The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable crimes — Principle of specialty — Whether prohibits proceedings for revocation of conditional suspension of sentence imposed prior to and not covered by extradition — Germany-Switzerland Extradition Treaty, 1874 and Exchange of Notes, 1936 — Consent of extraditing State — Whether lawfully given — Whether a matter for courts of requesting State — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Extradition of national for crimes committed on national’s State territory — Germany — Great Britain Extradition Treaty, 1872 — Extradition Act 1870 — Whether requesting State has jurisdiction to try for offences in the absence of identical offences under the law of the surrendering State — Principle of speciality — Relevance of Treaty and Extradition Act — Restriction on criminal jurisdiction — Section 19 of Extradition Act — The law of England

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Germany-Great Britain Extradition Treaty, 1872 — Extradition Act 1870 — Section 19 — Facts on which extradition based — Facts on which charges based — Particular offences not identical in surrendering and requesting State — Principle of specialty — Limitations on common principles of criminal jurisdiction — Whether confined to section 19 — The law of England

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Double criminality — Non-expiry of period of limitation for prosecution — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Definition — Extradition of German SS Officer accused of war crimes — Whether mass executions of unarmed civilians constitute political crimes — The law of Switzerland

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Reprisals — Legitimate reprisals under international law Requirement of proportionality — Mass executions of unarmed civilians — The law of Switzerland

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — Defence of superior orders — Extradition of German war criminal — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure of — Role of courts in examining extradition request — Whether able to take account of defences or alibis of accused — Conditions of extradition — Double criminality — Non-expiry of period of limitation for prosecution — Extradition of German SS Officer accused of war crimes — Whether mass executions of unarmed civilians constitute political crimes — Whether permissible under international law as legitimate reprisals in wartime — Requirement of proportionality — Defence of superior orders — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Definition — Requirement of proportionality between crime and political objective — Subjective test — Assassination attempt on foreign Head of State — Necessity for assassination to be a “last resort” — Whether “last resort” where target is embodiment of State political system — The law of Switzerland

The individual in intemational law — Extradition — In general — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — Effect on existingbilateral treaties and municipal law of Contracting States — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable crimes — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — Compulsory extradition subject to double criminality and minimum period of imprisonment for offence — Article 2 (1) — so-called "accessory extradition" — Article 2 (2) — Right of Contracting State to exclude certain offences from extradition — Article 2 (3) and (4)Possible persecution for political opinions — Article 3 (2) — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Definition — European Convention on Extradition, 1957, Article 3 — Whether criteria left to municipal law — Requirement of proportionality between crime and political objective — Terrorist bomb attacks performed by anarchist without credible motive — Conditions of extradition and extraditable crimes under Convention — Compulsory extradition subject to double criminality and minimum period of imprisonment for offence — Article 2 (1) — So-called “accessory extradition” — Article 2 (2) — Right of Contracting State to exclude certain offences from extradition — Article 2 (3) and (4) — Possible persecution for political opinions — Article 3 (2) — Effect of Convention on existing bilateral treaties and municipal law of Contracting States — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Re-extradition to third State — Requirement of consent by original extraditing State — Applicable bilateral legal relations — Whether consent of accused to re-extradition also required — Whether fact that person sought is present involuntarily in requested State relevant — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Extradition treaties — Interpretation of old treaties by reference to modern international treaty practice of contracting party — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Miscellaneous — Re-extradition to third State — Requirement of consent by original extraditing State — Applicable bilateral legal relations — Germany-Switzerland Extradition Treaty, 1874 and Exchange of Notes, 1936 — Whether consent of accused to re-extradition also required — Primacy of treaty provisions over municipal law — France-Switzerland Extradition Treaty, 1869 — Interpretation by reference to modern Swiss extradition treaty practice — Whether fact that person sought is present involuntarily in requested State relevant — Whether fear of prosecution for political crime not mentioned in extradition request relevant where prohibited by extradition treaty — The law of Switzerland

The individual in inter Bationallaw — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Refugees — Extradition of — Whether entitled to equality of treatment with nationals of receiving State — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 33 — Whether applicable to extradition — The law of Switzerland

The individual in intemational law — Extradition — In general — Extent to which ordre public may preclude extradition under customary intemationallaw — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Of nationals — Whether prohibited by German — Swiss Extradition Treaty, 1874 — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable crimes — Extortion in connection with illegal export to Eastern Europe — Whether extraditable crime — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Whether extortion in connection with illegal export to Eastern Europe a political offence — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Miscellaneous — Extradition of refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 33 — Whether applicable to extradition — Whether extradition of nationals prohibited — Germany-Switzerland Extradition Treaty, 1874 — Extortion in connection with illegal export to Eastern Europe — Whether extraditable crime — Whether political crime — Extent to which ordre public may preclude extradition under customary international law — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — International conventions — Whether provisions take precedence over municipal conflict of laws rules — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Positionof — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognizedunder Convention — Whether restricted by operation of municipal conflict of laws rules — Primacy of Convention rules — Articles 12 (1) and 16 of Convention — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognized under Convention — Whether restricted by operation of municipal conflict of laws rules — Primacy of Convention rules — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Practice followed by political and administrative authorities in Contracting States — Weight to be given to such practice by municipal courts — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Conditions for acquisition of status of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 — Qualifying date — Persons leaving their State of nationality “as a result of events occuring before 1 January 1951” — Whether persons leaving as a result of later events may also qualify for refugee status where those events are a sequel to earlier events — Protocol to the Convention, 1966 — Removal of qualifying date — Interpretation of Convention by reference to administrative practice of Contracting States — Weight to be given to such practice — Divorce jurisdiction of receiving State over refugees recognized under Convention — Whether restricted by operation of conflict of laws rules under municipal law — Primacy of Convention rules — Articles 12 (1) and 16 of Convention — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right of protection of citizens abroad — Victim of Nazi persecution in occupied France — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Duty to provide protection incumbent upon State of nationality at time of injury — Person mistakenly treated as French national — Whether entitled to claim compensation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Protection by the national State — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for reparations claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Victim of Nazi persecution — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victim of Nazi persecution Reparations claim — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Status of — Whether may be granted to person mistakenly treated as national of receiving State — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 E — Victim of Nazi persecution — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for reparations claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Duty to provide protection incumbent upon State of nationality at time of injury — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes, 1979, between German Democratic Republic and United States — Interpretation — Weight to be given to Department of State views — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Exemption of diplomatic property from taxation — Agreement on Reciprocal Exemption of Diplomatic Property from Real Estate Taxes, 1979, between the German Democratic Republic and the United States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Sections 1609 and 1610 — Whether commercial acquisition of property necessarily implies use of property as commercial activity — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes between German Democratic Republic and United States, 1979 — Whether Agreement part of Law of the Land — Whether United States grant of immunity takes precedence over local denial of immunity — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Immunity from local taxation of property owned by German Democratic Republic — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes, 1979, between the German Democratic Republic and the United States of America — Whether President had authority to enter into Agreement — Diplomatic Relations Act 1978 — Whether immunities primarily serve individuals or foreign sovereign — Whether United States grant of immunity takes precedence over county's denial of immunity — Interpretation of 1979 Agreement — Weight to be given to Department of State views — Whether commercial acquisition of property necessarily implies use of property as commercial activity — Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, sections 1609 and 1610 — The law of the United States

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for Nuclear Research — Senior official — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN — Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — The law of Switzerland

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Senior official of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN-Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — Execution of judgment debt against wife relating to lawyer's fees incurred in court proceedings where immunity waived — Claim to immunity by wife — Whether operates retroactively — Suspension of proceedings pending decision by CERN on waiver — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Bilateral agreements — Whether prevent enactment of general norms of municipal law and their application to foreign nationals not covered by such agreements — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by such agreements — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Double taxation agreements — Whether prevent enactment of general norms of municipal law on double taxation and their application to foreign nationals not covered by agreements — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by agreement — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Double taxation agreements — Whether prevent enactment of norms of municipal law on double taxation and their application to foreign nationals not covered by agreement — Primacy of treaty rules over municipal law for nationals of States covered by bilateral agreements — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Whether international treaty takes precedence over subsequently enacted provisions of municipal law — Relevance of categorization of municipal legislation as matter of public policy in forum State — ‘Special cases’ exempted by international convention from the application of its provisions — Whether designation of such cases a matter for the discretion of the municipal authorities — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35, Annex 9 — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Baggage in transit at international airport — Whether any right of search — Whether travellers liable to prosecution for failure to declare contents of such baggage — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35 and Annex 9 — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Annexes to international conventions promulgated after their entry into force — Whether enforceable in municipal courts without additional enabling legislation — Chicago Convention, 1944, Annex 9 — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Whether subsequently enacted municipal legislation overrides existing international convention — Relevance of categorisation of municipal legislation as matter of public policy in forum State — ‘Special cases’ exempted by Convention from application of its provisions — Whether designation of such cases a matter for discretion of municipal authorities — Annex to Convention promulgated after its entry into force — Whether enforceable under municipal law without additional enabling legislation — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Article 35 and Annex 9 — Jurisdiction over territory and persons and property situated therein — Baggage in transit at international airport — Whether any right of search — Whether travellers liable to prosecution for failure to declare contents of such baggage — The law of France

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Incorporation of international convention into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden — Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Incorporation of international conventions into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Objectives of treaty as defined in preamble — Travaux preparatoires — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Ordinary meaning — Intention of the parties — Travaux préparatoires — Extensive interpretation — Context — Objectives of treaty — Preamble — Principle of effectiveness — Principle of good faith — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — Incorporation of treaties into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — Principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden-Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Order in Council incorporating Agreement into English law — Interpretation of “exchange contracts” — Principles of interpretation — The law of England

lnternational organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Article VIII (2) (b) — Regulation of currency and international exchange — Interpretation of “exchange contracts” Objects and purposes of Agreement — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Plain and natural meaning of words — Objects and purposes of treaty — Interpretation in the light of treaty as a whole — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement, 1945 — Article VIII (2) (b) — Order in Council incorporating Agreement into English law — Meaning of “exchange contracts” — Textual meaning — Whether extending to ordinary commodity transactions — The law of England

International organization and administration — International officials — Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherche de Saint-Louis (“ISL”) — Dispute over employment classification of technician — Staff Regulations — Provision for recourse to municipal courts — Jurisdiction of French courts — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Claim for unjust enrichment related to a dishonoured cheque — Whether cheque drawn by State — owned bank — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Article VII(3) — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Claim for unjust enrichment — Applicable law — Whether national law — Article V — General principles of law — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Claim for unjust enrichment related to a dishonoured cheque — Jurisdiction — Whether cheque drawn by State-owned bank — Article VII (3) — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Unjust enrichment as an element of State responsibility — Law applicable to claim — Article V — General principles of law — Evidence of unjust enrichment — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Claim on behalf of United States shareholders of Canadian company — Whether company a United States national within meaning of Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles 11(1) and VII(2) — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Claim on behalf of United States shareholders of Canadian company — Whether company a United States national within meaning of Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles 11(1) and VII(2) — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Evidence — Nationality of claim of Canadian company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles II (1) and VII (2) — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Purchase agreement between Iranian corporation and Swiss subsidiary of Canadian company — Jurisdiction over claim on behalf of United States shareholders — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles II (1) and VII (2) — Nationality of claim — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control Canadian company — Evidence — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal