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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2024
The aim of this review was to describe the usage and effectiveness of errorless learning in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) rehabilitation methods reported in the literature over the past 10 years.
Two databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE) using the key words “errorless learning and ADL and IADL”. Articles published in the last 10 years in English were considered.
4 studies were identified that included 94 people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 129 people with stroke (104 with amnesia and 25 with ideational apraxia ).
One study on AD patients showed that it is possible for them to re-learn relevant IADL activities using the errorless learning (EL) and spaced retrieval (SR) techniques and to maintain these gains for at least 3 months (t =2.811; df =22.246; p=0.010).
In another study on AD patients, participants with AD had to re-learn three IADLs. All three learning methods (including EL) had similar efficiency (F(2,94)=21,99). However, the intervention resulted in greater improvement in actual IADL task performance than in explicit knowledge.
In another study, structured ADL re-training in stroke survivors with amnesia significantly increased functional independence (MD: 4.90, SE=1.4, 95% confidence interval) and shortened time of hospitalisation (mean difference: 5.22, SE= 1.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 8.7).
The fourth study presented a model in which patients with post-stroke ideational apraxia attended tea making training sessions during which progress was monitored and feedback was provided via a computer system. A qualitative analysis of errors was conducted before training, and the most common errors observed were those related to kettlebell and continuous perseveration. After training, the frequency of errors decreased for all error types except for skipping a step.
The results of the studies discussed demonstrate the wide range of applications of error-free learning protocols in both AD patients and post-stroke patients. A clearly specified but flexible training protocol, together with information on error distribution, provide pointers for further refinement of task model approaches in ADL and IADL rehabilitation.
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