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Japanese–English language equivalence of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument among Japanese-Americans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2008

Laura E. Gibbons ,
Susan McCurry ,
Kristoffer Rhoads ,
Kamal Masaki ,
Lon White ,
Amy R. Borenstein ,
Eric B. Larson  and
Paul K. Crane
Laura E. Gibbons*
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A.
Susan McCurry
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A.
Kristoffer Rhoads
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, U.S.A.
Kamal Masaki
Affiliation:
Kuakini Medical Center and the Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Lon White
Affiliation:
Kuakini Medical Center and the Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Amy R. Borenstein
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, U.S.A.
Eric B. Larson
Affiliation:
Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A.
Paul K. Crane
Affiliation:
Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A.
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Laura E. Gibbons, Box 359780, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, U.S.A. Phone: +1 (206) 744 1842; Fax: +1 (206) 744 9917. Email: gibbonsl@u.washington.edu.
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Abstract

Background: The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) was designed for use in cross-cultural studies of Japanese and Japanese-American elderly in Japan and the U.S.A. The measurement equivalence in Japanese and English had not been confirmed in prior studies.

Methods: We analyzed the 40 CASI items for differential item functioning (DIF) related to test language, as well as self-reported proficiency with written Japanese, age, and educational attainment in two large epidemiologic studies of Japanese-American elderly: the Kame Project (n=1708) and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS; n = 3148). DIF was present if the demographic groups differed in the probability of success on an item, after controlling for their underlying cognitive functioning ability.

Results: While seven CASI items had DIF related to language of testing in Kame (registration of one item; recall of one item; similes; judgment; repeating a phrase; reading and performing a command; and following a three-step instruction), the impact of DIF on participants' scores was minimal. Mean scores for Japanese and English speakers in Kame changed by <0.1 SD after accounting for DIF related to test language. In HAAS, insufficient numbers of participants were tested in Japanese to assess DIF related to test language. In both studies, DIF related to written Japanese proficiency, age, and educational attainment had minimal impact.

Conclusions: To the extent that DIF could be assessed, the CASI appeared to meet the goal of measuring cognitive function equivalently in Japanese and English. Stratified data collection would be needed to confirm this conclusion. DIF assessment should be used in other studies with multiple language groups to confirm that measures function equivalently or, if not, form scores that account for DIF.

Keywords

cognitive testingcross-culturaldementiadifferential item functioningitem response theorytest bias
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , February 2009 , pp. 129 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2008

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