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Strategic and tactical developments in tsetse control in Zimbabwe (1981–1989)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

W. Shereni
W. Shereni
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Branch, Department of Veterinary Services, P. O. Box 8283, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Abstract

Tsetse flies have been eradicated from an area of 48,000 km2 in Zimbabwe since 1981. The main approach has been pesticidal control, involving ground spraying, aerial spraying, cattle dipping and artificial bait techniques, in some circumstances in combination. This represents a change in tactic from the pre-independence period when control relied solely on ground spraying. Factors which have influenced choice of technique are discussed in the paper, including scale of trypanosomiasis problem, technical limitations of the technique, cost-effectiveness and environmental considerations.

Ground spraying, the mainstay of tsetse control operations in Zimbabwe prior to 1980, is becoming increasingly unfavourable because of high logistical requirements and environmental reasons, but remains an effective technique under a wide range of circumstances. Aerial spraying has proved very effective for management of crisis situations but is comparatively expensive, capital intensive in hilly terrain and less effective against Glossina pallidipes than G. morsitans. Vector control by applying insecticide (deltamethrin) to cattle appears technically feasible at a very competitive cost. This is a most promising technique in areas where there are already cattle and few wild hosts.

Control of tsetse using odour-baited and insecticide-treated screens has proven technically feasible in a wide range of terrain, and appears economically competitive with ground spraying. Both technical and financial performance of the technique are still being improved. Bait technology offers scope for the new approaches to the control of the fly and defence of cleared areas from reinvasion.

Résumé

Les mouches tsé-tsé ont été éradiquées sur une superficie de 48.000 km2 au Zimbabwé depuis 1981. La principale approche a été le contrôle avec l'utilisation des pesticides, notamment la pulvérisation terrestre, la pulvérisation aérienne, les bains du bétail et les techniques d'appât artificiel et dans certains cas une combinaison de ces techniques.

Ceci représente un changement dans la méthode de la période pré-indépendance durant laquelle le contrôle était exclusivement la pulvérisation terrestre. Les facteurs qui ont abouti au choix des techniques sont discutés dans cette publication y compris la dimension du problème de la trypanosomiase, les limitations de la technique, les aspects coût-éfficacité et les considérations des facteurs de l'environnement.

La pulvérisation terrestre, principal atout des opérations de contrôle de la mouche tsé-tsé avant 1980, est de moins en moins favorisée à cause de son coût élevé, de la forte demande en logistique et pour des raisons de sauvegarde de l'environnement, demeure cependant une technique efficace en d'autres circonstances.

La pulvérisation aérienne s'est révélée très efficace pour gérer des situations de crise mais est comparativement chère, demande un capital élevé en terrain montagneux et moins efficace contre Glossina pallidipes que G. morsitans.

Le contrôle des vecteurs par l'application d'insecticide (deltaméthrine) au bétail se révèle techniquement faisable et à un coût assez compétitif. C'est la technique la plus prometteuse là où il y a déjà du bétail ainsi que quelques hôtes sauvages.

Le contrôle des tsé-tsé par l'utilisation des appâts olfactifs et des écrans traités à l'insecticide s'est révèlé techniquement faisable sur différents types de terrain et paraît économiquement aussi compétitif que la pulvérisation terrestre. Les performances techniques et financières sont en train d'être améliorées. La technologie des appâts offre l'occasion pour de nouvelles approches de contrôle de la mouche et de la mise en défense des zones liberées contre une réinvasion.

Keywords

TsetseGlossina morsitans morsitansG. pallidipesoptionspesticidal controlbait technologyspraying costsTsé-tséGlossina morsitans morsitansG. pallidipeschoixcontrôle avec pesticidetechnologie de l'appâtcoûts de pulvérisationZimbabwé
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , June 1990 , pp. 399 - 409
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1990

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References

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