Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-t27h7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-26T15:09:43.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review on microstrip patch antenna parameters of different geometry and bandwidth enhancement techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2021

Brijesh Mishra Open the ORCID record for Brijesh Mishra [Opens in a new window] ,
Ramesh Kumar Verma ,
Yashwanth N Open the ORCID record for Yashwanth N [Opens in a new window]  and
Rakesh Kumar Singh
Brijesh Mishra*
Affiliation:
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, UP, 273010, India
Ramesh Kumar Verma
Affiliation:
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, UP, India
Yashwanth N
Affiliation:
Nagarjuna College of Engineering & Technology, Bangalore, India
Rakesh Kumar Singh
Affiliation:
Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technology, Prayagraj, UP, India
*
Author for correspondence: Brijesh Mishra, E-mail: brijesh.mishra0933@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of symmetrically shaped antennas in terms of antenna size, dielectric materials, resonating band, peak gain, radiation pattern, simulating tools, and their applications. In this article, flower shape, leaf shape, tree shape, fan shape, Pi shape, butterfly shape, bat shape, wearable, multiband, monopole, and fractal antennas are discussed. Further, a survey of previously reported bandwidth enhancement techniques of microstrip patch antenna like introduction of thick and lower permittivity substrate, multilayer substrate, parasitic elements, slots and notches, shorting wall, shorting pin, defected ground structure, metamaterial-based split ring resonator structure, fractal geometry, and composite right-hand/left-handed transmission line approach is presented. The physics of these techniques has been discussed in detail which is supported by circuit theory model approach.

Keywords

Antenna shapebandwidth enhancement techniqueselectromagnetic toolscircuit theory modelmonopole antennawearable antennamultiband antenna
Type
Antenna Design, Modeling and Measurements
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 14 , Issue 5 , June 2022 , pp. 652 - 673
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kumar, G and Ray, KP (2003) Broadband Microstrip Antenna. Norwood, MA: Artech House.Google Scholar
Mishra, B, Singh, V, Singh, RK, Singh, N and Singh, R (2018) A compact UWB patch antenna with defected ground for Ku/K band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, V, Mishra, B, Narayan Tripathi, P and Singh, R (2016) A compact quad-band microstrip antenna for S and C-band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 1365–1369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, B (2019) An ultra compact triple band antenna for X/Ku/K band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 61, 1857–1862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patre, SR and Singh, SP (2015) CPW-fed flower-shaped patch antenna for broadband applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 2908–2913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rani Patre, S and Singh, SP (2016) Study of microstrip line-fed flower-shaped patch antenna providing enhanced bandwidth and radiation efficiency. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 2041–2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elavarasi, C and Shanmuganantham, T (2017) SRR loaded CPW-fed multiple band rose flower-shaped fractal antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, 1720–1724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D-J, Choi, J-H and Kim, Y-S (2013) CPW-fed ultrawideband flower-shaped circular fractal antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 55, 1792–1795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, M-C, Ziolkowski, RW and Xiao, S (2014) Compact wideband printed flower slot antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, 1465–1468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, BL and Ang, I (2005) Broadband semicircle-fed flower-shaped microstrip patch antenna. Electronics Letters 41, 939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soorya, R and Ramprakash, K. UWB microstrip patch antenna with flower shaped patch and cavity structure. 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communication, Signal Processing and Networking, IEEE; 2016, p. 2080–2084. doi:10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.7566508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, OMH and Sebak, AR (2009) A novel maple-leaf shaped UWB antenna with a 5.0–6.0 GHz band-notch characteristic. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 11, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, X-F, Zhong, S-S and Liang, X-L (2006) Leaf-shaped monopole antenna with extremely wide bandwidth. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, 1247–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozkaya, U and Seyfi, L (2016) A comparative study on parameters of leaf-shaped patch antenna using hybrid artificial intelligence network models. Neural Computing and Applications 29, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahdi Rezaeieh, S and Kartal, M (2012) Miniaturized leaf-shaped monopole antenna with filtering properties. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 2638–2642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotfi Neyestanak, AA (2008) Ultra wideband rose leaf microstrip patch antenna. Progress in Electromagnetics Research 86, 155–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, V, Mishra, B, Pandey, AK, Patel, AK, Yadav, S and Singh, R (2017) Triple band CPW fed monopole leaf shaped patch antenna. International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation 7, 135.1–7.Google Scholar
Zeng, X, Zhang, C, Wang, Y and Xie, C. A novel planar tree-shaped fractal dipole patch antenna. 2010 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, IEEE; 2010: 359–361. doi:10.1109/ICMMT.2010.5524965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, D, Kumar, A and Singh, AK. Design analysis of Pythagoras tree shaped multiband fractal antenna. 2014 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, IEEE; 2014: 41–45. doi:10.1109/CICN.2014.21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arun, V and Karl Marx, LR (2017) Micro-controlled tree shaped reconfigurable patch antenna with RF-energy harvesting. Wireless Personal Communications 94, 2769–2781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, G and Sahu, S (2016) Nature inspired tree shaped antenna with dual band notch for UWB applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 1658–1661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singhal, S, Goel, T and Singh, AK (2015) Inner tapered tree-shaped fractal antenna for UWB applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 559–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, JK, An, HS and Lee, JN (2008) Design of the tree-shaped UWB antenna using fractal concept. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 50, 144–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, H, Huang, K and Dong, L (2012) A high gain tree-shaped array antenna designed by competitive algorithm of simulating natural tree growth. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 22, 669–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathew, S, Anitha, R, Roshna, TK, Nijas, CM, Aanandan, CK, Mohanan, P and Vasudevan, K (2014) A fan-shaped circularly polarized patch antenna for UMTS band. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 52, 101–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babakhani, B and Sharma, SK. Wideband circularly polarized fan-shaped antenna on a HIS structure. 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE; 2016: 125–126. doi:10.1109/APS.2016.7695771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X, Kong, Y, Li, Y and Yu, K. A fan-shaped band-notched UWB antenna using combined filtering techniques. 2016 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, IEEE; 2016, p. 1–2. doi:10.1109/ROPACES.2016.7465395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojaroudi, N, Mehranpour, M and Ghadimi, N (2014) Fan-shaped antenna with triband-notched characteristic for UWB applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, 2426–2430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, C, Yan, Z-H, Li, B and Li, S (2012) An ultra-wideband CPW-fed monopole antenna with fan-shaped structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 54, 2878–2880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiraguri, K, Koshiji, F and Koshiji, K. A wideband antenna with fan-shaped and trapezoidal elements on printed circuit board for ultra wideband radio. 2013 IEEE 2nd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, IEEE; 2013: 267–268. doi:10.1109/GCCE.2013.6664820CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S and Vishwakarma, DK (2016) Compact fan shaped circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 882–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, S-H, Kwak, D, Lee, H-C and Kwak, K-S (2010) Design of a dual-band π-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a shorting pin for 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN systems. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, 825–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H-M (2001) Single-feed dual-frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with π-shaped slot. IEE Proceedings – Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 148, 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, M, Sharma, A and Ray, K (2014) A Π-slot microstrip antenna with band rejection characteristics for ultra wideband applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1135–1144. doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1602-5_119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshmukh, AA, Nishad, A, Gosavi, G, Narayanan, P, Nayak, S and Ambekar, AG. Novel π-shape microstrip antenna design for multi-band response,” Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Communication. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 2018;185–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, L, He, M, Hu, J, Zhu, Y and Chen, H (2015) A butterfly-shaped wideband microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015, 1–8.Google Scholar
Ye, Q, Ning Chen, Z and See, TSP (2009) A novel butterfly-shaped monopole UWB antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, 590–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, RN, Singh, P and Kanaujia, BK (2017) Butterfly shape compact microstrip antenna for wideband applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters 69, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fakharian, MM, Rezaei, P and Azadi, A (2015) A planar UWB bat-shaped monopole antenna with dual band-notched for WiMAX/WLAN/DSRC. Wireless Personal Communications 81, 881–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuralay, EN, Uzun, EF and Imeci, T. Bat shaped patch antenna at 14.6 GHz. 2016 IEEE/ACES International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems and Applied Computational Electromagnetics, IEEE; 2016: 1–2. doi:10.1109/ROPACES.2016.7465456CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirmosaei, SS, Afjei, SE, Mehrshahi, E and Fakharian, MM (2016) A dual band-notched ultra-wideband monopole antenna with spiral-slots and folded SIR-DGS as notch band structures. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, 1197–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, N, Singh, AK and Singh, VK (2015) Design and performance of wearable ultra-wide band textile antenna for medical applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 1553–1557. doi: 10.1002/mop.29131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, VK, Dhupkariya, S and Bangari, N (2017) Wearable ultra-wide dual band flexible textile antenna for WiMax/WLAN application. Wireless Personal Communications 95, 1075–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, A, Singh, VK and Mohan, H (2019) Design of a U-shaped circularly polarized wearable antenna with DGS on a fabric substrate for WLAN and C-band applications. Journal of Computational Electronics 18, 1103–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, A, Singh, VK, Yadav, P, Beliya, AK, Bhoi, AK and Barsocchi, P (2020) Design of circularly polarized triple-band wearable textile antenna with safe low SAR for human health. Electronics 9, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadav, A, Singh, VK, Bhoi, AK, Marques, G, Zapirain, BG and Díez, IT (2020) Wireless body area networks: UWB wearable textile antenna for telemedicine and mobile health systems. Micromachines 11, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sudeep, B, Goswami, AK and Yadav, MV (2019) Miniaturized dual-band antenna with a rectangular patch and symmetrically placed circles in the partial ground plane. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 78, 29–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verma, RK and Srivastava, DK (2020) Design and analysis of triple-band rectangular microstrip antenna loaded with notches and slots for wireless applications. Wireless Personal Communications 114, 1847–1864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaur, A, Singh, G and Kaur, M (2017) Miniaturized multiband slotted microstrip antenna for wireless applications. Wireless Personal Communications 96, 441–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangwar, AK and Alam, MS (2019) A miniaturized quad-band antenna with slotted patch for WiMAX/WLAN/GSM applications. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 112, 152911, 1–9.Google Scholar
Ali, T, Prasad, KD and Biradar, RC (2018) A miniaturized slotted multiband antenna for wireless applications. Journal of Computational Electronics 17, 1056–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, V, Mishra, B, Dwivedi, AK and Singh, R (2018) Inverted L-notch loaded hexa band circular patch antenna for X, ku/K band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, 2081–2088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachan, R and Dhubkarya, DC (2021) Photonic bandgap hepta-band stacked microstrip antenna for L, S and C band applications. Wireless Personal Communications 116, 1913–1931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luk, KM, Mak, CL, Chow, YL and Lee, KF (1998) Broadband microstrip patch antenna. Electronics Letters 34, 1442–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, B, Singh, V and Singh, R (2017) Dual and wide-band slot loaded stacked microstrip patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. Microsystem Technologies 23, 3467–3475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, B-L, Qin, S and Leong, M-S (2002) Novel design of broad-band stacked patch antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 50, 1391–1395.Google Scholar
Shi, W, Qian, Z and Ni, W (2016) Dual-band stacked annular slot/patch antenna for omnidirectional radiation. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15, 390–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, K and Tang, XH (2011) Compact LTCC dual-band circularly polarized perturbed hexagonal microstrip antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 1212–1215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayeri, P, Lee, K-F, Elsherbeni, AZ and Yang, F (2011) Dual-band circularly polarized antennas using stacked patches with asymmetric U-slots. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10, 492–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, G and Gupta, K (1985) Nonradiating edges and four edges gap-coupled multiple resonator broad-band microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 33, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, KP, Sevani, V and Kakatkar, S (2006) Compact broadband gap-coupled rectangular microstrip antennas. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, 2384–2389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meshram, MK and Vishvakarma, BR (2001) Gap-coupled microstrip array antenna for wide-band operation. International Journal of Electronics 88, 1161–1175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, D and Antar, YM (2006) Circular microstrip patch loaded with balanced shorting pins for improved bandwidth. Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 5, 217–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterhouse, RB, Targonski, SD and Kokotoff, DM (1998) Design and performance of small printed antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 46, 1629–1633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malekpoor, H and Jam, S (2013) Enhanced bandwidth of shorted patch antennas using folded-patch techniques. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12, 198–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoon, C, Choi, S-H, Lee, H-C and Park, H-D (2008) Small microstrip patch antennas with short-pin using a dual-band operation. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 50, 367–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malekpoor, H and Jam, S (2013) Design of an ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna suspended by shorting pins. Wireless Personal Communications 71, 3059–3068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Chair, R, Luk, KM and Lee, KF (2004) Broadband triangular patch antenna with a folded shorting wall. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 3, 189–192.Google Scholar
Mak, CL, Chair, R, Lee, KF, Luk, KM and Kishk, AA (2003) Half U-slot patch antenna with shorting wall. Electronics Letters 39, 1779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, T and Sim, C (2009) Shorted planar triangular patch antenna with dual-frequency operation. AEU – International Journal of Electronics and Communications 63, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiu, CY, Wong, H and Chan, CH (2007) Study of small wideband folded-patch-feed antennas. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 1, 501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, JA, Singh, P, Dubey, SK, Khan, RU and Vishvakarma, BR (2009) Analysis of stacked V-slot loaded patch antenna for wideband application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, 324–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jan, J-Y and Su, J-W (2005) Bandwidth enhancement of a printed wide-slot antenna with a rotated slot. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, 2111–2114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, JR and Hall, PS (1989) Handbook of Microstrip Antennas. London, UK: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.Google Scholar
Kamakshi, K, Singh, A, Ansari, JA and Mishra, A (2013) Analysis of dual inverted C-slot patch antenna for limited space applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences 83, 175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D and Alexopoulos, N (1985) Gain enhancement methods for printed circuit antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 33, 976–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, H and Alexopoulos, N (1987) Gain enhancement methods for printed circuit antennas through multiple superstrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 35, 860–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majid, HA, Rahim, MKA and Masri, T (2009) Microstrip antenna's gain enhancement using left-handed metamaterial structure. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 8, 235–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, H-YD, Alexopoulos, NG and Yablonovitch, E (1997) Photonic band-gap materials for high-gain printed circuit antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 45, 185–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutayeb, H and Denidni, TA (2007) Gain enhancement of a microstrip patch antenna using a cylindrical electromagnetic crystal substrate. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, 3140–3145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, J-S and Hsieh, G-B (2003) Gain enhancement of a circularly polarized equilateral-triangular microstrip antenna with a slotted ground plane. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51, 1652–1656.Google Scholar
Xing, Z, Wang, L, Li, J and Wei, K (2014) Radiation efficiency improvement method for multifeed circular polarization antenna array with mutual coupling effect. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L, Zhang, Y, Wang, J, Zhao, W, Liu, S and Xu, R (2014) Bandwidth and gain enhancement of patch antenna with stacked parasitic strips based on LTCC technology. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014, 1–5.Google Scholar
Whittow, WG and Motevasselian, A (2015) Patch size reduction of rectangular microstrip antennas by means of a cuboid ridge. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 9, 1727–1732.Google Scholar
Chen, W-S, Wu, C-K and Wong, K-L (2001) Novel compact circularly polarized square microstrip antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 49, 340–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balanis, CA (2005) Antenna Theory, 3rd Edn. NY, USA: Wiley-Interscience New York.Google Scholar
Singh, V, Mishra, B and Singh, R (2019) Anchor shape gap coupled patch antenna for WiMAX and WLAN applications. COMPEL – International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 38, 263–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, A, Ansari, JA, Kamakshi, K, Singh, A, Aneesh, M and Vishvakarma, BR (2015) Compact dualband rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 2.4/5.12-GHz wireless applications. Wireless Networks 21, 347–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivnarayan, and Vishvakarma, BR (2006) Analysis of notch-loaded patch for dual-band operation. Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics 35, 435–442.Google Scholar
Tsai, H-S and York, RA (1996) FDTD analysis of CPW-fed folded-slot and multiple-slot antennas on thin substrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 44, 217–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A, Aneesh, M, Kamakshi, K and Ansari, JA (2018) Circuit theory analysis of aperture coupled patch antenna for wireless communication. Radioelectronics and Communication Systems 61, 168–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, JA, Singh, P, Yadav, NP and Vishwakarma, BR (2009) Analysis of shorting PIN loaded half disk patch antenna for wideband operation. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 6, 179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, B, Singh, V and Singh, R (2018) Gap coupled dual-band petal shape patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications. Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 16, 185–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, JA, Yadav, NP, Mishra, A, Singh, P and Vishvakarma, BR (2012) Analysis of multilayer rectangular patch antenna for broadband operation. Wireless Personal Communications 62, 315–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, A, Singh, P, Yadav, NP, Ansari, JA and Vishvakarma, BR (2009) Compact shorted microstrip patch antenna for dual band operation. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 9, 171–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A, Ansari, JA, Kamakshi, K, Mishra, A and Aneesh, M (2014) Compact notch loaded half disk patch antenna for dualband operation. Annals of Telecommunications – Ann Des Télécommunications 69, 475–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shivnarayan, and Vishvakarma, BR (2005) Analysis of dual-band patch antenna for mobile communications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 47, 558–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, JA, Singh, P, Dubey, SK, Khan, RU and Vishvakarma, BR (2009) Analysis of symmetrically notch loaded stacked disk patch antenna for wideband application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, 653–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackelford, AK, Leong, S-Y and Lee, K-F Simulation of a probe-fed notched patch antenna with a shorting post. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2001 Digest Held conjunction with USN National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229), vol. 2, IEEE; n.d., p. 708–11. doi:10.1109/APS.2001.959822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiang, KH and Tam, KW (2008) Microstrip monopole antenna with enhanced bandwidth using defected ground structure. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 532–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, D and Kumar, C (2014) Defected ground structure (DGS)-integrated rectangular microstrip patch for improved polarisation purity with wide impedance bandwidth. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 8, 589–596.Google Scholar
Khandelwal, MK, Kanaujia, BK and Kumar, S (2017) Defected ground structure: fundamentals, analysis, and applications in modern wireless trends. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, C, Pattnaik, SS and Baral, RN (2018) Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip patch antenna array using spiral split ring resonator. Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 672, 435–441.Google Scholar
da Silva, JL, de Andrade, HD, Fernandes, HCC, da Silva, IBT, Júnior, IDSQ, Pereira, JPP and Neto, ASS (2015) Microstrip patch antenna project with split ring resonator periodically arrayed on the substrate. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 2715–2720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, SK, Argyropoulos, C and Kosta, YP (2017) Broadband compact microstrip patch antenna design loaded by multiple split ring resonator superstrate and substrate. Waves in Random and Complex Media 27, 92–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Silva, IBT, de Andrade, HD, da Silva, JL, Fernandes, HCC and Pereira, JPP (2015) Design of microstrip patch antenna with complementary split ring resonator device for wideband systems application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, 1326–1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baena, JD, Bonache, J, Martin, F, Sillero, RM, Falcone, F, Lopetegi, T, Laso, AG, Garcia, JG, Gil, I, Portillo, MF, and Sorolla, M (2005) Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53, 1451–1461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, V, Lakwar, N, Kumar, N and Garg, T (2018) Multiband low-cost fractal antenna based on parasitic split ring resonators. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, 913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, N, Saxena, J and Bhatia, KS (2020) Optimized metamaterial-loaded fractal antenna using modified hybrid BF-PSO algorithm. Neural Computing & Applications 32, 7153–7169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, T, Saadh, AWM and Biradar, RC (2018) A fractal quad-band antenna loaded with L-shaped slot and metamaterial for wireless applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, 826–834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, EAM, Oliveira, PS, Dassuncao, AG, Mendonca, LM and Peixeiro, C (2019) Miniaturization of a microstrip patch antenna with a Koch fractal contour using a social spider algorithm to optimize shorting post position and inset feeding. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019, 1–10. doi: 10.1155/2019/6284830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, DK, Khanna, A and Saini, JP (2016) Design of a wideband gap-coupled modified square fractal antenna. Journal of Computational Electronics 15, 239–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajasekhar, NV and Kumar, DS (2016) A miniaturized UWB via-less CRLH-TL loaded CPW FED patch antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 2485–2492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuthakki, VR and Dhamodharan, S (2017) Via-less CRLH-TL unit cells loaded compact and bandwidth-enhanced metamaterial based antennas. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 80, 48–58.Google Scholar
Abdalla, M, Hu, Z and Muvianto, C (2017) Analysis and design of a triple band metamaterial simplified CRLH cells loaded monopole antenna. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, 903–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdalla, M and Hu, Z (2018) Design and analysis of a compact quad band loaded monopole antenna with independent resonators. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, 479–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, K and Das, S (2020) Circularly polarized ACPW fed CRLH-TL based ZOR antenna with band notch characteristics. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, 387–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, Z, Ahmed, MM, Ihsan, MB, Chaudhary, AA and Arif, JK (2019) Novel dual band patch antenna with gap coupled composite right/left-handed transmission line. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, 87–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar