Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:31:36.874Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of introduced parasitoid Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid guild on kale in semi-arid areas in Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2017

Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu ,
Brigitte Nyambo  and
Sevgan Subramanian
Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu*
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, PO Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Brigitte Nyambo
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Sevgan Subramanian
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
*
*E-mail: rkahuthia@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

Cotesia vestalis was introduced into Kenya from South Africa in March 2003 for biological control of Plutella xylostella with initial release in 2004. To confirm establishment, the rate of spread beyond the release sites and parasitism rates by C. vestalis were assessed between October 2011 and April 2012 in eastern and southeastern Kenya (Kitui, Mwingi/Yatta and Loitokitok areas). Monthly observations on kale infestation by diamondback moth, damage scores, parasitism and parasitoid guild were undertaken on 20 randomly selected plants in farmer-managed kale farms. Sampled larval and pupal stages were placed in containers and taken to the laboratory for parasitoid emergence. The infestation levels ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 DBM per plant, while damage scores ranged from 1.2 to 1.6, which correlated with the infestation levels. Cotesia vestalis was not only the most abundant parasitoid, but it had also spread to new areas from the release sites. In December, the three sites recorded an average of 50% from C. vestalis. Excluding the exotic parasitoids C. vestalis and D. semiclausum, indigenous parasitoids accounted for less than 5% total parasitism. The parasitoid guild of the diamondback moth varied between months and study sites with January recording the highest species diversity and evenness of 1.15 and 0.63, 1.28 and 0.80, 1.08 and 0.47 in Loitokitok, Kitui and Mwingi/Matuu, respectively. Therefore, C. vestalis had an impact on the management of the DBM with parasitism rate of 35% to 88% and had spread beyond the release sites.

Keywords

Plutella xylostellaCotesia vestalisparasitoid guildbiological invasionspecies diversitycompetitive displacement
Type
Research Paper
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 37 , Issue 3 , September 2017 , pp. 163 - 175
Copyright
Copyright © icipe 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alizadeh, M., Rassoulian, G. R., Karimzadeh, J., Hosseini-Naveh, V. and Farazmand, H. (2011) Biological study of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep: Plutellidae) and its solitary endoparasitoid, Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hym. Braconidae) under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 14, 1090–1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azidah, A. A., Fitton, M. G. and Quicke, D. L. (2000) Identification of Diadegma species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 375–389.Google ScholarPubMed
Batten, L. A. (1976) Bird communities of some Killarney woodlands. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science 76, 285–313.Google ScholarPubMed
Biondi, A., Desneux, N., Siscaro, G. and Zappalà, L. (2012) Using organic-certified rather than synthetic pesticides may not be safer for biological control agents: Selectivity and side effects of 14 pesticides on the predator Orius laevigatus . Chemosphere 87, 803–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, J. T. and Reeve, J. D. (2005) Host–parasitoid spatial ecology: A plea for a landscape-level synthesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, 2225–2235. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desneux, N., Decourtye, A. and Delpuech, J. M. (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 81–106. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferré, J. and Van Rie, J. (2002) Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis . Annual Review of Entomology 47, 501–533. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, R. L., Smith, J. P. and Shepard, B. M. (2005) Integrated Pest Management for Cabbage and Collard: A Grower's Guide. Publication No. EB156. Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. 31 pp.Google Scholar
Furlong, M. J., Shi, Z.-H., Liu, Y.-Q., Guo, S. J., Lu, Y. B., Liu, S. S. and Zalucki, M. P. (2004) Experimental analysis of the influence of pest management practice on the efficacy of an endemic arthropod natural enemy complex of the diamondback moth. Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 1814–1827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furlong, M. J., Wright, D. J. and Dosdall, L. M. (2013) Diamondback moth ecology and management: Problems, progress, and prospects. Annual Review of Entomology 58, 517–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahuthia-Gathu, R. (2007) Importance of wild crucifers for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoids in Kenya. PhD thesis. Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover. 140 pp.Google Scholar
Kahuthia-Gathu, R. (2013) Seasonal incidence of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its associated natural enemies in major crucifer growing areas of Kenya. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 5, 73–79. doi: 10.5897/JPBCS10.004.Google Scholar
Kahuthia-Gathu, R., Löhr, B., Poehling, H.-M. and Mbugua, P. K. (2009) Diversity, distribution and role of wild crucifers in major cabbage and kale growing areas of Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, 287–297. doi: 10.1017/S0007485308006305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kermani, N., Abu Hassan, Z.-A., Suhaimi, A., Abuzid, I., Ismail, N. F., Attia, M. and Ghani, I. A. (2014) Parasitism performance and fitness of Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) infected with Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae): Implications in integrated pest management strategy. PLoS ONE 9 (6), e100671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kfir, R. (1997) Parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in South Africa: An annotated list. Entomophaga 42, 517–523. doi: 10.1007/BF02769811.Google Scholar
Khan, M. F. R., Griffin, R. P., Carner, G. R. and Gorsuch, C. S. (2004) Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) population density and parasitism by Diadegma insulare on collard in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 21, 164–170.Google Scholar
Kibata, G. N. (1996) The diamondback moth: A problem pest of brassica crops in Kenya, pp. 47–53. In The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, 29 October–1 November, 1996, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (edited by Sivapragasam, A., Kole, W. H., Hassan, A. K. and Lim, G. S.). Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur.Google Scholar
Lane, S. D., Mills, N. J. and Getz, W. M. (1999) The effects of parasitoid fecundity and host taxon on the biological control of insect pests: The relationship between theory and data. Ecological Entomology 24, 181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, G.-S. (1992) Integrated pest management of diamondback moth: Practical realities in management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests, pp. 565–576. In The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop 10–14 December 1990, Tainan, Taiwan (edited by Talekar, N. S.). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Available at: http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/diamondback-moth/pdf/1990papers/1990DBM62.pdf.Google Scholar
Liu, S.-S., Wang, X., Guo, S. J., He, J. H. and Shi, Z.-H. (2000) Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 221– 231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y.-B., Tabashnik, B. E. and Johnson, M. W. (1995) Larval age affects resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 788–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löhr, B. and Kfir, R. (2004) Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) in Africa: A review with emphasis on biological control in improving biocontrol of Plutella xylostella , pp. 71–83. In Proceedings of the International Symposium ‘Improving Biocontrol of Plutella xylostella (edited by Kirk, A. A. and Bordat, D.). CIRAD, Montpellier.Google Scholar
Löhr, B., Gathu, R., Kariuki, C., Obiero, J. and Gichini, G. (2007) Impact of an exotic parasitoid on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) population dynamics, damage and indigenous natural enemies in Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, 337–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macharia, I., Löhr, B. and De Groote, H. (2005) Assessing the potential impact of biological control of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) in cabbage production in Kenya. Crop Protection 24, 981–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magurran, A. E. (1988) Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 192 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manyangarirwa, W., Zehnder, G. W., McCutcheon, G. S., Smith, J. P., Adler, P. H. and Mphuru, A. N. (2009) Parasitoids of the diamondback moth on brassicas in Zimbabwe, pp. 565–570. In 9th African Crop Science Conference, Cape Town, South Africa (edited by Tenywa, J. S., Joubert, G. D., Marais, D., Rubaihayo, P. R. and Nampala, M. P.). African Crop Science Society, Kampala, Uganda.Google Scholar
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G. T. (2003) Characterization and comparision of midgut proteases of Bacilllus thuringiensis susceptible and resistant diamondback moth (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 82, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momanyi, C., Löhr, B. and Gitonga, L. (2006) Biological impact of the exotic parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen), of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., in Kenya. Biological Control 38, 254–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mustata, G. (1992) Role of parasitoid complex in limiting the population of diamondback moth in Moldavia, Romania, pp. 203–211. In The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests (edited by Talekar, N. S.). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Available at: http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/diamondback-moth/pdf/1990papers/1990DBM23.pdf.Google Scholar
Neuenschwander, P. (1996) Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical Africa. Entomophaga 41, 405–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nofemela, R. S. (2010) The ability of synthetic sex pheromone traps to forecast Plutella xylostella infestations depends on survival of immature stages· Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 136, 281–289. doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01029.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nofemela, R. S. (2013) The effect of obligate hyperparasitoids on biological control: Differential vulnerability of primary parasitoids to hyperparasitism can mitigate trophic cascades. Biological Control 65, 218–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nofemela, R. S. and Kfir, R. (2005) The role of parasitoids in suppressing diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), populations on unsprayed cabbage in the North West Province of South Africa. African Entomology 13, 71–83.Google Scholar
Nyambo, B. and Löhr, B. (2005) The role and significance of farmer participation in biocontrol-based IPM for brassica crops in East Africa, pp. 290–301. In Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods (edited by Hooddle, M. S.). University of California, Riverside USA. USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2005-08.Google Scholar
Ooi, P. A. C. (1992) Role of parasitoids in managing diamondback moth in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 255–262. In Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests (edited by Talekar, N. S.). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Shanhua, Taiwan. Available at: http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/diamondback-moth/pdf/1990papers/1990DBM28.pdf.Google Scholar
Poelking, A. (1992) Diamondback moth in the Philippines and its control with Diadegma semiclausum , pp. 271–278. In The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests (edited by Talekar, N. S.). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Available at: http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/diamondback-moth/pdf/1990papers/1990DBM30.pdf.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995) Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarfraz, M. (2004) Interaction between diamondback moth and Bacillus thuringiensis . Outlooks on Pest Management 15, 167–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarfraz, M., Keddie, A. B. and Dosdall, L. M. (2005) Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: A review. Biocontrol Science and Technology 15, 763–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. (2002) SAS/STAT® 8.0 User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.Google Scholar
Sayyed, A. H., Omar, D. and Wright, D. J. (2004) Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field-selected population of Plutella xylostella . Pest Management Science 60, 827–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholtz, C. H. and Holm, E. (1985) Insects of Southern Africa. Butterworth Publishers, Durban. 502 pp.Google Scholar
Seif, A. A. and Löhr, B. (1998) Brassica planning meeting for East and Southern Africa Region, ICIPE Duduville, Kasarani Nairobi–Kenya, 12–22 May 1998. GTZ–IPM Horticulture Nairobi Project Report. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Germany.Google Scholar
Shi, Z.-H., Liu, S.-S. and Li, Y.-X. (2002) Cotesia plutellae parasitising Plutella xylostella: Host-age dependent parasitism and its effect on host development and food consumption. BioControl 47, 499–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. P. and Shepard, B. M. (2004) A binomial sequential sampling plan using a composite threshold for caterpillar management in fresh market collard. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 21, 171– 184.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1995) Biometry: The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York. 880 pp.Google Scholar
Talekar, N. S. (1996) Biological control of diamondback moth in Taiwan: A review. Plant Protection Bulletin 38, 167–189.Google Scholar
Talekar, N. S. (2004) Biological control of diamondback moth in Asia, pp. 103–115. In Improving Biocontrol of Plutella xylostella (edited by Kirk, A. A. and Bordat, D.). CIRAD, Montpellier, France.Google Scholar
Talekar, N. S. and Shelton, A. M. (1993) Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology 38, 275–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullyett, G. C. (1947) Mortality factors in populations of Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) (Tineidae: Lepidoptera) and their relation to the problem of control. Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Union of South Africa. Entomology Memoirs of the Union of South Africa, Department of Agriculture and Forestry 2, 75–202.Google Scholar
Vickers, R. A., Furlong, M. J., White, A. and Pell, J. K. (2004) Initiation of fungal epizootics in diamondback moth populations within a large field cage: Proof of concept of auto-dissemination. Entomologia Experientalis et Applicata 111, 7–17. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004. 00140.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waladde, S. M., Leutle, M. F. and Villet, M. H. (2001) Parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Field and laboratory observations. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 18, 32–37. doi:10.1080/02571862.2001.10634397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. G. and Keller, M. A. (2002) A comparison of the host searching efficiency of two larval parasitoids of Plutella xylostella . Ecological Entomology 27, 105–114. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.0374a.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar