Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:37:35.244Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Argumentation and Compromise: Ireland's Selection of the Territorial Status Quo Norm

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2007

Markus Kornprobst
Markus Kornprobst
Affiliation:
Magdalen College, University of Oxford, markus.kornprobst@politics.ox.ac.uk
Get access

Abstract

How do states come to select norms? I contend that, given a number of conditions are present, states select norms in three ideal-typical stages: innovative argumentation, persuasive argumentation, and compromise. This norm selection mechanism departs from the existing literature in two important ways. First, my research elaborates on the literature on advocacy networks. I explain why agents engage in an advocacy for a normative idea in the first place; I add the epistemic dimension of reasoning to argumentation theory; and I show in detail the pathways through which persuasive argumentation links an advocated idea and already-established sets of meaning. Second, synthesizing rationalist and constructivist selection mechanisms, I contend that successful argumentation makes recalcitrant actors eager to reach a compromise with the advocates as long as this does not violate their most cherished beliefs. The Republic of Ireland's eventual selection of the territorial status quo norm in the late 1990s lends empirical evidence to this norm selection mechanism.I would like to thank Michael Barnett, Steven Bernstein, Corneliu Bjola, Ian Cooper, Ted Hopf, Sandy Irvine, Jennifer Mitzen, Daniel Nexon, Nisha Shah, Janice Gross Stein, Susan Gross Solomon, Allona Sund, Vincent Pouliot, Alexander Wendt, Ruben Zaiotti, and, most of all, Emanuel Adler for very helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. I am also greatly indebted to the anonymous reviewers and the editors of IO for their detailed and insightful comments. Funding for this research was generously provided by an Ontario Graduate Fellowship, the Joint Initiative for German and European Studies at the University of Toronto, and the Mershon Center at the Ohio State University.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , January 2007 , pp. 69 - 98
Copyright
© 2007 The IO Foundation and Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acharya, Amitav. 2004. How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism. International Organization 58 (2):239–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 1991. Cognitive Evolution: A Dynamic Approach for the Study of International Relations and Their Progress. In Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, 128–73. New York: Columbia University Press.
Adler, Emanuel, and Peter Haas. 1992. Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program. International Organization 46 (1):367–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahern, Bertie. 1985. Dáil Éireann Debates 361, 20 November, col. 2856–63.
Aristotle. 1995. Rhetorik. Translated by Franz G. Sieveke. Munich, Germany: Wilhelm Fink.
Barnett, Michael. 1999. Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change: Israel's Road to Oslo. European Journal of International Relations 5 (1):5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books.
Bernstein, Steven. 2000. Ideas, Social Structure and the Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism. European Journal of International Relations 6 (4):464–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaney, Neil. 1974. Dáil Éireann Debates 275, 6 November, col. 1109–10.
Booth, Lionel. 1959. Dáil Éireann Debates 176, 7 July, col. 639–44.
Bruton, John. 1990. Dáil Éireann Debates 403, 28 November, col. 471–74.
Bruton, John. 1993. Dáil Éireann Debates 437, 17 December, col. 1243–56.
Campbell, John. 2004. Institutional Change and Globalization. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Carter, Frank. 1974. Dáil Éireann Debates 275, 6 November, col. 1185.
Checkel, Jeffrey. 2001. Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change. International Organization 55 (3):553–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1976. De Oratore. Translated by Harald Merklin. Stuttgart, Germany: Reclam.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2003. Topica. Translated by Tobias Reinhardt. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Cortell, Andrew P., and James W. Davis. 2005. When Norms Clash: International Norms, Domestic Practices, and Japan's Internalization of the GATT/WTO. Review of International Studies 31 (1):3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosgrave, Liam. 1962. Dáil Éireann Debates 194, 5 April, col. 1356–58.
Costello, Declan. 1961. Dáil Éireann Debates 191, 11 July, col. 560–61.
Crawford, Neta. 2002. Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cruz, Consuelo. 2000. Identity and Persuasion: How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures. World Politics 52 (3):275–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, Xinyuan. 2005. Why Comply? The Domestic Constituency Mechanism. International Organization 59 (2):363–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, Alan J. 1992. The Northern Ireland Question. In Border and Territorial Disputes, 3d ed., edited by John B. Allcock, 120–41. Harlow, England: Longman.
De Rossa, Proinsias. 1993. Dáil Éireann Debates 437, 17 December, col. 1286–89.
De Valera, Eamon. 1980a. A Race That Never Ceased to Strive. In Speeches and Statements by Eamon de Valera: 1917–73, edited by Maurice Moynihan, 35–36. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
De Valera, Eamon. 1980b. Ireland's Request. In Speeches and Statements by Eamon de Valera: 1917–73, edited by Maurice Moynihan, 36–46. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Dillon, James. 1962. Dáil Éireann Debates 198, 13 December, col. 1354.
Downs, George, David Rocke, and Peter Barsoom. 1996. Is the Good News About Compliance Good News About Cooperation? International Organization 50 (3):379–406.Google Scholar
Eagly, Alice H., Wendy Wood, and Shelly Chaiken. 1978. Causal Inferences About Communicators and Their Effects on Opinion Change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (2):424–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanning, Ronan. 1990. Irish Neutrality. Neutrals in Europe: Ireland, Edited by Bo Huldt and Ari Lejins, 1–24. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. 1978. Reden an die deutsche Nation. Hamburg, Germany: Meiner.
Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization 52 (4):887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FitzGerald, Garret. 1972. Towards a New Ireland. London: Charles Knight.
FitzGerald, Garret. 1991. All in a Life: Garrett FitzGerald, an Autobiography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Foley, Desmond. 1972. Dáil Éireann Debates 258, 4 February, col. 1081.
Florini, Ann. 1996. The Evolution of International Norms. International Studies Quarterly 40 (3):363–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1989a. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Routledge.
Foucault, Michel. 1989b. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Routledge.
Girvin, Brian. 1994. Constitutional Nationalism and Northern Ireland. In The Northern Ireland Question: Perspectives and Policies, edited by Brian Barton and Patrick J. Roche, 5–52. Aldershot, England: Avebury.
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Goldstein, Judith, and Robert O. Keohane. 1993. Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework. In Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, edited by Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, 3–30. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Goodman, James. 1996. Nationalism and Transnationalism: The National Conflict in Ireland and European Union Integration. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1995a. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns I: Handlungsrationalität und gesellschaftliche Rationalisierung. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1995b. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns II: Zur Kritik der funktionalistischen Vernunft. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1998. Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
Hall, Peter. 1986. Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harney, Mary. 1993. Dáil Éireann Debates 437, 17 December, col. 1259–69.
Harris, Clodagh. 2001. Anglo-Irish Elite Cooperation and the Peace Process: The Impact of the EEC/EU. Irish Studies in International Affairs 12:203–14.Google Scholar
Herz, Dietmar. 1989. Frieden und Stabilität: Die Nordirland-Politik der Republik Irland 1969–1987. Bochum, Germany: Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer.
Holzinger, Katharina. 2001. Kommunikationsmodi und Handlungstypen in den Internationalen Beziehungen: Anmerkungen zu einigen irreführenden Dichotomien. Zeitschrift für internationale Beziehungen 8 (2):243–86.Google Scholar
Howe, Stephen. 2000. Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Hyde, Douglas. 1986. On the Necessity of De-Anglicising Ireland. In Douglas Hyde: Language, Lore and Lyrics, edited by Breandán Ó Conaire, 153–70. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
Ivory, Gareth. 1999. Revisions in Nationalist Discourse Among Irish Political Parties. Irish Political Studies 14 (1):84–103.Google Scholar
Keating, Justin. 1971. Dáil Éireann Debates 252, 3 March, col. 257.
Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Keck, Otto. 1995. Rationales kommunikatives Handeln in den internationalen Beziehungen, Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 2 (1):5–48.Google Scholar
Kelemen, R. Daniel, and Eric C. Sibbitt. 2004. The Globalization of American Law. International Organization 58 (1):103–36.Google Scholar
Keogh, Dermot. 1995. Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Kornprobst, Markus. 2005. Episteme, Nation-Builders and National Identity: The Re-construction of Irishness. Nations and Nationalism 11 (3):403–22.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1989. Rules, Norms and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuhn, Thomas. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Laffey, Mark, and Jutta Weldes. 1997. Beyond Belief: Ideas and Symbolic Technologies in the Study of International Relations. European Journal of International Relations 3 (2):193–237.Google Scholar
Langlois, Catherine, and Jean-Pierre Langlois. 2004. Provisions for Noncompliance and Treaty Value: A Game Theoretic Perspective. International Studies Quarterly 48 (2):383–408.Google Scholar
Legro, Jeffrey. 2000. Whence American Internationalism. International Organization 54 (2):253–89.Google Scholar
Lehane, Con. 1948. Dáil Éireann Debates 113, 14 December, col. 1515.
Lemass, Noel. 1962. Dáil Éireann Debates 194, 5 April, col. 1370–71.
Luckmann, Thomas. 1991. Die unsichtbare Religion. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
MacBride, Séan. 1949. Dáil Éireann Debates 117, 12 July, col. 695–709.
MacLaughlin, Jim. 2001. Reimagining the Nation-State: The Contested Terrains of Nation-building. London: Pluto.
Mac Laverty, Bernard. 1983. Cal. London: Jonathan Cape.
Mair, Peter. 1987. Breaking the Nationalist Mould. In Beyond the Rhetoric: Politics, the Economy and Social Policy in Ireland, edited by Paul Teague, 81–110. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
March, James, and Johan Olsen. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.
McDowell, Michael. 1993. Dáil Éireann Debates 437, 17 December, col. 1274–89.
Meier, Charles. 1999. The End of Longing? In The Postwar Transformation of Germany: Democracy, Prosperity, and Nationhood, edited by John S. Brady, Beverly Crawford, and Sarah Elise Wiliarty, 271–85. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Müller, Harald. 1994. Internationale Beziehungen als kommunikatives Handeln: Zur Kritik der utilitaristischen Handlungstheorien. Zeitschrift für internationale Beziehungen 1 (1):15–44.Google Scholar
National Development Plan. 2005. Ireland and the E.U. Structural Funds. Available at 〈http://www.csfinfo.com/htm/overview/structural_funds.htm〉. Accessed 15 September 2006.
Norris, David. 1988. Seanad Éireann 124, 16 November, col. 935.
Nölle-Neumann, Elisabeth. 1980. Die Schweigespirale: öffentliche Meinung, unsere soziale Haut. Munich, Germany: Piper.
O'Brien, Conor Cruise. 1972. States of Ireland. London: Hutchinson.
O'Brien, Conor Cruise. 1999. Memoir: My Life and Themes. Dublin: Poolbeg.
Odell, John. 1982. U.S. International Monetary Policy: Markets, Power, and Ideas as Sources of Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
O'Halpin, Eunan. 1999. Defending Ireland: The Irish State and Its Enemies Since 1922. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
O'Higgins, Thomas. 1948. Dáil Éireann Debates 113, 14 December, col. 1516–17.
O'Leary, Michael. 1972. Dáil Éireann Debates 260, 18 April, col. 477–93.
O'Malley, Desmond. 1985. Dáil Éireann Debates 361, 21 November, col. 2985–86.
Patterson, Glenn. 1988. Burning Your Own. London: Chatto & Windus.
Perelman, Chaïm, and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. 1958. Traité de l'argumentation. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Quinn, Bob (director). 1983. Atlantean. De Facto Films. Ireland.
Reynolds, Albert. 1988. Dáil Éireann Debates 384, 16 November, col. 769.
Risse, Thomas. 2000. ‘Let's Argue!’: Communicative Action in World Politics. International Organization 54 (1):1–39.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas, Stephen Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds. 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ross, Shane. 1988. Seanad Éireann 384, 16 November, col. 721.
Ruggie, John. 1975. International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends. International Organization 29 (3):557–83.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John. 1993. Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations. International Organization 47 (1):139–74.Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2003. The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simmons, Beth. 2000. International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs. American Political Science Review 94 (4):819–35.Google Scholar
Skelly, Joseph. 1997. Irish Diplomacy at the United Nations, 1945–1965: National Interests and the International Order. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
Smith, Anthony. 1979. Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England: Martin Robertson.
Somers, Margaret. 1994. The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society 23 (5):605–49.Google Scholar
Swidler, Ann. 1986. Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological Review 51 (2):273–86.Google Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas. 2002. Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, and the European Union. International Organization 56 (3):609–43.Google Scholar
Toulmin, Stephen. 1990. Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wiener, Antje. 2004. Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics. European Journal of International Relations 10 (2):189–234.Google Scholar
Yeats, William Butler. 1990. A Vision and Related Writings. London: Arena.
Zacher, Mark W. 2001. The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force. International Organization 55 (2):215–50.Google Scholar