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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 November 2024
Objectives: Population ageing will lead to a dramatic increase in dementia prevalence globally. Recent evidence suggests a decline in dementia incidence in HIC due to increasing education levels and improvements in cardiovascular health. Although, most of the increase will occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), there are no recent estimates of dementia prevalence and incidence in LMICs. The present study aimed to examine new trends on dementia prevalence and incidence in Latin-America and associations of socioeconomic determinants and cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: Sample size included older adults from Latin America (Cuba, Dominican Republic [DR], Puerto Rico [PR], and Mexico) drawn from the 10/66 Dementia Research Group study. We compare wave 1 (2003–2006) with wave 3 (2016 – 2019) of 10/66 studies. The main outcome was dementia prevalence relative to previous waves. Dementia diagnosis was determined according to the 10/66 dementia criteria. All the 10/66 waves used the same standardized assessments and protocols.
Results: Comparing the first wave (2003 - 2006) with the third wave (2016 - 2019) in four Latin American countries – Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru – reveals significant trends in dementia prevalence. Preliminary data suggest an increase in the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru, while Cuba slightly declined, from 12.4 percent in Wave 1 to 10.1 percent in Wave 3. In contrast, the Dominican Republic’s age-adjusted prevalence rose from 11.5 percent to 13.6 percent, Peru from 9.2 percent to 16.8 percent, and Mexico from 8.3 percent to 17.1 percent. Despite, improvements in levels of education, increases in dementia prevalence were associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity and heart disease in the later-born cohorts. Self-reported stroke is also rising.
Conclusions: The increasing prevalence of dementia in LAC underscores the urgent need for targeted health interventions. Prevention strategies should emerge as a key focus in the battle against dementia in Latin America. Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly impact the incidence and prevalence ofdementia.
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