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Differential induction of proteins in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in response to heavy metal selection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2006

Paul Odhiambo Mireji ,
Joseph Keating ,
Eucharia Kenya ,
Charles Mbogo ,
Hudson Nyambaka ,
Ellie Osir ,
John Githure  and
John Beier
Paul Odhiambo Mireji*
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
Joseph Keating
Affiliation:
International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
Eucharia Kenya
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
Charles Mbogo
Affiliation:
Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), PO Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya
Hudson Nyambaka
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
Ellie Osir
Affiliation:
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
John Githure
Affiliation:
Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
John Beier
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, USA
*
* E-mail: mireji@yahoo.com
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Abstract

Investigations were conducted to establish the magnitude and pattern of differential expression of proteins due to generational selection of third instar Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles larvae by cadmium, copper and lead heavy metals, the three possible common urban pollutants.

A susceptible strain of A. gambiae s.s. third instar larvae was separately placed under selection pressure with cadmium, copper and lead at LC30 and controls through five generations. First, third and fifth generation selection survivors were screened for differentially expressed proteins relative to non-exposed control by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Distribution patterns of the spots were analyzed by χ2 or Fishers' exact test and variations in expressions between and within generations by ANOVA. Most differentially expressed spots were acidic and of low molecular weight among all metals and generations. Type of heavy metal and generation were the main indicators of variations in differential expressions. Variation between generations was most significant among cadmium-selected populations of which the most number of spots were induced in the fifth generation. Most spots were induced in the copper-selected population in the third generation. The induced protein spots may be the products from respective genes that respond to heavy metals and counter their toxicity, thus building A. gambiae s.s. tolerance to these pollutants. The differential pattern and magnitude of expressed spots have potential application as molecular markers for assessment of anopheline adaptation status to heavy metals, and provide insight into the extent of environmental pollution.

Des études ont été menées afin d'estimer l'incidence de l'effet génération sur l'importance et les modalités d'expression différentielle des protéines sur des larves de 3ème stade d'Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles élevées avec du cadmium, du cuivre et du plomb, qui sont des métaux lourds polluants, fréquemment rencontrés dans les zones urbaines. On a élevé pendant cinq générations une souche sensible de larves de 3ème stade d'A. gambiae séparément avec du cadmium, du cuivre et du plomb, à la dose DL30. Les survivants de la 1ère, 3ème et 5ème génération ont été testés par rapport aux témoins pour leur expression différentielle des protéines à l'aide d'une électrophorèse sur gel bidimensionnelle. Le mode de distribution des tâches a été analysé à l'aide des tests du χ2 et de Fisher et les variations de l'expression intra- et inter générations à l'aide d'une ANOVA. La plupart des tâches correspondent à des acides de faibles poids moléculaires pour tous les métaux et quelle que soit la génération. L'expression différentielle est fortement déterminée par le type de métal lourd et la génération. Les différences entre générations ont été les plus prononcées sur la population élevée avec du cadmium avec un plus grand nombre de tâches à la 5ème génération. La plupart des tâches ont été induites dès la 3ème génération pour la population élevée avec du cuivre. Les tâches de protéines induites peuvent être le résultat de l'expression de gènes spécifiques en réponse aux métaux lourds afin de contrecarrer leur toxicité, ce qui favorise la sélection de larves d'A. gambiae tolérantes aux polluants. Les modalités d'expression et l'importance des tâches ont une application potentielle comme marqueurs moléculaires pour l'estimation des capacités d'adaptation des anophèles aux métaux lourds. Elles permettent en outre d'apprécier l'étendue de la pollution environnementale.

Keywords

Métaux lourdsAnopheles gambiae sensu strictoadaptationtoléranceexpression différentielleheavy metalsAnopheles gambiae sensu strictoadaptationtolerancedifferential expression
Type
Research Paper
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 214 - 226
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 2006

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