Introduction
Electrolytes such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO−3) are present in blood and urine, and play an important role in several vital functions, such as body hydration, blood pH and pressure control, nerve and muscle functions, etc. [Reference Hogan1]. Indeed, excessive imbalances in the concentration of certain electrolytes (known as anion gap [Reference Oh and Carroll2]), as well as an excess or defect of the total concentration of electrolytes in blood and urine, may be indicative of certain disorders. Thus, monitoring the concentration of ions in blood and urine is important for medical diagnosis and tailored fluid therapies. Currently, available methods for that purpose use ion-selective electrodes (ISE) [Reference Buck3]. Such methods are able to individually determine the concentration of specific electrolytes. However, such electrochemical system is expensive, and it is not compatible with the increasing demand for real-time monitoring of blood or urine bio-samples. Within this context, the development of alternative low-cost and real-time measurement methods for the characterization of electrolyte concentration in urine and blood is of high interest.
The presence of ions and other compounds in urine or blood determines their physical properties, in particular the conductivity (or loss factor) and the dielectric constant. Therefore, the total concentration of electrolytes in bio-samples can potentially be inferred by means of methods sensitive to such variables (conductivity and dielectric constant), and particularly through microwaves. Although microwave-based sensors are not able to selectively provide the specific concentration of the different ions in blood or urine, the total concentration, microwave methods satisfy the above-cited demands of low cost and fast measurement. Thus, microwave sensors can be considered useful for complementary diagnosis tools for diseases related to the alteration of blood or urine composition. Moreover, the electromagnetic (sensing) elements and the associated circuitry of microwave sensors are compatible with handheld solutions. Thus, in this paper, we will apply a differential microwave sensor/comparator to the characterization of electrolyte content in urine, and particularly horse urine.
In recent years, significant efforts have been dedicated to the research and development of microwave sensors for material characterization, including bio-samples. Of particular interest are those sensors based on planar structures and electrically small resonators, due to their low cost, low profile, compatibility with printing fabrication processes (including flexible and conformal substrates), integration with sensor hardware, and high sensitivity, among other advantageous aspects. The sensing strategies can be categorized into various groups, to be discussed next.
One approach exploits the variation in the resonance frequency and magnitude experienced by the sensing resonator when it is loaded with the material (or sample) under test (SUT) [Reference Mandel, Kubina, Schüßler and Jakoby4–Reference Yeo and Lee15]. Such a technique is simple as far as a single resonator, typically loading a transmission line, suffices for sensing purposes. However, frequency variation sensors are subjected to cross-sensitivities, e.g., caused by changes in environmental factors (temperature and moisture, for instance). Therefore, such sensors need calibration before their use, in order to avoid false readouts of the variable of interest (measurand).
To alleviate the cross-sensitivity to ambient conditions, sensors exploiting symmetry properties have been reported (see [Reference Naqui, Durán-Sindreu and Martín16–Reference Naqui18]). These sensors are based on symmetry disruption. Since symmetry is invariant to changes in environmental conditions, it follows that symmetry-based sensors are robust against the above-cited cross sensitivities. These symmetry-based sensors can be divided into three main categories: coupling modulation sensors [Reference Naqui, Durán-Sindreu and Martín16, Reference Naqui, Durán-Sindreu and Martín19–Reference Naqui, Coromina, Karami-Horestani, Fumeaux and Martín26], frequency splitting sensors [Reference Horestani, Naqui, Shaterian, Abbott, Fumeaux and Martín27–Reference Vélez, Su, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín33], and differential-mode sensors [Reference Damm, Schussler, Puentes, Maune, Maasch and Jakoby34–Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46].
In coupling modulation sensors, a symmetric resonator symmetrically loads a transmission line. The line and the resonant element should not be arbitrarily selected. That is, for sensor functionality, the symmetry planes of both elements (the resonator and the line) must behave as electromagnetic walls of a different sort (one an electric wall and the other one a magnetic wall) [Reference Naqui, Durán-Sindreu and Martín16–Reference Naqui18]. By this means, electromagnetic coupling between the resonator and the line is prevented, and the line is transparent. By contrast, when symmetry is truncated, e.g., by means of an asymmetric dielectric load, or by means of a relative (angular or linear) displacement between the line and the resonator, line-to-resonator coupling arises, and a notch in the transmission coefficient of the line is generated. The magnitude of this notch is related to the level of asymmetry and thereby it can be used as an output variable for sensing purposes. This type of sensors can be applied to material characterization, but most of these sensors have been focused on the measurement of spatial variables and velocities [Reference Naqui, Durán-Sindreu and Martín19–Reference Naqui, Coromina, Karami-Horestani, Fumeaux and Martín26]. The main limitation of these sensors is that measurement of notch magnitude is more sensitive to noise, as compared to frequency measurement.
Frequency splitting sensors consist of a transmission line structure symmetrically loaded with a pair of resonant elements (not necessarily symmetric) [Reference Su, Naqui, Mata-Contreras and Martín29, Reference Su, Naqui, Mata-Contreras and Martín30]. These sensors are similar to differential sensors as far as one resonant element is for the reference (REF) material, or sample, whereas the other one should be loaded with the (SUT). If the samples are identical, a single notch in the transmission coefficient arises. However, this notch splits into two notches, provided symmetry is truncated. The level of asymmetry dictates the difference in the notch frequencies, and therefore such frequency difference can be considered the main output variable for sensing [Reference Su, Mata-Contreras, Naqui and Martín31–Reference Vélez, Su, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín33].
Finally, in differential sensors, two independent sensors are used, one for the REF material and the other one for the SUT. Several implementations of these sensors have been reported, including sensors based on meandered lines [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil and Martín41, Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín44] on resonator loaded lines [Reference Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Su, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín35, Reference Vélez, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín37–Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40, Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano and Martín42, Reference Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín45–Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Gil, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín47], and sensors based on artificial transmission lines [Reference Damm, Schussler, Puentes, Maune, Maasch and Jakoby34, Reference Gil, Vélez, Aznar, Muñoz-Enano and Martín43]. In these sensors, the output variable can be the phase difference between the sensing lines [Reference Ferrández-Pastor, García-Chamizo and Nieto-Hidalgo36, Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil and Martín41], but, recently, sensors based on the measurement of the cross-mode transmission coefficient have been reported [Reference Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Su, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín35, Reference Vélez, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín37–Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39, Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40, Reference Gil, Vélez, Aznar, Muñoz-Enano and Martín43, Reference Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín45–Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Gil, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín47]. Moreover, in a very recent implementation, differential sensors with enhanced sensitivity based on simple two-port measurements have been presented [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín44]. Sensors based on the measurement of the cross-mode transmission coefficient have demonstrated to exhibit good levels of sensitivity and resolution. It is remarkable, for instance, the sensor presented in [Reference Vélez, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc, Grenier and Martín45], where a resolution as small as 0.125 g/l (5.44 mEq/l) of electrolyte concentration in DI water was demonstrated. It is also worth-mentioning the sensor reported in [Reference Gil, Vélez, Aznar, Muñoz-Enano and Martín43], with very high sensitivity achieved thanks to the high dispersion characteristics of electro-inductive wave transmission lines [Reference Beruete, Falcone, Freire, Marqués and Baena48] (the complementary counterpart of magneto-inductive wave transmission lines [Reference Shamonina, Kalinin, Ringhofer and Solymar49–Reference Herraiz-Martínez, Paredes, Zamora, Martín and Bonache54]).
As an extended paper of the conference paper [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46], in this work, we apply the differential-mode sensor first presented in [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46], and based on a pair of microstrip lines loaded with a dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DB-DGS), to the characterization of urine samples. The main aim is to demonstrate that the sensor is sensitive to variations in the electrolyte content of the considered samples. Since such samples have been achieved from horses (in some cases suffering medical disorders), it follows that the sensor can be used as a method for real-time monitoring changes in the total electrolyte concentration in urine. Many other sensors focused on the characterization of liquids and bio-samples have been reported (see, e.g., [Reference Chretiennot, Dubuc and Grenier55–Reference Abdolrazzaghi, Daneshmand and Iyer61]).
The proposed sensor
The differential-mode sensor used for the characterization of urine samples was the one first reported in [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46] and then studied in detail in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40]. The topology of such a sensor, including relevant dimensions, is depicted in Fig. 1. The sensor consists of a pair of microstrip lines, each one loaded with a DB-DGS transversally oriented to the axis of the lines. For liquid characterization, fluidic channels on top of both DB-DGSs, plus the necessary accessories for liquid injection and for providing mechanical stability, are needed (see Fig. 2, and [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40], where further details of the fluidic part of the sensor are reported). In [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40], an exhaustive analysis relative to sensitivity improvement was carried out. It was concluded from that analysis that, for sensitivity optimization, the sensor substrate must exhibit a small dielectric constant. Moreover, the ratio between the inductance and the capacitance of the DB-DGS must be as small as possible. In practice, this is achieved by means of elongated topologies, as the one visible in Fig. 1 [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40, Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46].
Fig. 1. The proposed DB-DGS-based differential sensor. (a) Layout of the microwave part; (b) fabricated device (top); (c) fabricated device (bottom). Dimensions (in mm) are: w 1 = w 2 = 2, wTL = 1.14, lLT = 50, ld = 28, gd = 0.2, and Sd = 44. The considered substrate is the Rogers RO3010 with thickness h = 1.27 mm, dielectric constant ε r = 10.2, and loss tangent tanδ = 0.0035.
Fig. 2. Perspective view of the fabricated microfluidic sensor including the fluidic part.
The high sensitivity of the sensor of Fig. 1 was demonstrated in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40, Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46], where it was used as a comparator, able to discriminate the presence of tiny defects in solid samples [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46], as well as a measuring device, able to provide the concentration of NaCl in aqueous solutions. In this paper, the aim is to demonstrate the potential of the device to characterize urine samples, and particularly to infer the total concentration of electrolytes, to be discussed in the next section.
Characterization of urine samples
The Faculty of Veterinary Sciences at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona has provided us with the urine samples. Such samples have been obtained from horses suffering from different disorders. The list of samples and the corresponding total concentration of electrolytes (in mEq/l) is shown in Table 1, where the samples have been sorted in ascending order of electrolyte concentration. The nominal electrolyte concentrations in urine have been inferred from electrochemical methods by determination of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium concentrations, particularly ISE, as reported in the introduction (this aspect is out of the scope of this paper).
Table 1. List of urine samples and the corresponding electrolyte concentration
Since the main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of the approach as a method to monitor changes in the total concentration of electrolytes in urine, we have opted to consider sample #5341, the one with lower electrolyte content, as REF sample. In a real scenario, the interest is monitoring the potential changes of the electrolyte content in a diseased animal during a certain interval of time (e.g., during hospitalization). Consequently, the REF sample is the urine at the beginning of the monitoring time interval. Each urine sample has been injected in the SUT channel, with the REF sample in the corresponding channel, and, after injection, we have obtained the cross-mode transmission coefficient. The results are depicted in Fig. 3, where it can be appreciated that the noise level is situated at roughly 25.9 dB. This is the maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient corresponding to the symmetric case (i.e. with the REF sample in both channels). Figure 4 depicts the maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different samples (the x-axis corresponds to the total concentration of electrolytes of the samples). As it can be seen, there is in general a correlation between the electrolyte content and the maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient, although one sample (#5342) does not follow this trend. This is thought to be due to the presence of other substances, in particular sediments, which are visible and may affect somehow the complex permittivity of the SUT. Nevertheless, these results indicate that the system is able to detect small changes in the total concentration of electrolytes. Actually, we have repeated the measurement four times, in order to ensure that the results are repetitive. The error bars, included in Fig. 4, indicate that the results are repetitive to a good extent.
Fig. 3. Cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different SUT samples.
Fig. 4. Maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different samples.
We have also characterized the same urine samples by means of the differential-mode sensor reported in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39]. The measured cross-mode transmission coefficients are depicted in Fig. 5, whereas the maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient is shown in Fig. 6. For this sensing device, also the sample #5342 (with a nominal concentration of electrolytes of 580.51 mEq/l) does not correlate with the other values. Therefore, these results support that the presence of visible sediments in the urine sample is the cause of the uncorrelated value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient. The fact that the results obtained from both independent differential sensors exhibit good correlation (with the above-cited exception of the altered sample #5342) indicate that the proposed differential sensing method, based on the measurement of the cross-mode transmission coefficient, is useful to real-time monitoring potential changes in the total electrolyte content of urine in animal patients.
Fig. 5. Cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different SUT samples inferred by means of the sensor system reported in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39].
Fig. 6. Maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different samples, as inferred from the sensor reported in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39].
Discussion
In general, microfluidic sensors based on DGS structures as sensing elements are interesting as far as the upper side of the substrate is kept unaltered, i.e., without the presence of the fluidic channel, and this eases, in general, sensor design. There are other DGS structures of interest for sensing, for example, complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano and Martín62]. CSRR-based sensors with good sensitivity have been reported. However, as discussed in [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Herrojo, Gil and Martín63], the sensitivity of the resonance frequency of DB-DGSs with the dielectric constant of the SUT is, in general, superior to the one of CSRRs. This is because, in a DGS structure, the varying capacitance directly affects the resonance frequency, whereas in a CSRR there is a coupling capacitance that adds to the varying capacitance, and this obscures somehow the effects of the dielectric constant of the SUT on the resonance frequency, thereby limiting the sensitivity.
In [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40], an exhaustive comparative analysis of various types of sensors for the measurement of solute content (mainly NaCl and glucose) in DI water was carried out, and it was concluded from that analysis that the sensor of Fig. 2 and the one in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39] (used to obtain the results depicted in Figs 5 and 6) offer a very competitive combination of resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range. For that main reason, the measurements of the cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different urine samples have been obtained by considering not only the DGS-based sensor (Fig. 2) but also the SRR-based sensor of [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39]. Indeed, the results in terms of performance are very similar, as it can be appreciated by comparing Figs 4 and 6 (note, however, that a true comparison is not easy since the substrate materials are different, as discussed in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín40]). It can be concluded from the results of this paper, and from the above-cited comparative analysis, that the sensor of Fig. 2 is very useful to monitor variations of electrolyte concentrations in urine, the main intended application. It is also a good candidate for that purpose the sensor reported in [Reference Vélez, Muñoz-Enano, Grenier, Mata-Contreras, Dubuc and Martín39], though in this case the fluidic part should be placed at the same substrate face than the line strip.
Let us further emphasize that this work represents a first stage for the development of low-cost sensors for monitoring changes in the electrolyte content of urine in diseased animals, particularly horses, in real-time. Monitoring these potential changes in the electrolyte content is of interest as a pre-screening method to detect possible pathologies related to variations in electrolyte content. In a real scenario, the REF sample should be the urine of the animal at the beginning of the monitoring time. Nevertheless, in this paper, we have opted to consider as REF sample one specific sample, i.e., the one with smaller electrolyte content, as a way to emulate real operating conditions of the sensor.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the microwave comparator presented in [Reference Muñoz-Enano, Vélez, Gil, Mata-Contreras and Martín46], based on a pair of DB-DGS-loaded microstrip lines, has been applied to the characterization of urine samples in this paper. The samples contain different concentrations of electrolytes and have been obtained from horses suffering from different diseases. We have considered as REF sample the one with a smaller concentration of urine, and it has been found that the maximum value of the cross-mode transmission coefficient for the different SUT samples exhibits a good correlation with the electrolyte content (with one exception attributed to the presence of sediments in the sample).
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by MINECO-Spain (project TEC2016-75650-R), by Generalitat de Catalunya (project 2017SGR-1159), by Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (who awarded Ferran Martín), and by FEDER funds. J. Muñoz-Enano acknowledges Secreteraria d'Universitats i Recerca (Gen. Cat.) and European Social Fund for the FI grant. Paris Vélez acknowledges the Juan de la Cierva Program for supporting him through Project IJCI-2017-31339. M. Gil acknowledges the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Young Researchers Support Program (VJIDOCUPM18MGB) for its support.
Jonathan Muñoz-Enano was born in Mollet del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain, in 1994. He received the Bachelor's Degree in Electronic Telecommunications Engineering in 2016 and the Master's Degree in Telecommunications Engineering in 2018, both at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He is working in the same university in the elaboration of his Ph.D., which is focused on the development of microwave sensors based on metamaterials concepts for the dielectric characterization of materials and biosensors.
Paris Vélez (S’10–M’14) was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1982. He received the degree in Telecommunications Engineering, specializing in electronics, the Electronics Engineering degree, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, in 2008, 2010, and 2014, respectively. His Ph.D. thesis concerned common mode suppression differential microwave circuits based on metamaterial concepts and semi-lumped resonators. During the Ph.D., he was awarded a pre-doctoral teaching and research fellowship by the Spanish Government from 2011 to 2014. From 2015 to 2017, he was involved in the subjects related to metamaterials sensors for fluidics detection and characterization at LAAS-CNRS through a TECNIOSpring fellowship cofounded by the Marie Curie program. His current research interests include the miniaturization of passive circuits RF/microwave and sensors-based metamaterials through Juan de la Cierva fellowship. Dr. Vélez is a Reviewer for the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques and for other journals.
Marta Gil Barba (S’05-M’09) was born in Valdepeñas, Ciudad Real, Spain, in 1981. She received the Physics degree from Universidad de Granada, Spain, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, in 2009. She studied 1 year with the Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany. During her Ph.D. thesis, she was the holder of a METAMORPHOSE NoE grant and National Research Fellowship from the FPU Program of the Education and Science Spanish Ministry. As a postdoctoral researcher, she was awarded a Juan de la Cierva fellowship working in the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. She was a postdoctoral researcher in the Institut für Mikrowellentechnik und Photonik in Technische Universität Darmstadt and in the Carlos III University of Madrid. She is currently an assistant professor in the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. She has worked in metamaterials, piezoelectric MEMS, and microwave passive devices. Her current interests include metamaterials sensors for fluidic detection.
Eduard Jose-Cunilleras was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1974. He received the degree in Veterinary Sciences from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, in 1997. He was awarded a postgraduate fellowship by the Fulbright Fellowship from 1997 to 1999 to complete an internship in Equine Medicine and Surgery and MSc from The Ohio State University, USA. From 1999 to 2004 he completed a 3-year residency in Equine Internal Medicine and obtained a Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Clinical Sciences from The Ohio State University. In 2004 he joined the “Animal Health Trust”, UK, as a senior equine clinician, and from 2005 to 2008 he continued his professional career as an equine veterinary surgeon in equine hospitals in the private sector. In 2008 he returned to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona as Lecturer in Equine Medicine and senior clinician in the Veterinary Hospital, and as Senior Lecturer from 2016 to present date. His current research interests include inflammatory markers, coagulation disorders, acid-base and electrolytes disorders in equids and in laboratory animals. He has authored over 60 peer-reviewed journal papers and book chapters. In addition, he is the head of Department and head of the Equine medicine research group.
Anna Bassols was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1958. She received a degree in Pharmacy (University of Barcelona) in 1980 and a Ph.D. in Pharmacy in 1986 with a Ph.D. thesis on the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. In 1986–1987 she earned a Fulbright Fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the Department of Biochemistry (Massachussetts University Medical Center, USA) to investigate the mechanism of action of TGF-β in the regulation of the extracellular matrix. In 1988 she was named Associate Professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, at the School of Veterinary Medicine (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.) Since 2009, she is Full Professor in 2009 at the same place. Her research career was first focused in the extracellular matrix in cancer and other diseases, in humans and other animal species, as dogs, pigs, and cattle. In 2006, she started a new research line on the applications of biochemical approaches and techniques to veterinary problems, especially for the search of biomarkers and the development of methods for their determination. On the other hand, her research has focused on the application of proteomics and metabolomics to animal science, related to the identification of biomarkers in farm animals. She is also interested in the central nervous system evaluating changes in neurotransmitter profiles and the brain proteome as markers for stress and welfare. Since 1992, she is also the Scientific Director of the Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry Service, at UAB, a leading diagnostic laboratory for biochemical analysis in domestic and farm animals. She has participated in 25 research national and international projects and she is author or co-author of more than 100 research articles and book chapters. She has been Supervisor of 17 Ph.D. theses and 25 Master theses.
Ferran Martín (M’04-SM’08-F’12) was born in Barakaldo (Vizcaya), Spain in 1965. He received the B.S. Degree in Physics from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) in 1988 and the Ph.D. degree in 1992. From 1994 up to 2006 he was Associate Professor in Electronics at the Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), and since 2007 he is Full Professor of Electronics. In recent years, he has been involved in different research activities including modeling and simulation of electron devices for high-frequency applications, millimeter-wave and THz generation systems, and the application of electromagnetic bandgaps to microwave and millimeter-wave circuits. He is now very active in the field of metamaterials and their application to the miniaturization and optimization of microwave circuits and antennas. Other topics of interest include microwave sensors and RFID systems, with special emphasis on the development of high data capacity chipless-RFID tags. He is the head of the Microwave Engineering, Metamaterials and Antennas Group (GEMMA Group) at UAB, and director of CIMITEC, a research Center on Metamaterials supported by TECNIO (Generalitat de Catalunya). He has organized several international events related to metamaterials and related topics, including Workshops at the IEEE International Microwave Symposium (years 2005 and 2007) and European Microwave Conference (2009, 2015, and 2017), and the Fifth International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (Metamaterials 2011), where he acted as Chair of the Local Organizing Committee. He has acted as Guest Editor for six Special Issues on metamaterials and sensors in five International Journals. He has authored and co-authored over 600 technical conference, letter, journal papers, and book chapters, he is co-author of the book on Metamaterials entitled Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design and Microwave Applications (John Wiley & Sons Inc.), author of the book Artificial Transmission Lines for RF and Microwave Applications (John Wiley & Sons Inc.), and co-editor of the book Balanced Microwave Filters (Wiley/IEEE Press). Ferran Martín has generated 19 Ph.D.s, has filed several patents on metamaterials and has headed several Development Contracts.
Prof. Martín is a member of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S). He is a reviewer of the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques and IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, among many other journals, and he serves as a member of the Editorial Board of IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, and Sensors. He is also a member of the Technical Committees of the European Microwave Conference (EuMC) and International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (Metamaterials). Among his distinctions, Ferran Martín has received the 2006 Duran Farell Prize for Technological Research, he holds the Parc de Recerca UAB – Santander Technology Transfer Chair, and he has been the recipient of three ICREA ACADEMIA Awards (calls 2008, 2013 and 2018). He is Fellow of the IEEE and Fellow of the IET.
