States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Sovereign immunity from prejudgment attachment — Explicit waiver — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Romania — United States Trade Agreement, 1975 — Waiver of immunity from suit or execution or other liability — Whether having any bearing upon waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from prejudgment attachment — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — State trading corporations and central banks — Whether agencies or instrumentalities of States within meaning of Section 1603(b) — Explicit waiver of immunity — Romania-United States Trade Agreement, 1975 — Waiver of immunity from suit or execution or other liability — Whether having any bearing upon waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment — Relief by injunction — Whether possible — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether treaty given an authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether giving treaty authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse, 1963 — 0fficial — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unfair dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — International organizations — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse — Legal status — Official — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unlawful dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Agreement on the establishment of the Office, 1963, between the Federal Republic of Germany and France — Publication in French Journal Officiel — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether gives agreement authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

lnternational organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — World Health Organization — Regional office of Pan American Health Organization — Whether absolutely immune from suit in United States courts — Whether supervision of personnel and allocation of office space constitutes commercial activity — The law of the United States

International organization and administration — Intemational officials — Director of Pan American Health Organization — Whether immune from suit in individual capacity — International Organizations Immunities Act 1945 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — International organizations — Suit for breach and interference with contract — Whether properly invoked immunity shields defendant from defence burden — Whether international organization absolutely immune from suit in United States courts — International Organizations Immunities Act 1945 — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether restrictive immunity doctrine applies — Whether supervision of personnel and allocation of office space by international organization constitutes commercial activity under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — Immunity from suit of international officials in individual capacity — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Extradition — Of nationals — Alleged murder committed abroad — Extradition request — Power to arrest without warrant — Extradition Act 1870 — The law of jamaica

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Alleged murder committed abroad — Extradition request — Power to arrest without warrant — Common law power to arrest and detain fugitives — Whether replaced by Extradition Act 1870 — The law of jamaica

State territory — Miscellaneous — Definition of State territory — Whether includes ships on high seas — Fiction of ship as floating piece of State territory — Whether acceptable — Decision of Permanent Court of Intemational Justice in Lotus case, 1927 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Competence to levy corporate taxation on foreign company operating business on board ship on high seas — Requirement that establishment or representative be maintained within State territory — Definition of State territory — Fiction of ship as floating piece of State territory — Whether acceptable — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Denmark — Federal Republic of Germany Double Taxation Agreement, 1962 — Understanding between fiscal authorities of contracting States regarding application — Whether binding on municipal courts in absence of legislative enactment — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For enforcement of hovering, revenue and other municipal laws — Jurisdiction of flag State over ships — Competence to levy corporate taxation over foreign company operating business on board ship on high seas — Requirement that establishment or representative be maintained in State territory — Definition of State territory — Fiction that ship is piece of State territory — Whether acceptable — Decision of Permanent Court of International Justice in Lotus case 1927 — Denmark — Federal Republic of Germany Double Taxation Agreement, 1962 — Understanding between fiscal authorities of contracting States regarding application — Whether binding on municipal courts in absence of legislative enactment — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — State succession — Respect for private rights — Algerian accession to independence — Expropriation of property of French national by Algerian authorities following independence — Whether responsibility of France engaged — Evian Agreements, 1962 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — In general — Absolute responsibility and responsibility based on fault — Expropriation of property of French national by Algerian authorities following independence of Algeria — Whether responsibility of France engaged — Alleged failures of France at the time of negotiation of Evian Agreements, 1962 — Whether constitutional principle of equality of nationals with regard to public burdens applicable — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — In general — Absolute responsibility and responsibility based on fault — Expulsion of French national from Egypt following Suez conflict of 1956 — Refusal of Egyptian authorities to allow his return to Egypt — France-United Arab Republic General Agreement, 1958 — Whether responsibility of France engaged by virtue of provisions in Agreement or through failure to provide adequate diplomatic protection — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Foreign shareholders in Iranian joint stock public company — Governmental control of corporate entity — Government appointed board of directors — Whether amounting to a “taking”of property — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — Expropriation of foreign property — Whether giving rise to obligation to compensate — Standard of compensation — Valuation of property — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Indirect foreign ownership of public joint stock company — Assumption of control by State authorities — Whether amounting to expropriation — Compensation — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Whether applicable to non — nationals of State parties — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Whether protection extends to nonnationals of either State party — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United State Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Miscellaneous — Award on agreed terms by Iran- United States Claims Tribunal — Concurring opinion — Meaning of — Whether appropriate — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Iranian public joint stock company — Indirect foreign ownership — Assumption of control by State authorities — Replacement of elected board of directors — Preclusion of shareholders from participation in management — Whether amounting to expropriation — Whether giving rise to obligation to compensate — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Applicability to nonnationals of State parties — Customary international law — Standards of compensation — Prompt, adequate and effective — Whether date of expropriation to be date of valuation — Whether responsibility for diminution in value due to revolution occurring prior to expropriation — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Award on agreed terms — Concurring opinion — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Requisition of private property in Algeria by United States Army during Second World War — Agreement between France and United States for succession of France to resultant contractual obligation — Whether failures in conduct of France related to agreement justiciable by municipal administrative courts — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Requisition of private property in Algeria by United States Army during Second World War — Agreement between France and the United States providing for succession of French State to resultant contractual obligation — Whether responsibility of France engaged by considerable delay in making payment — Whether alleged failure in conduct of French State relating to agreement justiciable by municipal administrative courts — The law of France

Disputes — Unilateral means of redress short of war — Retorsion — Iranian Assets Regulations issued by United States following seizure of United States hostages in Iran — Whether an independent cause of ensuing events — Effects on lease agreement — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Payments under lease agreement — Lessee wholly owned and controlled by Government of Iran — Iranian Assets Regulations issued by United States following seizure of United States hostages in Iran — Whether frustrating purpose of lease — Whether making performance impossible — Applicable law — Whether lease discharged — Foreseeability of frustration — Attributability of supervening events — Whether United States acts an independent cause of ensuing events — Consequences of discharge of lease — Arbitration costs — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual and other obligations — Mandate concluded between French Government and foreign lawyer for legal representation of Foundation “Waqf Abou Mediane” — Claim for payment of outstanding fees — Whether French State liable under mandate — Whether obligation assumed by Algeria following its accession to independence — Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co — operation between Algeria and France, 1962, Article 18 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For other breaches of contractual obligations — Mandate concluded between French government and foreign lawyer for legal representation of Foundation “Waqf Abou Mediane” — Claim for payment of outstanding fees — Whether France liable under mandate — Whether obligation assumed by Algeria following its accession to independence — Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co-operation between Algeria and France, 1962, Article 18 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive inaction — Explosion at sea caused by undetected second world war mine — Action for damages — Responsibility of France for damage occurring outside territorial waters — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Connected with legislation — Application of administrative notice abolishing imports quotas in accordance with Franco-Indian Treaty, 1954 — Annulment of notice for excès de pouvoir in absence of appropriate enabling legislation for Treaty — Whether private company suffering loss through application of notice entitled to claim compensation from French State — Treaty subsequently ratified with result that favourable rights of company abolished with effect from date prior to issue of notice — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non — discrimination — Claim for compensation brought by alien for time spent in detention on remand when innocent — Rejection of claim because of lack of reciprocity of treatment in claimant's State of nationality — Whether constitutes discrimination contrary to Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany 1949, Article 3 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Plea of non-discrimination against foreigners — Claim for compensation brought by foreign national for time spent in detention on remand when innocent — Rejection of claim because of lack of reciprocity of treatment in claimant’s State of nationality — Whether discrimination contrary to Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany, Article 3 — Whether justifiable on the basis of need to strengthen diplomatic protection of nationals abroad — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to obligations for delinquencies (torts) — Attack on property of French judge serving in Algeria following its accession to independence — Obligation of Algerian authorities to pay compensation under Franco — Algerian judicial Protocol, 1962 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts of insurgents, rioters and private individuals in general — Attack on property of French judge serving in Algeria following its accession to independence — Obligation of Algerian authorities to pay compensation under Franco-Algerian Judicial Protocol, 1962 — Default of Algerian authorities — Whether France liable to meet claim as guarantor — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Purpose of — Whether intended to divest President of authority to settle claims of United States nationals against foreign governments — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Suspension of attachments of Iranian assets located in the United States — Whether a "taking" of property requiring just compensation under United States Constitution — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Jurisdiction of United States Court of Claims — Treaty exception clause of Statute of the Court of Claims — Whether precluding Court of Claims from hearing claims for takings in the future — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right of protection of citizens abroad — United States Hostage Act 1868 — Intention and purpose of — Whether Iranian hostage crisis within scope of Act — The law of the United States

Disputes — Arbitration — Miscellaneous — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — lran — United States Claims Tribunal — Authority of United States President to settle claims in United States courts against Iran — Whether claims not within jurisdiction of Claims Tribunal could revive — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive order implementing Declarations — Authority of the President of the United States to settle claims in United States courts against Iran — Nullification of attachment of Iranian property — Whether authorized by International Emergency Economic Powers Act or Hostage Act — Intention and purpose of Hostage Act — Whether Iranian hostage crisis within scope of Act — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Purpose of — Whether intended to divest President of authority to settle claims of United States nationals against foreign governments — Whether claims not within jurisdiction of Iran-United States Claims Tribunal could revive — Whether suspension of attachments a “taking” of property requiring just compensation under United States Constitution — Jurisdiction of United States Court of Claims — Treaty exception clause — Whether precluding Court of Claims from hearing claims for taking in the future — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to marry — Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany 1949, Article 6 (1) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 12 — Extent of right to marry — Conflict of laws rule requiring application of foreign law in determining eligibility of foreign national to marry — Application of such rule resulting in denial of right to marry — Whether basic constitutional rights take precedence over the application of foreign law — Whether such precedence contrary to respect for foreign legal orders required under international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Necessity for municipal legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — Effect of municipal legislation ratifying Convention — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 (1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time in determination of criminal charge — Whether right extends to all stages of a case up to final judgment — Case taking over ten years — Criteria for deciding reasonableness of length of proceedings — Whether factors particular to the accused to be taken into account — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation by reference to corresponding terms contained in municipal law of contracting States — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 5 — Right to liberty and security of person — Detention on remand — Whether unlawful detention creates right to compensation under Article 5 (5) — Whether detention on remand included in permissible exceptions under Article 5 (1) (c) — Interpretation of terms in Convention by reference to concepts contained in municipal law — Interpretation of Article 5 (1) (c) as one unit together with Article 5 (3) — Whether lawfulness of detention for purposes of Convention to be decided according to municipal law — Whether reasonable suspicion that a person has committed an offence sufficient on its own to justify deprivation of liberty under Article 5 (1) (c) — Conviction and sentence — Accused serving part of one-year prison sentence and subsequently acquitted in fresh trial — Original conviction and sentence which were objectively wrong — Whether right to compensation under Article 5 (5) where facts before the court at the time justified conviction and sentence — Whether any right to compensation under Article 5 (5) where judgment and sentence have become final under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 (1) — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time in determination of criminal charge — Appropriate remedy for violation — Whether proceedings should be stayed — Whether violation to be taken into account in calculating sentence — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany