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The Military Clauses of the Anglo–Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 1936

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Laila Morsy
Laila Morsy
Affiliation:
Kuwait University Kuwait
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Extract

The legitimacy of stationing British troops on Egyptian soil for the defence of the Suez Canal, and maintaining a base in the Near East, were Britain's special requirements in Egypt. Accordingly, the security of these two vital imperial interests was the motive that dictated Britain's policy towards Egypt. The political pattern in the country, reflecting a continuous struggle between those two significant forces, the popular nationalist Wafd party and an autocratic palace, largely determined the course of Anglo–Egyptian relations.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 16 , Issue 1 , March 1984 , pp. 67 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

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References

NOTES

1 On such demonstrations see: Al-Ahram, 15 11 1935;Google ScholarThomas, Russell Pasha, The Egypüan Service (London, 1949), p. 284;Google ScholarJankowski, J., “The Young Egypt Party and Egyptian Nationalism 1933–1945,” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1967, pp. 82, 93.Google Scholar

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8 FO 371, 19080. 13 December 1935.

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10 FO 371, 19080, 11 December 1935.

11 Sir Miles Lampson's diary, 24 November 1935 (hereafter cited as L.ampson's diary).

12 The Union Jack, which had been pulled down and destroyed during the earlier demonstrations, was rehoisted over the British Consular Agent's residence (Manchester Guardian, 31 01 and 1 02 1936).Google Scholar

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30 FO 371, 20097, 21 January 1936.

31 ibid., 30100, 20 February 1936.

32 Lampson's diary, 30 January 1936.

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44 FO 371, 20096, J 447/2/16, 16 January 1936, Eden, to Lampson, ; The Times, 11 02 1936.Google Scholar

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55 ibid., 20098, J 1197/2/16, 7 February 1936, Meeting at the Foreign Office with the Committee of Imperial Defence.

56 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 4 March 1936.

57 FO 371, 20096, 8 January 1936.

58 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Neville Chamberlain, 28 February 1936; Lampson to Major-General Ruthven, 29 February 1936.

59 FO 371, 20101, J 2188/2/16,5 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; 20098, J 1219/2/16,8 February 1936, Lampson to Eden.

60 ibid., 20101, 5 March 1936; 20097, 17 January 1936, Lampson to Eden.

61 ibid., 20098, 8 February 1936. Lampson to Eden; Lampson's diary, 7 February 1936.

62 Akir Sa⊃a, No. 624, 25 09 1936.Google Scholar

63 For such reactions see: FO 371, 20101, J 2224/2/16 No. 74, 10 March 1936; ibid., 20102, J 2402/2/10, 17 March 1936.

64 ibid., 20103, 9 April 1936, Lampson to Eden.

65 ibid., 20110, J 5160/2/16, No. 151, 1 June 1936.

66 ibid., 20108, J 4750/2/16, No. 138, 26 May 1936.

67 Great Britain and the East, 2 04 1936.Google Scholar

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70 ibid., Burnett-Stuart to Lampson, 3 April 1934.

71 ibid.

72 ibid., Newall to Lampson, 12 April 1934; Lampson's diary, 13 March 1934.

73 Lampson's corres., Lampson to John Simon, 16 April 1934.

74 The new G.O.C., Weir, who replaced Burnett-Stuart, claimed that the latter might have been influenced in his opinion by a slight personal bias against the General Staff and especially the Chief of the General Staff. Lampson's diary, 14 and 30 April 1934.

75 Lampson's corres., Major-General Ruthven to Lampson, 23 February 1936.

76 ibid.; Daily Telegraph, 30 01 1936.Google Scholar

77 ibid.

78 FO 371, 20098, J 1197/2/16. 7 February 1936, Eden to Lampson.

79 ibid., 20108, 26 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

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83 See an article in Great Britain and the East, “Lack of Military Experts,” 19 03 1936.Google Scholar

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89 FO 371, 20097, 21 January 1936.

90 ibid., 20102, J 2351/2/16, No. 88, 26 March 1936, Eden to Lampson.

91 Lampson's diary, 7 February 1936.

92 For the state of the Egyptian army see Cairo Centre of National Documents (hereafter cited as Cmd), Army Reports; reports on rearmament by Major-General Cornwell, Chief of the British Military Mission, Cairo, 16 March 1937.

93 The regular Egyptian army had been disbanded by the Ottoman Khedive after the Urabi revolt. For a detailed account see Abdel-Azim, Ramadan, “Al Jaysh al Misri fi Zil at ihtilal,” Al-Siyasaa at Dawliya, no. 29, 07 1972, pp. 6–26.Google Scholar

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96 ibid., Lampson's diary, 30 April 1934.

97 Lampson's corres., Major-General Ruthven to Lampson, 23 February 1936.

98 ibid., Lampson to Major-General Ruthven, 29 February 1936; 5 March 1936.

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102 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 20 March 1936.

103 FO 371, 20102, J 2471/2/16, No.77,20 March 1936, Lampson to Eden.

104 ibid., J 2598/2/16, No. 87, 26 March 1936.

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107 According to the estimates of the Minister of Communications, the expenses involving the construction of roads and bridges required for the evacuation of Cairo were £El,591,000. Those for Alexandria were £E398,600. Expenses involving construction of railways were put at £E600,000. Madbatat Majlis Al Nu⊃ab, Second Session of the Chambers, Cairo, 11 1936. Report by the Committee of Foreign Affairs on the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.Google Scholar

108 The advisers at the Residency were of the opinion that the improved communications promised were worth more than the retention, even for an indefinite period of years, of one British battalion in Alexandria. Lampson's diary, 1 April 1936.

109 Parliamentary Debate, House of Commons, Fifth Series, Vol. 318, Col. 261; Parliamentary Debate, House of Lords, Fifth Series, Vol. 103, speech by the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; The Times, 24 11 1936; R.I.I.A. Survey of Inter. Aff., 1936, p. 693.Google Scholar

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112 See The Times, 2 03 1936.Google Scholar

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114 The Times, 17 03 1936.Google Scholar

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117 FO 371, 20102, J 2304/2/16, No. 62, 14 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; Madhatat, 11 11 1936;Google ScholarAl Mukauam, 18 06 1936;Google ScholarManchester Guardian, 13 06 1936.Google Scholar

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121 FO 371, 20102, Tel. No. 223, 17 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; Lampson's diary, 16 March 1936.

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124 ibid., 19 March 1936; FO 371, 20102, Tel. No. 231, 20 March 1936, Lampson to Eden.

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129 ibid., 3544, No. 396, 18 September 1935; ibid., No. 295, 16 September 1935.

130 Under the 1888 Suez Canal Convention, Article IX gave Egypt the primary right to defend the Canal. Turkey was only entitled to cooperate in its defence if Egypt lacked adequate means of defence and called upon Turkey. See Hurewitz, J., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, Vol. 1, pp. 202–205.Google Scholar

131 FO 371, 20108, No. 134, Eden to Lampson.

132 ibid.

133 The British proposal ran as follows: “His Majesty the King of Egypt recognizes that the Suez Canal and adjacent territories while being an integral part of Egypt, form an essential artery of all forms of communications between different parts of the British Empire, the permanent maintenance and protection of which is in the interests of both the High contracting Parties and accordingly authorises His Britannic Majesty to maintain on Egyptian territory in the vicinity of the Canal such forces as His Britannic Majesty considers necessary to ensure the protection of this artery of communications.” FO 371, 20108, J 4619/2/16,21 May 1936, Eden to Lampson.

134 Fifth Meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian delegation on 8 April 1930, cited in Al Kadiya Al Masriya. 1882–1952, A Documentary Collection (Cairo, 1952).Google Scholar

135 Cmd 3575, Egypt No. 1, 1930.

136 FO 371, 20101, J 2304/2/16, No. 62, March 1936.

137 ibid., 20108, J 4619/2/16, No. 133, 21 May 1956.

138 ibid., 21 May 1936, Eden to Lampson.

139 Parliamentary Debate, House of Commons, Fifth Series, Vol. 318, Col. 257.

140 FO 371, 20110, J 5160/2/16, No. 151, 1 June 1936, memorandum by Makram Ebeid covering the right of the defence of the Canal.

141 FO 371, 20109, J 4894/2/16, No. 143, 28 May 1936; 20110, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian conversations committee.

142 ibid., 20109, J 4894/2/16, No. 143, 28 May 1936; Lampson's diary, 27 May 1936.

143 See The Times, 8 04 1936; Lampson's diary, 31 January 1936.Google Scholar

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145 It was Nahas who defended these two members of the Wafd while he was still practising as a lawyer. Their acquittal, which he secured in 1926, was not accepted by Judge Kershaw, the British member of the bench, who resigned. Lord Lloyd, then High Commissioner, issued a proclamation throughout Egypt stating that the British government would never again negotiate with either of those two. The Times, 2 04 1936.Google ScholarLord, Lloyd, Egypt since Cromer, Vol. 11 (London, 1934), pp. 172–174.Google Scholar

146 Lampson's diary, 5 May 1936.

147 The High Commissioner himself was very critical of the British attitude. Commenting in his Diaries he mentions that over Ireland the British entered into negotiations and eventually signed a treaty with Michael Collins who was responsible for the cold-blooded murders of limitless numbers of British soldiers and civilians in Ireland. ibid., 31 January 1936.

148 FO 371, 20109, J 4810/2/16, 26 May 1936.

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157 FO 371, 20104, 4 April 1936, Lampson to Eden.

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163 ibid., 20110, J 5400/2/16, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

164 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 20 May 1936.

165 FO 371, 13 May 1936; Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 20 May 1936.

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170 Lampson's diary, 27 May 1936.

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172 ibid., 20107, J 4408/2/16, No. 131, 13 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

173 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Campbell, 17 December 1935.

174 Lampson's diary, 26 May 1936.

175 Lampson's corres., conclusions of the third meeting of the Cabinet, 15 June 1936.

176 ibid., Arthur Wauchope to Lampson, 10 August 1936.

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180 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 11 May 1936.

181 FO 371, 20107, J 4408/2/16, No. 131, 13 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

182 ibid., 20110, J 5400/2/16, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

183 ibid., 20107, J 4408/2/16, No. 131, 13 May 1936, Lampson to Eden. For the attitude of the Wafd, see Manchester Guardian, 13 06 1936.Google Scholar

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187 ibid., 20110, J 5400/2/ 16, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

188 FO 371, J 1297/2/16, 5 February 1936, minute by Campbell.

189 The Egyptian press represented both Eden and Lampson as struggling to overcome the influence of the military and their opposition to a settlement which the latter believed would diminish British influence in Egypt. See Akir Sa⊃a, 19 07 1936; Al Musawar, 25 09 1936, Kawkab AlShark, 15 05 1936; The Times, 14 08 1936.Google Scholar

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192 Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 11 May 1936.

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199 According to a responsible Egyptian officer, the Egyptian army would require £E140 million and a period of not less than 15 years in order to be in condition to assume responsibility for the effective defence of the Canal. Al Musawar, 25 09 1936.Google Scholar

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202 Interview with Mohammed Farag, Director of Supply and Equipment in the R.E.A.F.1949–1952 (Cairo, February 1973).

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218 Cab. 23, 84, 11 May 1936, Conclusion I.

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223 Like Allenby, Lampson was accorded the rare honour of being invited to address the Cabinet in person. In recognition of the ‘valuable services’ which he rendered to England, Lampson was appointed a Knight. See Lampson's corres., Eden to Lampson, 31 January 1937, 18 November 1936; Heathcote-Smith to Lampson, 28 December 1936; Agha Khan to Lampson, 5 August 1936.

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