Now-a-days, far-field wireless power transfer/energy harvesting is underutilized due to the unavailability of proper methodology to design efficient system for maximum radio frequency (RF) power utilization. For efficient utilization of far-field RF energy an array/grid of rectenna, i.e. rectenna panel is required to generate the power from wireless signal. To minimize the engineering design phase period (design trials), this paper mathematically derives and summarizes the approach required for optimum rectenna panel design based on power available in the environment, RF transmit source capability, receiver power requirement and the design cost. For maximum power interception through a rectenna panel, its design parameters such as -panel size, number of rectenna, rectenna arrangement pattern, and rectenna spacing has been optimized in our work. Based on the optimization required, we have proposed the compact grid pattern with heterogeneous rectenna spacing. It has been proved theoretically in this paper that if a hexagonal shape panel is designed by placement of rectenna at vertices of equilateral triangle (with side length governed by antenna aperture) then, it is capable of intercepting maximum RF energy available at its location with the least number of rectenna.

In this paper, a compact, low-profile, coplanar waveguide-fed metamaterial inspired dual-band microstrip antenna is presented for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application. To achieve the goal a triangular split ring resonator is used along with an open-ended stub. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 20 × 24 mm2 fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with dielectric constant (εr) 4.4. The antenna provides two distinct bands I from 2.40 to 2.48 GHz and II from 4.7 to 6.04 GHz with reflection coefficient better than −10 dB, covering the entire WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) band spectrum. The performance of the proposed metamaterial inspired antenna is also studied in terms of the radiation pattern, efficiency, and the realized gain. A comparative study is also presented to show the performance of the proposed metamaterial inspired antenna with respect to other conventional antenna structures in terms of overall size, bandwidth, gain, and reflection coefficient. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and tested. The simulated results show good agreement with the measured results.

This paper reports on a record-low-phase noise D-band signal source with 5 dBm output power, and 1.3 GHz tuning range. The source is based on the unconventional combination of a fundamental frequency 23 GHz oscillator in 150 nm AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology followed by a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS MMIC including a sixtupler and an amplifier. The amplifier operates in compression mode as power-limiting amplifier, to equalize the source output power so that it is nearly independent of the oscillator's gate and drain bias voltages used for tuning the frequency of the source. The choice of using a GaN HEMT oscillator is motivated by the need for a low oscillator noise floor, which recently has been demonstrated as a bottle-neck for data rates in wideband millimeter-wave communication systems. The phase noise performance of this signal source is −128 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz-offset. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this result is the lowest reported phase noise of D-band signal source.

This paper presents a novel balanced-to-balanced power divider (PD) based on a simple and compact three-line coupled structure for the first time. By bisecting the proposed symmetrical structure, the differential mode (DM) and the common mode (CM) equivalent circuits can be obtained for analysis. The DM equivalent circuit exhibits a three-line in-phase power dividing response, and then a resistor is added between the two outputs for achieving good isolation. Meanwhile, the CM equivalent circuit shows a three-line all-stop response so that the CM suppression in this design does not need to be considered. Accordingly, the detailed design procedure of the DM PD is given. For demonstration, a prototype centered at 1.95 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The simulated and measured results with good agreement are presented, showing low DM loss and wideband CM suppression.

In this paper, a novel single-cavity triangular substrate-integrated waveguide (TSIW) dual-band filter loading a complementary triangular split ring resonator (CTSRR) is proposed, which has three transmission zeros (TZs) in the stopband in total. The dual-band response is achieved by the CTSRR and the degenerate modes of the TSIW cavity. In order to control the TZs, we propose two adjustment techniques, shift feeding technique and adding via perturbation. In addition, the CTSRR etched on the surface can produce a new TZ in the upper first-passband. Finally, a dual-band filter with three TZs is simulated, fabricated, and measured. There is a good agreement between the simulated results and measured ones.

A dualband rejection filter and a triband rejection filter are proposed in this letter, both of which are implemented by cascading spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) of the same structure but with diverse rejection bands. Compared with traditional ones, the proposed filters provide more compact structures, wider rejection bands, and better independent tunability. In the proposed filters, the rejection bandwidth, the center frequency of the rejection band and the filter's cutoff frequency can be adjusted independently. And the different rejection bands in the same filter also can be independently controlled. Agreements between the dispersion of SSPP units and the S21 of filters are also presented. Measurement results demonstrate that both filters load multiple rejection bands on the 27.7 GHz wide low-pass band and all the rejection bands locate in Ku and K bands. The average rejection bandwidth and the average rejection depth of the two filters are 1.49 GHz and 42.1 dB, respectively.

The design of mixed-technology quasi-reflectionless planar bandpass filters (BPFs), bandstop filters (BSFs), and multi-band filters is reported. The proposed quasi-reflectionless filter architectures comprise a main filtering section that determines the power transmission response (bandpass, bandstop, or multi-band type) of the overall circuit network and auxiliary sections that absorb the reflected radio-frequency (RF) signal energy. By loading the input and output ports of the main filtering section with auxiliary filtering sections that exhibit a complementary transfer function with regard to the main one, a symmetric quasi-reflectionless behavior can be obtained at both accesses of the overall filter. The operating principles of the proposed filter concept are shown through synthesized first-order BPF and BSF designs. Selectivity-increase techniques are also described. They are based on: (i) cascading in-series multiple first-order stages and (ii) increasing the order of the filtering sections. Moreover, the RF design of quasi-reflectionless multi-band BPFs and BSFs is discussed. A hybrid integration scheme in which microstrip-type and lumped-elements are effectively combined within the filter volume is investigated for size miniaturization purposes. For experimental validation purposes, two quasi-reflectionless BPF prototypes (one- and two-stage architectures) centered at 2 GHz and a second-order BSF prototype centered at 1 GHz were designed, manufactured, and measured.

In this paper, the design of a graded honeycomb radar absorbing structure (RAS) is presented to realize both a wide bandwidth and absorption over a wide range of angles. For both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarization, a fractional bandwidth of more than 118.6% is achieved for at least a 10 dB reflectivity reduction when the incident angle is <45°, an 8 dB reduction when the incident angle is <55° and a 5 dB reduction when the incident angle is <70°. Meanwhile the 10 dB reduction upper angle limit is approximately 30° for the uniform coating honeycomb RAS in the literature, which loses its absorbing ability when the incident angle is larger than 55°. Furthermore, the total thickness of our design is 10.7 mm, which is only approximately 1.29 times that of the theoretical limitation. The good agreement between the calculated, simulated, and measured results demonstrates the validity of this optimization.

In noise radar, digital signal processing algorithms for implementing the computation of the Cross Ambiguity Function through range correlation and Doppler compensation call for optimized solutions. In fact, to achieve a high coherent processing gain, they often compute a large amount of data beyond the maximum range and/or the maximum radial velocity of interest, adding useless information. A novel, efficient algorithm, called Range Filter Bank, is proposed to implement a scope-tailored computation of range/Doppler data in continuous emission noise radar. Downstream its theoretical analysis, the algorithm has been applied to a real-life case study based on dedicated field experiments, in which good quality kinematic data of a car moving at various speeds have been extracted.

Coupled-mode theory is applied to obtain an analytic form of scattering parameters for a class of transmission line metamaterials with antisymmetric split-rings. The same structure is modeled with equivalent circuit, which includes electric and magnetic coupling with the line and inter-resonator coupling. Modified even/odd analysis is used to obtain scattering parameters from the equivalent circuit. These two methods are shown to be equivalent in a narrow band, and their constants related. The obtained results are compared with full-wave simulations and measurements, and it is shown that both methods give accurate approximation in one octave frequency band. The derived analytic expressions are suitable for study of resonant phenomena, with potential practical applications for filters, phase shifters, delay lines, and sensors.

A varactor-based fully reconfigurable microstrip bandpass-to-bandpass-with-embedded-stopband filter is presented in this paper. This filter offers wide center frequency and bandwidth tuning flexibility under both bandpass mode and bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode. The entire tuning ability is based on multiple mode resonator theory and external quality factor tuning structure for bandpass mode and the introduction of transmission zeros (TZs) for bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode. Under the bandpass mode, the center frequency tuning range is 0.96–1.45 GHz and the bandwidth can be tuned from 0.09 to 1.41 GHz with a fixed center frequency at 1.22 GHz. Under bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode, the center frequency and bandwidth can be tuned from 0.94 to 1.61 GHz and 0.2–0.33 GHz, respectively. Good agreements are shown between simulated and measured results.

A high selective dual band and miniaturized electromagnetic band gap (EBG) unit cell is presented in this paper. The analysis and characterization of the new cell are explained. The modified compact EBG unit cell is based on cutting two inverted U-shaped slots inside the typical mushroom-like EBG. The modified EBG has a 70% size reduction. The dual-band functionality of the structure is confirmed by applying it in a dual-notch ultra-wideband antenna (3.1–10.6 GHz), and the notch frequencies are 5.2 and 5.8 GHz. The dual-band functionality has advantages of a highly selective bandpass between them. The antenna can suppress interference frequencies in less than 100 MHz bandwidth without affecting the antenna performance in the whole bandwidth. Presented results are addressed in terms of circuit modeling, 3D full-wave simulations, and measurements.

In this paper, we propose a novel study of zero-index materials (ZIM) based on lumped element circuits using a wave concept iterative method (WCIP). This method is well used to demonstrate the behavior of zero-index-based microwave applications. This type of metamaterial can maintain the amplitude and the phase of an electromagnetic wave to be constant through the ZIM region, which is an important property to design an in-phase power divider-combiner, enhance the directivity of an embedded source, channel electromagnetic waves without reflection at the interface between waveguides with different cross-sections, and control the transmission of electromagnetic wave by the adjustment of the permittivity of a dielectric defect coated by zero-index metamaterial. The numerical simulations using the WCIP method match the literature and commercial software simulator results.

A compact circularly polarized antenna with wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) using quasi-self-complementary (QSC) structure is presented. A 3-dB ARBW is achieved by shortening the ground plane of the QSC structure. Furthermore, the wide ARBW is obtained by the introduction of a stepped stub in the extended ground plane of the QSC structure. The antenna is fabricated on a FR4 substrate with the overall dimensions of 25 mm × 22 mm × 0.8 mm. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 5.9 GHz (2.4–8.3 GHz, 110%) and 3 dB ARBW of 1.6 GHz (2.4–4 GHz, 50%). A peak gain of 1–3 dBi is observed within the 3 dB ARBW.

Nowadays, as indoor localization is getting more popular, there is a growing need for reliable and accurate techniques of position determination. Recently, ultrawideband (UWB)-based systems are gaining popularity, since they make achieving positioning errors in the range of dozens of centimeters or even single centimeters, possible. The Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)-based systems are especially attractive because they allow to simplify tags, in which functionality can be limited to transmission of packets. However, one of TDOA-based solution drawbacks is a need for strict synchronization between anchor nodes, which may be hard to provide in indoor environment. In the paper, a novel method for simplifying synchronization in TDOA-based UWB localization system is described. The paper presents two system architectures based on pairs of synchronized nodes. Results of simulations and experiments included in the article allow for evaluation of both solutions.

Antenna-pattern measurements obtained from a double-metal supra-terahertz-frequency (supra-THz) quantum cascade laser (QCL) are presented. The QCL is mounted within a mechanically micro-machined waveguide cavity containing dual diagonal feedhorns. Operating in continuous-wave mode at 3.5 THz, and at an ambient temperature of ~60 K, QCL emission has been directed via the feedhorns to a supra-THz detector mounted on a multi-axis linear scanner. Comparison of simulated and measured far-field antenna patterns shows an excellent degree of correlation between beamwidth (full-width-half-maximum) and sidelobe content and a very substantial improvement when compared with unmounted devices. Additionally, a single output has been used to successfully illuminate and demonstrate an optical breadboard arrangement associated with a future supra-THz Earth observation space-borne payload. Our novel device has therefore provided a valuable demonstration of the effectiveness of supra-THz diagonal feedhorns and QCL devices for future space-borne ultra-high-frequency Earth-observing heterodyne radiometers.

A four-port shared radiator is proposed for 5.2 GHz wireless application using multiple-cut rectangular geometry and partially stepped ground. The difficulty in making the shared radiator structure is almost removed in the presented design, and without the help of any isolating structure, sufficient value of isolation is achieved. The proposed shared geometry produces isolation of >10 dB in the 4.96–5.5 GHz operating frequency band. The gain of the MIMO antenna varies from 2.4 to 5.5 dBi, and radiation efficiency is >63% in the proposed band. The ports are arranged in an orthogonal manner to reduce the mutual coupling. An envelope correlation coefficient is <0.03 in the proposed antenna band. The total active reflection coefficient bandwidth of the antenna is 500 MHz with best combination of input excitation angles of 90, 180°. The isolation in the proposed shared radiator is enhanced by creating multiple cuts and stepped ground. To check the suitability of antenna for indoor and outdoor environments the mean effective gain and specific absorption rate results are also presented in the paper and it found under the required safety norms as per the international telecommunication union for uniform and Gaussian environments.

The paper researches a kind of wideband dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna with improved balun feed which consists of slot line and two bent coplanar strip lines. The whole of antenna structure is composed of two orthogonal Vivaldi antenna elements, and the mode of feeding adopts electromagnetic coupling from micro-strip line to slot line. The improved balun can avoid the intersection of transmission lines, reduce the size, and simplify the assembly. The electromagnetic simulation and optimization design of proposed antenna are carried out by using electromagnetic simulation software, CST. Simulation results show that the isolation between two polarized ports is more than 15 dB within working frequency range of 2–3.5 GHz and VSWRs of two ports are lower than 2.5 at the range of 2–3.5 GHz. The designed antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results indicate that the designed antenna achieves anticipated patterns and feasible design of the dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna. The dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna with improved balun feed is suitable for some application fields, such as passive electronic reconnaissance, passive radar, and wideband communication and detection.

In this paper, the patch-type frequency selective surfaces (FSS) based on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is proposed to improve the bandwidth (BW) and angular performance. The proposed FSS configuration overcomes the limitations of both conventional 2D and 3D FSS structures. A closely coupled cascaded mechanism is employed to combine two identical FSS elements separated by thin dielectric substrate results in incorporation of SIW technology; hence, named as 2.5D FSS. A derived equivalent circuit model is used to estimate the basic performance of proposed FSS–SIW elements, and the response of analytical expressions has been validated and final design is obtained using full-wave simulations. Two basic FSS elements viz. single square loop and a Jerusalem cross have been investigated to prove the enhancement in their BW and angular stability. The proposed technique evidently improves the BW and angular stability of FSS structures than in its established form. Besides, various important parameters that influence the performance characteristics of reported 2.5D FSSs are also studied. The important observations made on the thickness, as the thickness increases the bandstop FSS, can change to bandpass FSS. Finally, the proposed FSS structure has been fabricated and measured using free space measurement setup, to show the effectiveness of theoretical results. The measured results show good agreement with simulated results at normal and oblique incidence angle.

This letter presents a novel tunable coupling structure to simplify the design complexity of the miniaturized fully tunable filter by using open ring and varactors. Based on the proposed novel tunable coupling structure, a fully tunable bandpass filter is implemented with independently tunable operating frequency and bandwidth. The tunable resonator and tunable coupling structure can be easily combined to improve Out-of-band suppression performance. The design procedure of a fully tunable bandpass filter consists of five tunable cavities and tunable coupling rings is also proposed. A prototype of the proposed fully tunable filter is built to verify the design experimentally. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained.