International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Consent of States Parties — Pact of Bogotá — Exception to jurisdiction for disputes settled before entry into force of Pact — Dispute between Bolivia and Chile regarding Bolivian access to the Pacific Ocean — War of the Pacific — 1904 Treaty of Peace — Whether Chile had subsequently agreed to negotiate to give Bolivia sovereign access to the sea — Whether dispute had been settled before the entry into force of the Pact — Whether objection possessing an exclusively preliminary character

Diplomatic relations — Peaceful settlement of disputes — Duty to negotiate — Whether duty of peaceful settlement giving rise to duty to negotiate to achieve a specific result — Whether expression of willingness to negotiate imposing binding obligation — Obligations of result

General principles of international law — Estoppel — Conditions for estoppel — Legitimate expectations — Whether forming part of international law

Territory — Sovereignty — Treaty of peace — 1879 War of the Pacific — Bolivia losing coastal territory to Chile — 1904 Treaty of Peace — Whether Bolivia possessing sovereign rights of access to the Pacific notwithstanding loss of coastline — Whether Chile under a duty to negotiate sovereign access for Bolivia

Treaties — Diplomatic exchanges — Whether constituting treaty — Whether giving rise to binding legal obligations — Expressions of willingness to negotiate — Whether creating legal obligation to negotiate so as to achieve specific result

War and armed conflict — Treaty of peace — Territory acquired by use of force during nineteenth century — Subsequent recognition of title of victorious State by treaty of peace

State responsibility — Imputability — International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility — International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations — Imputability in context of United Nations peacekeeping operations — Responsibility of troop-contributing countries — Ultimate control — Effective control

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — United Nations — Peacekeeping — United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 1993 — Rwandan genocide — The law of Belgium

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Immunity of individual officials — Head of State immunity — Immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae — Immunity ratione personae confined to Head of State and certain high-ranking officials — Immunity ratione materiae applicable only in respect of official acts — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Vice-President of State accused of misappropriation of funds and money laundering by authorities of another State — Whether entitled to immunity — Immunity of diplomatic agents — State sovereignty — Customary international law — The law of France

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Exceptions — Acta jure gestionis — Acta jure imperii — Once a trader always a trader — State of emergency — Law-making — Legislature regulating legal relations initially established by acta jure gestionis qualifying as acta jure imperii

Economics, trade and finance — European Monetary Union — Hellenic Republic — Public debt — Bonds — Greek sovereign debt crisis — Sovereign debt restructuring — Collective Action Clauses — Secondary market — Bond exchange — Financial stability

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany — General principle of international law — Article 25 of German Basic Law — Right to a lawful judge — The law of Germany

State responsibility — Attribution — United Nations peacekeeping troops — Dutch battalion contingent of United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (“Dutchbat”) — Responsibility for conduct of Dutchbat — Acts of Dutchbat taking place up until 23.00 on 11 July 1995 under UN flag — Whether attributable to Netherlands — Whether Netherlands having effective control over acts — UN International Law Commission Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, Articles 4(1) and 8 — Dutchbat United Nations organ — Whether Dutchbat’s conduct taking place under direction or control of Netherlands — Effective control standard — Whether Netherlands responsible for Dutchbat’s conduct at relevant time

International organizations — Responsibility — United Nations — Peacekeeping troops — Dutchbat — Dutchbat United Nations organ — Responsibility for conduct of Dutchbat — Acts of Dutchbat taking place up until 23.00 on 11 July 1995 under UN flag — Ultra vires conduct — Attribution to UN — UN International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations 2011, Article 8

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Effect — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 — Article I — Obligation to prevent genocide — Interpretation of provision in accordance with Articles 31-3 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Text of Genocide Convention — Legislative history of Genocide Convention — Whether Contracting Parties intending obligation to have direct effect — Whether terms of provision sufficiently precise to be applied directly — Whether obligation having direct effect in proceedings between civilians and Netherlands

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 — Article I — Obligation to prevent genocide — Whether Article I of Genocide Convention having direct effect within meaning of Articles 93 and 94 of Constitution of the Netherlands — Interpretation of provision in accordance with Articles 31-3 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Text of Genocide Convention — Legislative history of Genocide Convention — Whether Contracting Parties intending obligation to have direct effect — Whether terms of provision sufficiently precise to be applied directly — Whether obligation having direct effect in proceedings between civilians and Netherlands

International criminal law — Genocide — Whether Netherlands failing to prevent genocide perpetrated by Bosnian Serbs — Obligation to prevent genocide in Article I of Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 — Whether Netherlands violating Article I of Genocide Convention — Whether Article I having direct effect in proceedings between civilians and Netherlands

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 2 and 3 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Protection of rights to life and physical integrity — Whether Dutchbat’s acts wrongful to be assessed under Dutch law — Applicable standard — Article 6:162 of Dutch Civil Code — Duty of care — Standards derived from Articles 2 and 3 of European Convention inherent in duty of care — Whether Court of Appeal applying correct standard

Human rights — Rights to life and physical integrity — Treaties — Standards — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 2 and 3 — War situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina — Evacuation of refugees — Rights of male refugees — Violation of rights by Bosnian Serbs — Whether Dutchbat’s command knew, or reasonably ought to have known, at time of evacuation of real risk of violation of those rights — Whether Dutchbat acting wrongfully — Whether wrongful for Dutchbat to continue to cooperate in evacuation of refugees located in safe area outside compound — Whether wrongful for Dutchbat not to offer male refugees the choice of remaining in compound — Whether real chance that male refugees could have escaped Bosnian Serbs if remaining in compound — Estimation of chance

Damages — Claim for damages — Whether Netherlands to pay compensation — Whether order of Court of Appeal for compensation to be paid — Whether based on incorrect interpretation of law — Whether incomprehensible — Whether claim for damages could only be lodged by surviving relatives of male refugees evacuated from compound on 13 July 1995 — Whether Mothers of Srebrenica Association could claim damages — The law of the Netherlands

State immunity — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Articles 30, 31 and 32 — Rules applicable to warships — Non-compliance by warships with laws and regulations of coastal State — United States vessel entering restricted area of Philippine waters — Responsibility of flag State for damage caused by warship — Immunities of warships — Philippines–United States of America Visiting Forces Agreement, 1998 — Whether any waiver of immunity — Role of executive

Sea — Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea — Convention not ratified by United States — Customary international law — Coastal State rights — Marine environment — Whether relevant provisions of treaty codifying customary international law — Whether United States responsible for environmental damage — Whether United States immune from suit

Jurisdiction — United States vessel entering restricted area of Philippine waters — Whether act jure imperii — Environmental damage — Whether United States having immunity — Whether Philippines barred from exercising jurisdiction over United States respondents — Article XVI of Philippines Constitution, 1987

Environment — Marine environment — Right to a healthful ecology — Intergenerational responsibility — Writ of Kalikasan — The law of the Philippines

Treaties — Ratification — Application — Treaty between Russia and Republic of Crimea on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia and on Forming New Constituent Entities within the Russian Federation, 2014 — Treaty not yet in force — Constitutional review of treaty as a prerequisite for ratification — Ratification necessary before international treaty can enter into force — Signature of Treaty by Russian President — Date of entry into force — Whether Treaty can be applied before entry into force — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Procedure for signature, conclusion and enactment of Crimea Accession Treaty — Treaty provision content — Whether compatible with Constitution of Russian Federation

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Signature — Ratification — Application — Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and on Forming New Constituent Entities within the Russian Federation, 2014 — Compatibility with Constitution of Russian Federation — Constitutional review of Treaty prerequisite for ratification — Article 128(3) of Constitution — Federal Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation — Federal Constitutional Law on Accession to the Russian Federation and Establishment of a New Constituent Entity within the Russian Federation — Whether Treaty can be applied before entry into force — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Procedure for signature, conclusion and enactment of Crimea Accession Treaty — Treaty provision content — Whether compatible with Constitution of Russian Federation — Effect of legal acts in new constituent territories — Integration of Russian legal system

Territory — Acquisition — Accession — Accession of Republic of Crimea to Russian Federation — New constituent territories — Republic of Crimea — Federal city of Sevastopol — Treaties — Treaty between Russian Federation and Republic of Crimea on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and on Forming New Constituent Entities within the Russian Federation, 2014 — Whether accession carried out in accordance with Constitution of Russian Federation — Whether accession carried out in accordance with Treaty — Whether accession carried out in accordance with federal constitutional laws — Whether Treaty compatible with Constitution — Procedure for future accessions — Legal status of constituent territories — Regulation of State border — Integrity and inviolability of Russian territory — Constitutional values — Citizenship — Transition period — Military service — Elections — Effect of legal acts in new constituent territories

Nationality — Citizenship — Stateless persons — Crimea acceding to Russian Federation — New constituent territories of Russian Federation — Republic of Crimea — Federal city of Sevastopol — Ukrainian citizens and resident stateless persons at time of accession — Automatic Russian citizenship — Option to retain existing citizenship — Article 5 of Treaty between Russian Federation and Republic of Crimea on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and on Forming New Constituent Entities within the Russian Federation, 2014 — Whether compatible with Constitution of Russian Federation — The law of the Russian Federation

State immunity — Immunity from execution — Customary international law — United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004 — Articles 19 and 21 — Whether property of a State central bank immune from measures of constraint

Arbitration — Post-Award enforcement — Attachment — Whether property of a State central bank immune from attachment in satisfaction of an arbitral award rendered against the State — The law of Sweden

State responsibility — International organizations — Attribution — Kosovo — United Nations Security Council — Security Council Resolution 1244 — Kosovo — United Nations Special Representative for Kosovo — North Atlantic Treaty Organization — Kosovo Force — Troop-contributing nations — United Kingdom — Ethnic tensions — Killings — Failure of Kosovo Force to investigate crimes — Whether conduct of Kosovo Force attributable to United Nations or to United Kingdom

Jurisdiction — Territorial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Exceptions to jurisdiction — Effective control — State agent authority — Kosovo Force — United Kingdom — Protection from violence — Police investigations — Whether United Kingdom exercising effective control of Kosovo at relevant time — Whether United Kingdom exercising physical authority or control

Human rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Right to life — Article 3 — Right to be free from subjection to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment — Article 8 — Article 13 — Human Rights Act 1998 — Positive obligation — Whether United Kingdom having operational protective duty — Whether United Kingdom having investigative duty — Jurisdiction — Whether limitation period under Human Rights Act 1998 could be extended — Whether Human Rights Act 1998 can be applied retrospectively — Customary international law

State immunity — Security Council Resolution 1244 — Kosovo — Kosovo Force — United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Regulation 2000/47 — Joint Declaration of Special Representative of Secretary General and Commander of Kosovo Force, 17 August 2000 — The law of England

State responsibility — International organizations — Attribution — Kosovo — European Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo — Special Prosecutions Office of the Republic of Kosovo — Prosecutor seconded to Special Prosecutions Office — United Kingdom — Foreign and Commonwealth Office — Ethnic tensions — Killings — Abductions — Failure of Special Prosecutions Office to investigate crimes — Whether conduct of Special Prosecutions Office attributable to United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Jurisdiction — Territorial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 1 — Exceptions to jurisdiction — State agent authority — European Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo — Special Prosecutions Office of the Republic of Kosovo — United Kingdom prosecutor seconded to Special Prosecutions Office — Police investigations — Whether United Kingdom exercising extra-territorial jurisdiction in Kosovo by reason of State agent authority

Human rights — Right to life — Prohibition of torture — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Article 3 –– Positive obligation — Human Rights Act 1998 — Whether United Kingdom having investigative duty — Whether investigative duty arising in respect of events before Human Rights Act 1998 entering into force — Whether investigative duty arising where no breach of substantive right

International organizations — Immunity — United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo Regulation 2000/47 — European Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo — Special Prosecutions Office of the Republic of Kosovo — Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Kosovo — Executive Decision No 2008/36 — Prosecutor seconded from Foreign and Commonwealth Office to Special Prosecutions Office of the Republic of Kosovo — Whether immunity protecting Foreign and Commonwealth Office — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdiction — State Immunity Act 1978 — Arbitration — Spain seeking to set aside order granting English claimant company permission to serve application claim form — Appointment of arbitrator — Whether Spain entitled to State immunity — Whether Spain lacking immunity under Sections 2, 3 or 9 of Act — Whether Spain having submitted to jurisdiction of the Court — Whether arbitration proceedings relating to a commercial transaction entered into by Spain — Whether proceedings relating to a contractual obligation falling to be performed in United Kingdom — Whether Spain having agreed in writing to submit dispute to arbitration

Arbitration — Arbitration Act 1996 — English claimant company seeking to appoint arbitrator in proceedings against Spain — Whether Spain entitled to State immunity under State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether court having jurisdiction to appoint an arbitrator — The law of England