.
187 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Germany (2015), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm.
188 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Germany/EU Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/europe.
189 See Export.gov, Country Commercial Guide, http://export.gov/ccg/germany090798.asp and Doing Business in Germany, http://export.gov/germany/doing_business_in_germany/.
190 See OECD, Germany resources, http://www.oecd.org/germany/ (2016).
191 See European Union, Regional Trade Agreements, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements/.
192 See, e.g., NATLEX, German Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=DEU. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
193 See, e.g., CommonLII (Commonwealth Legal Information Institute), http://www.commonlii.org/resources/221.html.
194 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “India”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
195 See CIA Factbook, India, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html.
196 Dr. Rakesh Kumar Shrivastava, In assistance with Versha Shah and Megha Srivastava, GlobaLex, UPDATE: A Guide to India's Legal Research and Legal System, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/India_Legal_Research1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “India,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/india.php.
197 See India, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mea.gov.in/.
198 See, e.g., https://india.gov.in/ and CommonLII (http://www.commonlii.org/resources/221.html), for Indian domestic legislation.
199 See BBC, India Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12557384 (2015)(revealing that India is the world's largest democracy).
200 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—India, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/insession1.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for India, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/INIndex.aspx.
201 See Human Rights Watch, India, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/india.
202 See Amnesty International, India, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/india/report-india/.
203 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, India, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=IN.
204 See United Nations Mission to India, https:// www.pminewyork.org/.
205 See World Bank, “Doing Business in India” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/IND.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
206 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in India,” http://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2015/pwc-destination-india-2015.pdf.
207 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with India (2015), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm.
208 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-India Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/south-central-asia/india.
209 See Export.gov, Doing Business in India, http://export.gov/india/doingbusinessinindia/index.asp and India, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/india090814.asp.
210 See OECD, India resources, http://www.oecd.org/india/ (2016).
211 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: India, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp413_e.htm.
212 See, e.g., WorldLII (including Indonesia), http://www.worldlii.org/id/.
213 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Indonesia”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
214 See CIA Factbook, Indonesia, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html.
215 Alamo D. Laiman, Dewi Savitri Reni, Ronald Lengkong, and Sigit Ardiyanto, Update by Dewi Savitri Reni, GlobaLex, UPDATE: The Indonesian Legal System and Legal Research, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Indonesia1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Indonesia,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/indonesia.php.
216 See Indonesia, Department of Foreign Affairs, http://www.kemlu.go.id/en/Default.aspx.
217 See, e.g., https://apps.law.unimelb.edu.au/alc, for Indonesian domestic legislation in English.
218 See BBC, Indonesia Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14921238 (2015).
219 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Indonesia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/idsession1.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Indonesia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/IDIndex.aspx.
220 See Human Rights Watch, Indonesia, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/indonesia.
221 See Amnesty International, Indonesia, Country report, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/indonesia/.
222 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Indonesia, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=ID.
223 See United Nations Mission to Indonesia, http://mission-indonesia.org/.
224 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Indonesia” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/IDN.pdf . See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
225 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Indonesia” – http://download.pwc.com/ie/pubs/2014_pwc_ireland_doing_business_and_investing_indonesia.pdf.
226 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Indonesia (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm.
227 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Indonesia Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacific/indonesia.
228 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Indonesia, http://export.gov/indonesia/doingbusinessinindonesia/index.asp and Indonesia, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/indonesia090815.asp.
229 See OECD, Indonesia resources, http://www.oecd.org/indonesia/ (2016).
230 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Indonesia, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp378_e.htm.
231 See, e.g., NATLEX, Indonesia, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=IDN. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
232 See, e.g., WORLDLII, http://www.worldlii.org/countries.html.
233 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Italy”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
234 See CIA Factbook, Italy, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html.
235 Elio Fameli and Fiorenza Socci, Update by Elio Fomeli and Francesco Fameli, GlobaLex, UPDATE: Guide to Italian Legal Research and Resources on the Web, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Italy1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Italy,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/italy.php.
236 See Italy, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://www.esteri.it/mae/en.
237 See, e.g., http://www.camera-arbitrale.it/it/index.php , for Italian domestic legislation.
238 See BBC, Italy Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17433142 (2015).
239 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Italy, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/ITSession7.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Italy, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/ENACARegion/Pages/ITIndex.aspx.
240 See Human Rights Watch, Italy, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/croatia-european-union-france-germany-greece-hungary-italy.
241 See Amnesty International, Italy, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/italy/report-italy/.
242 ICRC, National Implementation Database, Italy, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=IT.
243 See United Nations Mission to Italy, http://www.italyun.esteri.it/rappresentanza_onu/en/.
244 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Italy” (2016), www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/ITA.pdf . See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
245 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Italy,” http://read.pwc.com/i/524910-what-about-italy-2015/235.
246 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Italy (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4033.htm.
247 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Italy/EU Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/europe/european-union.
248 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Italy, http://www.export.gov/italy/doingbusinessinitaly/index.asp and Italy, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/italy090818.asp.
249 See OECD, Italy resources, http://www.oecd.org/italy/ (2016).
250 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Italy, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/italy_e.htm.
251 See, e.g., NATLEX, Italian Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.listResults?p_lang=en&p_country=ITA&p_count=1104&p_classification=01.05&p_classcount=8.
252 See, e.g., ASIANLII, http://www.asianlii.org/.
253 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Japan”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
254 See CIA Factbook, Japan, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html.
255 Makoto Ibusuki, Update by Keiko Okuhara, GlobaLex, UPDATE: Japanese Law Research Guide, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Japan1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Japan,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/japan.php.
256 See Japan, Ministry of Justice, http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/.
257 See, e.g., http://www.nichibenren.or.jp/en/about/judicial_system/judicial_system.html , for a description of the Japanese legal system.
258 See BBC, Japan Country Profile, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14918801 (2016).
259 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Japan, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/JPSession2.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Japan, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/JPIndex.aspx.
260 See Human Rights Watch, Japan, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/asia/japan.
261 See Amnesty International, Japan, Country report, http://www.amnesty.org.au/features/comments/36642.
262 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Japan, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=JP.
263 See United Nations Mission to Japan, http://www.un.emb-japan.go.jp/.
264 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Japan” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/JPN.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
265 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Japan” https://www.pwc.com/jp/en/tax-services/assets/starting-operations-in-japan-2011.pdf.
266 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Japan (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4142.htm.
267 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Japan Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/japan-korea-apec.
268 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Japan, http://www.export.gov/japan/doingbusinessinjapan/index.asp and Japan, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/japan090820.asp.
269 See OECD, Japan resources, http://www.oecd.org/japan/ (2016).
270 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Japan, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/japan_e.htm . See also APEC, http://www.apec.org/.
271 See, LexisNexis, Doing Business in Japan, http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/booktemplate/productdetail.jsp?pageName=relatedProducts&prodId=10247.
272 See, e.g., NATLEX, Japanese Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.listResults?p_lang=en&p_country=JPN&p_count=851&p_classification=01.05&p_classcount=2. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
273 See, e.g., ASIANLII (Asian Legal Information Institute), http://www.asianlii.org/.
274 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “South Korea”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
275 See CIA Factbook, South Korea, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html.
276 Jootaek (Juice) Lee, GlobaLex, UPDATE: A Research Guide and a Bibliography for Korean Law Resources in English, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/South_Korean_Legal_Resources1.html#TypesofLaw. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “South Korea,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/southkorea.php. See also UPDATE: South Korean Law Research on the Internet, Hyeon-Cheol Kim and Inyoung Cho, Update by Hyeon-Cheol Kim. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/South_Korea1.html.
277 See South Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/.
278 See, e.g., http://www.asianlii.org/resources/260.html, for South Korean domestic legislation.
279 See BBC, South Korea Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 (2015).
280 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—South Korea, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/KPSession6.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for South Korea, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/KPIndex.aspx.
281 See Human Rights Watch, South Korea, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/asia/south-korea.
282 See Amnesty International, South Korea, Country report, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/south-korea/.
283 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, South Korea, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=KP.
284 See United Nations Mission to South Korea, http://un.mofat.go.kr/.
285 See World Bank, “Doing Business in South Korea” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/KOR.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
286 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in South Korea,” https:// www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-and-investing-in-korea.pdf
287 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with South Korea (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm.
288 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-South Korea Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/japan-korea-apec/korea.
289 See Export.gov, Doing Business in South Korea, http://www.export.gov/southkorea/ and South Korea, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/korea090824.asp.
290 See OECD, South Korea resources, http://www.oecd.org/canada/ (2016).
291 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: South Korea, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp368_e.htm.
292 See, e.g., NATLEX, South Korea, Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=PRK. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
293 See, e.g., WorldLII, http://www.worldlii.org/.
294 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Mexico”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
295 See CIA Factbook, Mexico, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html.
296 Francisco A. Avalos, UPDATE: An Electronic Guide to Mexican Law, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Mexico1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Mexico,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/mexico.php.
297 See Mexico, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en.
298 See, e.g., http://www.worldlii.org/mx/ , for available Mexican legislation.
299 See BBC, Mexico Country Profile, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm (2015).
300 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Mexico, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/MXSession4.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Mexico, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/LACRegion/Pages/MXIndex.aspx.
301 See Human Rights Watch, Mexico, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/mexico.
302 See Amnesty International, Mexico, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/mexico/report-mexico/.
303 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Mexico, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=MX.
304 See United Nations Mission to Mexico, http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/missions.nsf/(http://PermanentMissions_en)/448658DC730E00EAC1256F4100452007?OpenDocument
305 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Mexico” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/MEX.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
306 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Mexico,” http://read.pwc.com/i/434024-doing-business-in-mexico-2015.
307 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Mexico (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm
308 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Mexico Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/mexico.
309 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Mexico, http://www.export.gov/mexico/doingbusinessinmexico/index.asp and Mexico, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://www.export.gov/mexico/.
310 See OECD, Mexico resources, http://www.oecd.org/mexico/ (2016).
311 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Mexico, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm.
312 See, e.g., NATLEX, Mexico Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=MEX. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
313 See, e.g., WorldLII, http://www.worldlii.org/.
314 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Russia”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
315 See CIA Factbook, Russia, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html.
316 Audrey A. Arnautovich, GlobaLex, UPDATE: A Guide to Legal Research in Russia, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Russia_Legal_Research1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Russia,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/russia.php.
317 See Russia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.gov.ru/main/ministry/isp-vlast44_en.html
318 See, e.g., http://www.worldlii.org/, for Russian domestic legislation.
319 See BBC, Russia Country Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17839672 (2015).
320 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Russia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/RUSession4.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Russia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/ENACARegion/Pages/RUIndex.aspx.
321 See Human Rights Watch, Russia, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/russia
322 See Amnesty International, Russia, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/.
323 See United Nations Mission to Russia, http://russiaun.ru/en.
324 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Russia” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/RUS.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
325 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Russia,” https:// www.pwc.ru/ru/doing-business-in-russia/assets/e-dbg.pdf.
326 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Russia (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm.
327 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Russia, http://export.gov/ccg/russia090879.asp and Russia, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://www.export.gov/russia/doingbusinessinrussia/index.asp.
328 See OECD, Russia resources, http://www.oecd.org/russia/ (2016).
329 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Russia, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/russia_e.htm.
330 See, e.g., NATLEX, Russian Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=RUS. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
331 See, e.g., WorldLII, http://www.worldlii.org/.
332 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Saudi Arabia”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
333 See CIA Factbook, Saudi Arabia, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
334 Dr. Abdullah F. Ansary, UPDATE: A Brief Overview of the Saudi Arabian Legal System, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Saudi_Arabia1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Saudi Arabia,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/saudiarabia.php.
335 Id.
336 See, e.g., http://www.worldlii.org/sa/ , for Saudi Arabian domestic legislation.
337 See BBC, Saudi Arabia Country Profile, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702705 (2015).
338 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Saudi Arabia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/SASession17.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Saudi Arabia, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/MENARegion/Pages/SAIndex.aspx.
339 See Human Rights Watch, Saudi Arabia, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/middle-east/n-africa/saudi-arabia
340 See Amnesty International, Saudi Arabia, Country report, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/.
341 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Saudi Arabia, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=SA.
342 See United Nations Mission to Saudi Arabia, http://www.saudimission.org/.
343 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Saudi Arabia” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/SAU.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
344 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Saudi Arabia,” https:// www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/Doing-Business-Guide-KSA.pdf
345 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Saudi Arabia (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm.
346 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-Saudi Arabia Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/middle-east/north-africa/saudi-arabia.
347 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Saudi Arabia, http://www.export.gov/saudiarabia/doingbusinessinsaudiarabia/index.asp and Saudi Arabia, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://www.export.gov/ccg/saudiarabia090959.asp.
348 See OECD, Saudi Arabia resources, http://www.oecd.org/countries/saudiarabia/ (2016).
349 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Saudi Arabia, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp414_e.htm.
350 See, e.g., NATLEX, Saudi Arabian Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=SAU. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
351 See, e.g., SAFLII (South African Legal Information Institute), http://www.saflii.org/.
352 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “South Africa”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
353 See CIA Factbook, South Africa, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html
354 UPDATE: Researching South African Law, Amanda Barratt and Pamela Snyman, Update by Redson Edward Kapindu. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/South_Africa1.html. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “South Africa,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/southafrica.php.
355 See South Africa, Department of Foreign Affairs, http://www.dirco.gov.za/.
356 See, e.g., http://www.saflii.org/ , for South African domestic legislation.
357 See BBC, South African Country Profile, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 (2015).
358 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—South Africa, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/ZASession1.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for South Africa, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/ZAIndex.aspx.
359 See Human Rights Watch, South Africa, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/africa/south-africa.
360 See Amnesty International, South Africa, Country report, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/south-africa/.
361 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, South Africa, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=ZA.
362 See United Nations Mission to South Africa, http://www.southafrica-newyork.net/pmun/
363 See World Bank, “Doing Business in South Africa” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/ZAF.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
364 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in South Africa,” http://www.pwc.co.za/en/africa-desk/doing-business-africa.html.
365 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with South Africa (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm.
366 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-South Africa Trade, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/south-africa.
367 See Export.gov, Doing Business in South Africa, http://export.gov/southafrica/doingbusinessinsouthafrica/ and South Africa, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://www.export.gov/ccg/southafrica090960.asp.
368 See OECD, South Africa resources, http://www.oecd.org/southafrica/ (2016).
369 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Canada, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp414_e.htm.
370 See, e.g., NATLEX, Canadian Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.listResults?p_lang=en&p_country=CAN&p_count=2678&p_classification=01.05&p_classcount=49. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.
371 See, e.g., WORLDLII (World Legal Information Institute), http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2123.html.
372 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “Turkey”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
373 See CIA Factbook, Turkey, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html.
374 UPDATE: A Guide to Turkish Public Law and Legal Research, Serap Yazici. http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Turkey1.html#m. See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “Turkey,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/turkey.php.
375 See Turkey, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa.
376 See, e.g., http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2123.html, for Turkish domestic legislation.
377 See BBC, Turkey Country Profile, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17988453 (2015).
378 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—Turkey, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/TRSession8.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for Turkey, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/ENACARegion/Pages/TRIndex.aspx.
379 See Human Rights Watch, Turkey, Country report, https:// www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/turkey.
380 See Amnesty International, Turkey, Country report, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/turkey/.
381 See ICRC, National Implementation Database, Turkey, https:// www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=TR.
382 See United Nations Mission to Turkey, http://turkuno.dt.mfa.gov.tr/.
383 See World Bank, “Doing Business in Turkey” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/TUR.pdf . See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
384 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in Turkey,” http://www.pwc.com.tr/en/publications/arastirmalar/pdf/doing-business-in-turkey.pdf
385 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with Turkey (2016), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm.
386 Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Turkey, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/europe/turkey.
387 See Export.gov, Doing Business in Turkey, http://www.export.gov/ccg/turkey090909.asp and Turkey, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://www.export.gov/turkey/doingbusinessinturkey/index.asp.
388 See OECD, Turkey resources, http://www.oecd.org/turkey/ (2016).
389 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: Turkey, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/turkey_e.htm.
390 See, e.g., BAILII (British and Irish Legal Information Institute), http://www.bailii.org/
391 See Reynolds and Flores, Foreign Law Guide, “United Kingdom”, http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/foreign-law-guide.
392 See CIA Factbook, United Kingdom, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html
393 Hester Swift, UPDATE: A Guide to the UK Legal System, Sarah Carter, Update, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/United_Kingdom1.html . See also Law Library of Congress, Guide to Law Online, “United Kingdom,” https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/uk.php.
394 See United Kingdom, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, https:// www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations/uk.php . See also Gary Slapper and David Kelly, The English Legal System (2014–15 ed. London: Routledge-Cavendish).
395 See, e.g., http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ (Her Majesty's Stationery Office), for UK domestic legislation.
396 See BBC, United Kingdom Country Profile, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389 (2015).
397 See, Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, Universal Periodic Review—United Kingdom, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/gbsession1.aspx . See also the UN human rights country profile page for human rights treaties and other documentation for United Kingdom, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/ENACARegion/Pages/GBIndex.aspx.
398 See Human Rights Watch, United Kingdom, Country report, https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/united-kingdom.
399 See Amnesty International, United Kingdom, Country report, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/.
400 ICRC National Implementation Database, https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/vwLawsByCategorySelected.xsp?xp_countrySelected=GB
401 See United Nations Mission to United Kingdom, https:// www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/uk-mission-to-un-in-new-york.
402 See World Bank, “Doing Business in the United Kingdom” (2016), http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/~/media/giawb/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/GBR.pdf. See also World Bank, Doing Business in…., Economic Reports by Jurisdiction, http://www.doingbusiness.org/.
403 See Price Waterhouse Coopers, “Doing Business in the United Kingdom,” http://download.pwc.com/ie/pubs/2014_pwc_ireland_doing_business_and_investing_uk.pdf.
404 See U.S. Department of State, U.S. Relations with United Kingdom (2015), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm.
405 See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, U.S.-UK Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/europe/european-union.
406 See Export.gov, Doing Business in United Kingdom, http://www.export.gov/unitedkingdom/doingbusinessintheuk/index.asp and United Kingdom, Country Commercial Guide (2015), http://export.gov/ccg/unitedkingdom090963.asp.
407 See OECD, United Kingdom resources, http://www.oecd.org/unitedkingdom/ (2016).
408 See World Trade Organization (WTO), Trade Policy Review: United Kingdom, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/united_kingdom_e.htm.
409 See, LexisNexis, Doing Business in United Kingdom, http://www.lexisnexis.com/counsel/ac_international.asp.
410 See, e.g., NATLEX, UK Labour, Social Security, and Human Rights legislation, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.countrySubjects?p_lang=en&p_country=GBR. See generally, NATLEX, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.home?p_lang=en.