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Pattern and rate of within-field dispersal and bionomics of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Aphididae), on selected cowpea cultivars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

I. Billy Annan ,
George A. Schaefers ,
Ward M. Tingey  and
Kailash N. Saxena
I. Billy Annan*
Affiliation:
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Agricultural Enterprise Stine-Haskell Labs, Elkton Road, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE 19714–0030, USA
George A. Schaefers
Affiliation:
Cornell University, Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Barton Lab, Box 462, Geneva, NY 14456–0462, USA
Ward M. Tingey
Affiliation:
Cornell University, Qepartment of Entomology, Insectary Building Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853–2604, USA
Kailash N. Saxena
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point Field Station P.O. Box 30, Mbita, Kenya
*
Corresponding author: IBA. E-mail: l-Billy.Annan@usa.dupont.com
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Abstract

Comparative field studies were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons at the Mbita Point Field Station of ICIPE in southwestern Kenya, to investigate the pattern and rate of dispersal of Aphis craccivora on aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cowpea cultivars in relation to key weather factors. The effects of the dispersal trends on crop performance and aphid population dynamics were analysed. Treatments consisted of initial aphid releases at the north, south, west, east and centre of test plots and uninfested controls maintained on plants for 22 days. Parameters recorded included: pattern (direction of spread of aphids) and rate (number of aphid-infested plants at a given time) in test plots; crop growth and yields and associated factors such as incidence of sooty mould and plant mortality, and aphid density and associated factors, including the incidence of natural enemy species, particularly coccinellids. Dispersal was fastest when releases were made in the west, north and centre of plots, and resulted in adveVse effects on ICV-1 growth and yields. Infestations of ICV-12 did not significantly affect crop performance. There was an apparent direct, positive relationship between wind direction and pattern of spread of aphid infestations, but this pattern was more apparent during the rainy season, when wind speeds were higher, than during the dry season. The incidence of natural enemy species correlated with the spread of aphid infestations, while the abundance of coccinellids correlated with aphid density.

Résumé

Des essais comparatifs en champs on été conduits en saison sèche et en saison pluvieuse à la Station Expérimentale de l' ICIPE, à Mbita-Point (Sud-Ouest du Kenya). Ceux-ci avaient pour objet d'étudier, en fonction des facteurs climatiques principaux, le mode de répartition et les taux de dispersion du puceron Aphis craccivora chez cultivars de niébé, dont le premier (ICV-12) résistant et le second (ICV-1) sensible. Les effets du mode de dispersion sur la performance de la culture et la dynamique de populations du puceron étaient analysés. Les traitements consistaient en lâchers initiaux de pucerons dans les points cardinaux (nord, sud, ouest, est, centre) des parcelles expérimentales et témoins. Les pucerons étaient maintenus sur les plantes pour une durée de 22 jours. Les paramètres étudiés étaient la direction de dispersion du puceron et le taux d'infestation des plantes, à l'intérieur des parcelles sous essais et à un temps donné; la croissance des plantes et les rendements. En plus de ces paramètres, étaient étudiés des facteurs associés comme l'incidence de miellat et la dépérissement de la plante; la densité du puceron et les facteurs associés dont: l'incidence des ennemis naturels et plus particulièrement les coccinelles. La dispersion des pucerons était plus rapide quand les lâchers étaient effectués dans les parties ouest, nord ou centre des parcelles. De tels lâchers avaient des effets néfastes sur la croissance et les rendements du cultivar ICV-1. Les infestations du cultivar ICV-12 n'ont pas significativement affecté la performance de la culture. Il y avait une relation directe et positive entre la direction du vent et la dispersion des infestations du puceron. Bien encore, cette dispersion était plus apparente pendant la saison pluvieuse quand la vitesse du vent était plus grande, plutôt qu'en saison sèche. L' incidence des ennemis naturels collérait avec la dispersion des infestations de pucerons tandis que l' abondance de coccinelles collérait avec la densité du puceron.

Keywords

Aphis craccivorawind directionwithin-field dispersalphenologycowpeaVigna unguiculataaphid natural enemiesbionomicsKenyaAphis craccivoradirection du ventdispersion à l'intérieur du champphénologieniébéVigna unguiculataennemis naturels du puceronbionomiesKenya
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 1999 , pp. 1 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1999

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