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Superior orders and the International Criminal Court: Justice delivered or justice denied

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2010

Charles Garraway
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Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 81 , Issue 836: XXVIIe Conférence Internationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge/27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent , December 1999 , pp. 785 - 794
Copyright
Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 1999

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References

1 Gaeta, Paola, “The defence of superior orders: The Statute of the International Criminal Court versus customary international law”, European journal of International Law, Vol. 10, 1999, pp. 172 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Levie, Howard S., “The rise and fall of an internationally codified denial of the defense of superior orders”, Revue internationale de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre, Vol. 31, 1991, pp. 183 ff.Google Scholar

3 For a fuller account of the trial see Greppi, Edoardo, “The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law”, IRRC, No. 835, September 1999, pp. 533 ff.Google Scholar

4 Oppenheim, L., International Law: A Treatise, Vol. 2, 1906, p. 264.Google Scholar

5 The Llandovery Castle Case, Annual Digest 3923–1924, Case No. 235, Full Report, 1921 (CMD. 1450), p. 45.

6 Oppenheim, L., International Law: A Treatise, Vol. 2, 6th ed., 1940, pp. 453–455.Google Scholar

7 History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War, 1948, cited in Levie, op. cit. (note 2)

8 Ibid.

9 Report of Jackson, Robert H., United Nations Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials, 1949, pp. 22Google Scholar and 24, cited in Levie, op. cit. (note 2).

10 Ibid., pp. 367/8.

11 Trials of War Criminals, Vol. XI, p. 1236.

12 Ibid., Vol. IV, p. 411.

13 Ibid., Vol. IX, p. 511.

14 See “Formulation of the Nuremberg Principles”, International Law Commission Yearbook 1950, p. 374.

15 Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, Vol. IIB, p. 115.

16 Official Record of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, Vol. III, p. 331

17 Ibid., Vol. VI., p. 308.

18 See Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the Battlefield, Manchester University Press, 1996, pp. 144/5.Google Scholar

19 Gaeta, , loc. cit. (note 1), p. 188.Google Scholar

20 See the original proposal of the United States, A/CONF.183/C.1/WGCP/L.2, 16 June 1998.

21 This text is still under discussion in the Preparatory Commission.