Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:13:17.738Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Does psychological resilience mediate the relation between daily functioning and prefrailty status?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2021

Axelle Costenoble Open the ORCID record for Axelle Costenoble [Opens in a new window] ,
Gina Rossi Open the ORCID record for Gina Rossi [Opens in a new window] ,
Veerle Knoop Open the ORCID record for Veerle Knoop [Opens in a new window] ,
Aziz Debain Open the ORCID record for Aziz Debain [Opens in a new window] ,
Celeste Smeys ,
Ivan Bautmans Open the ORCID record for Ivan Bautmans [Opens in a new window] ,
Dominique Verté Open the ORCID record for Dominique Verté [Opens in a new window] ,
Patricia De Vriendt Open the ORCID record for Patricia De Vriendt [Opens in a new window]  and
Ellen Gorus Open the ORCID record for Ellen Gorus [Opens in a new window]
Axelle Costenoble
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
Gina Rossi
Affiliation:
Personality and Psychopathology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
Veerle Knoop
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
Aziz Debain
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
Celeste Smeys
Affiliation:
Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
Ivan Bautmans
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
Dominique Verté
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Belgian Ageing Studies Research Group, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
Patricia De Vriendt
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Arteveldehogeschool, Ghent, Belgium
Ellen Gorus*
Affiliation:
Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Gerontology Department, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Ellen Gorus, PhD, Gerontology (GERO) and FRIA Research Departments, VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium. Email: ellen.gorus@vub.be.
Get access

Abstract

Objectives:

Understanding of prefrailty’s relationship with limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) moderated by psychological resilience is needed, as resilience might support ADLs’ maintenance and thus protect against frailty. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of psychological resilience (using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale; CD-RISC) on the relation between ADLs and frailty status of older individuals (i.e. prefrail versus robust).

Design:

Cross-sectional design.

Setting:

UZ Brussels, Belgium.

Participants:

Robust (Fried 0/4;n = 214; Age = 82.3 ± 2.1yrs) and prefrail (Fried 1-2/4; n = 191; Age = 83.8 ±3.2yrs) community-dwelling older individuals were included.

Measurements:

Frailty scores were obtained from weight loss, exhaustion, gait speed, and grip strength. A total Disability Index (DI) expressed dependency for basic (b-), instrumental (i-), and advanced (a-)ADLs. Mediation was investigated by estimating direct and indirect effects of all levels of ADLs and CD-RISC total score on prefrailty/robustness using a stepwise multiple regression approach.

Results:

Prefrailty/robustness significantly correlated with a-ADL-DI (point-biserial correlation (rpb) = 0.098; p<0.05). Adjusted for age and gender, the a-ADL-DI (p<0.05) had a significant protective direct effect against prefrailty. No effects were found with the CD-RISC total score.

Conclusions:

Less limitation in a-ADLs is a directly correlated factor of prefrailty and might represent a higher likelihood of robustness.

Keywords

frailtyassessmentactivities of daily livingdisabilityresilienceolder individualsCD-RISCdaily functioning
Type
Original Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 34 , Special Issue 3: Issue Theme: Positive Psychiatry Factors and Health , March 2022 , pp. 253 - 262
Copyright
© International Psychogeriatric Association 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Axelle Costenoble and Gina Rossi have contributed equally to this article and should be indexed as shared first authorship.

References

Barberger-Gateau, P., Rainville, C., Letenneur, L. and Dartigues, J. F. (2000). A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach. Disability and Rehabilitation, 22, 308–317. doi: 10.1080/096382800296665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao Dinh, H. et al. (2019). Association between immunosenescence phenotypes and pre-frailty in older subjects: does cytomegalovirus play a role?. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 74, 480–488. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chmitorz, A. et al. (2018). Intervention studies to foster resilience - A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 78–100. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O. and Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet, 381, 752–762. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (2009). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NY: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Collerton, J. et al. (2012). Frailty and the role of inflammation, immunosenescence and cellular ageing in the very old: cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 133, 456–466. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.05.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, K. M. and Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornelis, E., Gorus, E., Beyer, I., Bautmans, I. and De Vriendt, P. (2017). Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia through basic and instrumental activities of daily living: development of a new evaluation tool. PLOS Medicine, 14, e1002250. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornelis, E., Gorus, E., van Weverbergh, K., Beyer, I. and De Vriendt, P. (2018). Convergent and concurrent validity of a report- versus performance-based evaluation of everyday functioning in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders in a geriatric population. International Psychogeriatrics, 30, 1837–1848. doi: 10.1017/S1041610218000327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vriendt, P. et al. (2012). The process of decline in advanced activities of daily living: a qualitative explorative study in mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 974–86. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211002766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vriendt, P. et al. (2013). The advanced activities of daily living: a tool allowing the evaluation of subtle functional decline in mild cognitive impairment. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 17, 64–71. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0381-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vriendt, P., Mets, T., Petrovic, M. and Gorus, E. (2015). Discriminative power of the advanced activities of daily living (a-ADL) tool in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in an older population. International Psychogeriatrics, 27, 1419–1427. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215000563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubbelman, M. A. et al. (2020). Decline in cognitively complex everyday activities accelerates along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12, 138. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00706-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edjolo, A., Proust-Lima, C., Delva, F., Dartigues, J. F. and Peres, K. (2016). Natural History of Dependency in the Elderly: A 24-Year Population-Based Study Using a Longitudinal Item Response Theory Model. American Journal of Epidemiology, 183, 277–85. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, M., Folstein, SE. and Mchugh, PR. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freitag, S. and Schmidt, S. (2016). Psychosocial Correlates of Frailty in Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel), 1. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics1040026.Google ScholarPubMed
Fried, L. P. et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56, M146–56. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, B., Brintnell, E. S. and Goldberg, J. (2002). The Relationship Between Engagement in Meaningful Activities and Quality of Life in Persons Disabled by Mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 18, 17–44. doi: 10.1300/J004v18n02_03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griep, Y. et al. (2017). Can volunteering in later life reduce the risk of dementia? A 5-year longitudinal study among volunteering and non-volunteering retired seniors. PLoS One, 12, e0173885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haak, M., Lofqvist, C., Ullen, S., Horstmann, V. and Iwarsson, S. (2019). The influence of participation on mortality in very old age among community-living people in Sweden. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 265–271. doi: 10.1007/s40520-018-0947-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, S. E., Concato, J. and Gill, T. M. (2004). Resilience of community-dwelling older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 257–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52065.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoogendijk, E. O. et al. (2019). A New Functional Classification Based on Frailty and Disability Stratifies the Risk for Mortality Among Older Adults: The FRADEA Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(9), 1105–1110. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.01.129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A. and Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 185, 914–9.10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, S., Rametta, R., Poulter, M., Vogrin, S. and Yates, P. (2020). Resilience, frailty and outcomes in geriatric rehabilitation. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 39, e205–e209. doi: 10.1111/ajag.12754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M. P. and Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Z. H. et al. (2020). Leisure activities and all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population: a prospective community-based cohort study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21, 713–719 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.08.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mello, A. D. C., Engstrom, E. M. and Alves, L. C. (2014). Health-related and socio-demographic factors associated with frailty in the elderly: a systematic literature review. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30, 1143–1168. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00148213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendoza-Nunez, V. M. and Vivaldo-Martinez, M. (2019). Community Gerontology Model for Healthy Aging Developed in Mexico Framed in Resilience and Generativity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 34, 439–459. doi: 10.1007/s10823-019-09385-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minimol, K. (2016). Risk Assessment and Strengths Based Case Management in Elderly Care– Scope of Social Work Practice. Artha - Journal of Social Sciences, 15, 121–133. doi: 10.12724/ajss.37.7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, J. E. et al. (2013). Frailty consensus: a call to action. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14, 392–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orme, J. G., Reis, J. and Herz, E. J. (1986). Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 28–33.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, E., Bloomfield, K. and Boyd, M. (2019). Resilience, not frailty: a qualitative study of the perceptions of older adults towards “frailty”. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 14, e12261. doi: 10.1111/opn.12261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickard, S. et al. (2019). New horizons in frailty: the contingent, the existential and the clinical. Age and Ageing, 48, 466–471. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afz032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preacher, K. J. and Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–91. doi: 10.3758/brm.40.3.879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasiah, J. et al. (2020). Prefrailty in older adults: a concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 108, 103618. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuben, D. B. and Solomon, D. H. (1989). Assessment in geriatrics. Of caveats and names. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 570–2. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05691.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosnow, R. L. and Rosenthal, R. (1996). Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other people’s published data: general procedures for research consumers. Psychological Methods, 1, 331–340. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.1.4.331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Grao, M. C. et al. (2020). Frailty, depression risk, and 10-year mortality in older adults: the FRADEA study. International Psychogeriatrics, 1–10. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220003506.Google ScholarPubMed
Salem, B. E. et al. (2014). Constructing and identifying predictors of frailty among homeless adults-a latent variable structural equations model approach. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 58, 248–56. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.09.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., Gahbauer, E. A., Gill, T. M. and Rockwood, K. (2008). A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatrics, 8, 24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-8-24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sipers, W., Verdijk, L. B., Sipers, S. J. E., Schols, J. and van Loon, L. J. C. (2016). The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17, 7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirola, J., Pitkala, K. H., Tilvis, R. S., Miettinen, T. A. and Strandberg, T. E. (2011). Definition of frailty in older men according to questionnaire data (RAND-36/SF-36): The Helsinki Businessmen study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 15, 783–787. doi: 10.1007/s12603-011-0131-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sisto, A. et al. (2019). Towards a transversal definition of psychological resilience: a literature review. Medicina (Kaunas), 55. doi: 10.3390/medicina55110745.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, B. W. et al. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200. doi: 10.1080/10705500802222972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steverink, N., Slaets, J. P. J., Schuurmans, H. and van Lis, M. (2001). Measuring frailty: developing and testing the GFI (Groningen frailty indicator). Gerontologist, 41, 236–237.Google Scholar
Travers, J., Romero-Ortuno, R., Bailey, J. and Cooney, M. T. (2019). Delaying and reversing frailty: a systematic review of primary care interventions. British Journal of General Practice, 69, e61–e69. doi: 10.3399/bjgp18X700241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treichler, E. B. H. et al. (2020). A pragmatic trial of a group intervention in senior housing communities to increase resilience. International Psychogeriatrics, 32, 173–182. doi: 10.1017/S1041610219002096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Vorst, A. et al. (2017). Explaining discrepancies in self-reported quality of life in frail older people: a mixed-methods study. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 251. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0641-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagnild, G. M. and Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165–78.Google ScholarPubMed
WHO (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.Google Scholar
WHO (2015). World report on ageing and health [Online]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_eng.pdf;jsessionid=80597619065F423E5FE4E780F4B345C5?sequence=1; accessed 7 February 2020.Google Scholar
Wilkins, J. M. et al. (2021). Predictors of the importance of everyday preferences for older adults with cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 1–8. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220003956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windle, G., Bennett, K. M. and Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 8. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-9-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, R. J. et al. (2021). Psychological contributors to the frail phenotype: the association between resilience and frailty in patients with cirrhosis. American Journal of Transplantation, 21, 241–246. doi: 10.1111/ajt.16131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y. and Wen, M. (2015). Psychological Resilience and the Onset of Activity of Daily Living Disability Among Older Adults in China: A Nationwide Longitudinal Analysis. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 70, 470–80. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yesavage, J. A. and Sheikh, J. I. (2008). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165–173. doi: 10.1300/J018v05n01_09.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamudio-Rodriguez, A. et al. (2020). The disability process: is there a place for frailty?. Age and Ageing, 49, 764–770. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afaa031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar