Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:11:52.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Expression and quantification of degrees of resistance by rabbits to infestation with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (L), Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and Amblyomma maculatum Koch, (Acari, Ixodidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Olusegun O. Dipeolu
Olusegun O. Dipeolu
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Alabama, U.S.A.
Get access

Abstract

Several experiments were conducted with Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma maculatum during which degrees of resistance by rabbits to infestation were quantified. Manifestations of resistance were measured through estimations of “Decreased Tick-Weight Index”, “Decreased Engorgement Period Index” and “Reject Index”. Degree of resistance was evaluated through estimation of Tick Resistance Index. The degree of resistance of rabbits to infestation with each of the three tick species was found to increase with the number of reinfestations. Fully engorged ticks induce the same degree of resistance as partially engorged ones. Nymphal ticks induced higher resistance than larvae, but the resistance conferred by both immature stages was lower than that conferred by adults; previous exposure of rabbits to adults enhanced the degree of resistance against subsequent nymphal or larval infestation. There was cross-resistance between A. maculatum, D. variabilis and R. sanguineus. Resistance induced in rabbits waned with time; rabbits became non-resistant to ticks 12 weeks after the last infestation. Resistance to tick infestation was transferred to rabbits through passive transference of serum from resistant animals. The importance of these observations to the epidemiology of field infestation of animals with ticks is discussed.

Résumé

Plusieurs experiences ont été conduits pour quantifier les degréesde resistance des lapins aux infestations de Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis et Amhlyomma maculatum. Les manifestations des résistance fu mesuré par les estimations d' “Indexe de poid Perdu”, d' “Indexe de Periode Réduite d'Egorgement” et d' “Indexe e Rejet”. Le degrée de résistance fu évalue par l'estimation de l' “Indexe de Resistance aux Tiques”. Le degré de résistance des lapins aux infestations des trois éspéersde tiques augmentait avec l'incidence de re-infestation. Les tiques completement egorgées produisaient le même degrée de résistance que les tiques partiellement égorgée. Les nymphs produisaient une résistance plus forte que celle produite par les larves, mais la résistance produite par les deux stades immature, été moins forte que celle produite par les adultes; les lapins infestés d'abord avec des adultes avaient plus de résistance aux infestations subsequents de larves et de nymphs. Chaque espèce de tique (R. sanguineus, D. variabilis et A. maculatum) produisait une résistance aux autres éspéces de tiques. La résistance des lapins aux tiques devenait moins forte avec le passage du temps: les lapins n'avaient plus de résistance 12 semaines aprés la dernière infestation. La résistance aux tiques pouvait être transfèrè aux lapins par une injection de serum de lapin résistant. L'importance des ces observations a i'epidemilogie d'infestation des animais au terrain est consideré.

Keywords

Ticksresistanceengorgement weightengorgement periodRhipicephalus sanguineusDermacentor variabilisAmblyomma maculatum
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , April 1990 , pp. 235 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bagnall, B. and Doube, B. (1975) The Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. Aust. Vet. 51, 159–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, K. P. (1960) Notes on the rearing of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and their infection with Theileria parva for experimental transmission. Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 8, 33–43.Google Scholar
Boese, J. L. (1974) Rabbit immunity to the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporispaustris (Acari: Ixodidae). I. The development of resistance. J. Med. Entomol. 11, 503–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowessidjaou, J., Brossard, M. and Aeschlimann, A. (1977) Effects and duration of resistance acquired by rabbits on feeding and egg laying in Ixodes ricinus L. Experientia 33, 528–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. J. (1982) Antibody and cell mediated immune resistance by guinea pigs to adult Amblyomma americanum ticks. J. Trop. Med. Heg. 31, 1285–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S. J., Shapiro, S. Z. and Askenase, P. W. (1984) Characterization of tick antigens inducing host immune resistance I. Immunization of guinea pigs with Amblyomma americanum-derived salivary gland extracts and identification of an important salivary gland protein antigen with guinea pig anti-tick antibodies. J. Immunol. 133, 3319–3325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, J. C. and Hays, K. L. (1972) The ticks of Alabama (Ixodidae, Acarina). Bull. Agrie. Exp. Stn. No. 426. Auburn University, Alabama, USA.Google Scholar
Cooley, R. A. and Kohls, G. M. (1984) The genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United States. J. Parasitol. 30, 77–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, J. C. and Hays, K. L. (1972) The ticks of Alabama (Ixodidae: Acarina) Bull. Agric. Exp. Stn. No. 426. Auburn University, Alabama, USA.Google Scholar
Dipeolu, O. O. and Haruna, E. A. (1984) Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria XVII. Resistance of rabbits to infestation with Amblyomma variegatum and Boophilus decoloratus (Acari:lxodidae.). Fol. Parasitol. 31, 357–362.Google Scholar
Dipeolu, O. O. (1988) Studies on ticks of Alabama: Oviposition, egg-sizes and shapes and embryonic development of Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma maculatum. Exp. Appl.Acarol. 5 (in press).Google Scholar
Fujisaki, R. (1978) Development of acquired resistance and precipitating antibody in rabbits experimentally infested with females of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Nat. Inst. Anim. Health Q. 18, 27–38.Google Scholar
Garin, N. S. and Grabarev, P. A. (1972) Protective reactions in rabbits and guinea-pigs upon repeated feeding of them of ixodid ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Letr. 1805). Med. Parazitol. Muslkva. 41, 241–291 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Hoogstraal, H. (1956) African Ixodoidea I. Ticks of the Sudan. U.S. Navy Medical Research Unit. No.3. Cairo. Egypt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGowan, M. J., Homer, J. T., Dell, G. V. O., McNew, R. W. and Barker, R. W. (1980) Performance of ticks fed on rabbits inoculated with extracts derived from homogenized ticks Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Parasitol. 66, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mongi, A. O., Shapiro, S. Z., Doyle, J. J. and Cunningham, M. P. (1986a) Immunization of rabbits with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus antigen-antibody complexes. Insect Sci. Applic. 7, 471–477.Google Scholar
Mongi, A. O., Shapiro, S. Z., Doyle, J. J. and Cunningham, M. P. (1986b) Characterization of antigens from extracts of fed ticks using sera from rabbits immunized with extracted tick antigen and by successive tick infestation. Insect Sci. Applic. 7, 479–487.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. A. and Kerr, J. D. (1976) Boophilus microplus: Passive transfer of resistance in cattle. J. Parasitol. 62, 485–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubaire-Akiki, C. M. and Mutinga, M. J. (1980) Immunological reactions associated with rabbit resistance to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann) infestations. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Product. Afr. 28, 49–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, S. Z., Buscher, G. and Dobbelaere, D. A. E. (1987) Acquired resistance to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae); Identification of an antigen eliciting resistance in rabbits. J. Med. Entomol. 24, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trager, W. (1939) Acquired Immunity to Ticks. J. Parasitol. 25, 57–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whelen, A. C., Richardson, L. K. M. and Wikel, S. K. (1986) Dot-Elisa assessment of guinea pig antibody responses to repeated Dermacentor andersoni infestations. J. Parasitol. 72, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wikel, S. K. (1981) The induction of host resistance to tick infestation with a salivary gland antigen. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30, 284–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wikel, S. K. and Allen, J. R. (1976a) Acquired resistance to ticks. I. Passive transference of resistance. Immunol. 30, 311–316.Google Scholar
Wikel, S. K. and Allen, J. R. (1976b) Acquired resistance to ticks. II. Effects of cyclophosphamide on resistance. Immunol. 30, 479–484.Google ScholarPubMed
Wikel, S. K. and Allen, J. R. (1977) Acquired resistance to ticks. III. Cobra venom factors and the resistance response. Immunol. 32, 457–465.Google ScholarPubMed
Wiston, P. W. and Bates, D. H. (1960) Saturated solutions for the control of humidity in biological research. Ecol. 41, 232–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar