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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 January 2010
An exposé of the nature of the penitentials would take us far into the long history of penance in the Eastern and Western Churches of Christendom and, in particular, to the supersession of public by private penance. In spite of the efforts of many scholars the steps in this process are still far from clear. All that can be said here is that the system of private penance depicted in the penitentials appears in the North West corner of Christendom at a time when public penance was virtually obsolete throughout the rest of Christendom.
page 11 note 1 The wording of the penitentials is explicit in this respect. Their authors were perfectly aware of the distinction between “private” wars and those carried out by the King's command (public wars), participation in the former being considered a far greater sin. (Author's note).