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Preventing violence and generating humane values: Healing and reconciliation in Rwanda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2011

Ervin Staub
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Type
Research Article
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International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 85 , Issue 852: Afrique et l'action humanitaire/Africa and humanitarian action , December 2003 , pp. 791 - 806
Copyright
Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 2003

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References

** The work in Rwanda that is referred to in this article was conducted in collaboration with Dr Laurie Anne Pearlman, a clinical psychologist and trauma specialist, in collaboration with Rwandan individuals and organizations, especially the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission of Rwanda, and with the help of both U.S. and Rwandan assistants. It has been supported by the John Templeton Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, the Dart Foundation, the U.S. Aid for International Development and a private donor.

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21 Staub, “From healing past wounds”, op. cit. (note 19), p. 7.

22 Des Forges, op. cit. (note 13), p. 5.

23 Staub, Pearlman, and Miller, “Healing the roots”, op, cit. (note 1); E. Staub, Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing or Intractable Conflict: Healing and Understanding, forthcoming (on file with author).

24 Des forges, op. cit. (note 13), p. 5.

25 Staub, E., “The roots of evil: Personality, social conditions, culture and basic human needs”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 179–192CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Staub, Reconciliation after Genocide, op. cit. (note 23), p. 8.

26 Staub, Pearlman, and Miller, “Healing the roots”, op. cit. (note l).

27 Staub, The Roots of Evil, op. cit. (note 5), p. 3; Staub, “Personality, social conditions”, op. cit. (note 25).

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31 Staub, The Roots of Evil, op. cit. (note 5), p. 3.

32 Staub et at, Healing, Forgiving and Reconciliation, op. cit. (note 1), p. 2.

33 J. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, Basic Books, New York, 1992; McCann and Pearlman, op. cit. (note 18), p. 7; Pearlman, L. and Saakvitne, K., Trauma and the Therapist, Norton, New York, 1995.Google Scholar

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42 Staub, The Roots of Evil, op. cit. (note 5), p. 3; Staub,“Personality, social conditions”, op. cit. (note 25), p. 9.

43 Staub, The Roots of Evil, op. cit. (note 5), p. 3.

44 Staub, Ibid., p. 3; Staub, “Breakingthe cycle”, op. cit. (note 28), p. 10; Staub, The psychology of good and evil, op. cit. (note 10), p. 4.

45 Staub and Pearlman, “Healing, reconciliation and forgiving”, op. cit. (note 2), p. 2; Staub, Pearlman, and Miller, “Healingthe roots”, op. cit. (note 1).

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51 Staub, “Personality, social conditions”, op. cit. (note 25), p. 9. In the aftermath of the genocide, during the presidential debates leading up to the 2000 elections, candidate George W. Bush said that he would not have sent troops to Rwanda, although in the aftermath of the genocide it seemed that a small contingent of troops could have prevented the genocide. Candidate Al Gore followed Bush's lead and agreed.

52 Ibid.