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An overview of a systems model of cassava and cassava pests in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

A. P. Gutierrez ,
B. Wermelinger ,
F. Schulthess ,
J. U. Baumgärtner ,
J. S. Yaninek ,
H. R. Herren ,
P. Neuenschwander ,
B. Lohr ,
W. N. O. Hammond  and
C. K. Ellis
A. P. Gutierrez
Affiliation:
Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, USA
B. Wermelinger
Affiliation:
Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, USA Institut fur Phytomedizin, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
F. Schulthess
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
J. U. Baumgärtner
Affiliation:
Institut fur Phytomedizin, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
J. S. Yaninek
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
H. R. Herren
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
P. Neuenschwander
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
B. Lohr
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
W. N. O. Hammond
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
C. K. Ellis
Affiliation:
Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Abstract

A systems model is described for cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, two of its introduced herbivores, the cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), sensu lato, and the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., the introduced CM parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeSantis) and coccinellid predator of the genus Hyperaspis. The systems model includes the effects of weather, soil nitrogen and water levels on the interactions of the system's components.

The model simulates the distribution of developmental times of cohorts initated at the same time, as well as the number and biomass (energy) dynamics of all populations over time. Biomass acquisition and allocation at the population and organism subunit levels (e.g. leaves, fruit, ova) were also simulated. A common acquisition (i.e. functional response) submodel was used to estimate daily photosynthetic as well as nitrogen and water uptake rates in cassava, in addition to herbivory, parasitism and predation rates for the arthropod species.

This paper presents an overview of the systems model. Simulation results for the plant under pest free conditions were compared to field data. In addition, the model was used to estimate tuber yield losses due to CM and CGM feeding, and to examine the beneficial effects of introduced CM natural enemies as measured by reductions in tuber yield losses.

Résumé

Un modèle de système est décrit pour le manioc, pour deux des herbivores introduits de cette culture l'acarien vert (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) sensu lato, et la cochenille farineuse du manioc (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr, pour le parasitoïde (Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeSantis)) introduit de la cochenille ainsi que pour une coccinelle prédatrice (Hyperaspis spp.) de la cochenille. Ce modèle de simulation tient compte des effets du climat, de l'azote et du régime hydrique du sol sur les interactions entre les composantes du système.

Le modèle simule la répartition des temps de développement de cohortes entamées au même moment, ainsi que la dynamique du nombre et de la biomasse (de l'énergie) de toutes les populations au fil du temps. L'acquisition et la répartition de la biomasse au niveau de la population et des sous-unités intra-organismes (ex. feuilles, fruits, oefs) ont été également simulées. En vue d'estimer les taux quotidiens de photosynthèse, d'absorbtion d'azote et d'eau, d'herbivorisme, de parasitisme et de prédation pour les espèces d'arthropodes, un sous-modéle commun d'acquisition (c'est-à-dire de réponse fonctionelle) a été utilisé.

Ce document présente une vue d'ensemble de ce modèle de système. Les résultats de la simulation pour les plantes non infestées ont été comparés aux données enregistrées en champ. En outre, le modèle a servi à estimer les pertes de rendement en tubercules dues à la cochenille et à l'acarien vert, ainsi qu'à observer les effets bénéfiques de l'introduction des ennemis naturels de la cochenille, en mesurant les réductions enregistrées dans les pertes de rendement en tubercules.

Keywords

Cassava systems modelPhenacoccus manihotiMononychellus tanajoaEpidinocarsis lopeziHyperaspis spp.
Type
Symposium XI: Africa-wide Biological Control Programme of Cassava Pests
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 8 , Issue 4-5-6: Recent Advances in Research on Tropical Entomology , December 1987 , pp. 919 - 924
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1987

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References

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