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To inform or govern? 150 years of the International Review of the Red Cross, 1869–2019

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2019

Daniel Palmieri
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Abstract

The International Review of the Red Cross (formerly the Bulletin Internationale des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés) is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2019, making it the oldest of the general publications produced by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Originally created as a communication tool for the entire International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Review rapidly changed its course to become first the primary mouthpiece of the ICRC for many years, and finally an academic journal. This article will retrace the history of this evolution, during which, under cover of humanitarianism, political factors played a significant role.

Keywords

International Review of the Red CrossBulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires BlessésInternational Red Cross and Red Crescent Movementinformationpublications
Type
Articles
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 100 , Issue 907-909: 150 years of humanitarian reflection , April 2018 , pp. 71 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © icrc 2019 

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Footnotes

*

The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the International Committee of the Red Cross.

References

1 Naville, Marcel A., “The Centenary of our Publication”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 9, No. 103, 1969, p. 520Google Scholar (Review’s translation). This article shall refer to the French-only Revue and its 1948–61 English supplement by the French title, reserving International Review of the Red Cross for the English edition that first appeared in 1961.

2 Here, “Comité” refers to the Comité International de Secours aux Militaires Blessés (International Committee for the Relief of Wounded Soldiers), the name by which the ICRC was known until December 1875.

3 The exact date of the first issue is unknown. In a letter, publisher Georg in Geneva mentions having received copies of the Bulletin on 22 October: see ICRC Archives (ICRCA), A AF 16, 2/202. The ICRC gives the date of 23 October: see “Compte des débiteurs pour annonces”, ICRCA, A AF 47, Registre des abonnés au Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés.

4 “Aux abonnés du Bulletin”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 5, No. 20, 1874, p. 193CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 This article cannot possibly deal with all the problems that one might associate with the history of the Review. For instance, it shall not address issues such as how the readership received or receives the publication, or the journal's ability to influence the debate on IHL.

6 ICRC, Conférences internationales à Paris: Sociétés de secours aux militaires des armées de terre et de mer, Paris, Commission Générale des Délégués, 1867, p. XII.

7 Mémorial des vingt-cinq premières années de la Croix-Rouge 1863–1888 publié par le Comité international à Genève, Imprimerie B. Soullier, Geneva, 1888, pp. 284, 290–291.

8 At the time, the word “agitation” was more commonly used in its sense of “arousing public concern about an issue and pressing for action on it” than it is today.

9 ICRC, above note 6, p. XIV.

10 Ibid., Work of the Third Section, Eighth Session, undated, report by Huber-Saladin, p. 42.

11 Ibid., Seventh Session, 22 June 1867, p. 26.

12 Ibid., Second Part, First Session, 26 August 1867, p. 21.

13 Moynier wished to add “a certain number of foreign members” to the Geneva Committee. However, he stated that “this international element should be attached to the Geneva Committee that founded the work, as otherwise its members would be excluded from active participation in that which has been their constant concern for over four years”. “Proposition relative à la création d'un conseil supérieur de l’œuvre internationale des secours aux militaires blessés, adressée par le Comité genevois fondateur de l’œuvre aux membres de la Conférence de Paris”, August 1867, ICRCA, A AF 21/14, p. 7. The Geneva Committee would form an “executive committee that would recruit its own members and would distribute among its members the functions of president, vice-president and secretary, … in view of the difficulty of having these persons chosen by electors scattered across the entire world.” Ibid., pp. 9, 7.

14 Harouel, Véronique, Genève–Paris, 1863–1918: Le droit humanitaire en construction, Henry Dunant Society, ICRC and French Red Cross, Geneva, 2003, pp. 250–251Google Scholar.

15 “The members of the section accept the practical side of this report, but are not entirely in agreement with the ideas expressed therein concerning the choice of a city other than Geneva as headquarters of an international committee.” ICRC, above note 6, Work of the Third Section, Seventh Session, 22 June 1867, pp. 37–38.

16 Ibid., p. 38.

17 Ibid., Eighth Session, undated, p. 48.

18 Ibid., p. 51.

19 “Original du rapport fait par le Comte de Bréda à la Conférence de Paris (1867) sur le choix de la ville qui devra être le siège du Comité international”, ICRCA, A AF 6, 1/110.

20 “The geographical location of this city, the political neutrality of Switzerland to which it belongs, historical tradition and conscience of a duty towards the founders of the movement, would appear to have been the deciding factors.” ICRC, above note 6, Second Part, Sixth Session, 30 August 1867, p. 184.

21 Ibid., p. 190.

22 Ibid., p. 188.

23 Ibid.

24 This committee was intended to act as an “executive committee and to run the day-to-day affairs” of the ICRC. Ibid., Seventh Session, 31 August 1867, p. 257.

25 “Comité international (avec les membres étrangers déjà désignés par plusieurs Comités centraux à la suite de la circulaire du 21 septembre 1867”, ICRCA, A AF 21/11.

26 ICRC, above note 6, Second Part, Seventh Session, 31 August 1867, p. 243.

27 Ibid., p. 244.

28 “Le Comité international de secours aux militaires blessés à MM. les Présidents et les Membres des Comités centraux dans les divers pays, 9e circulaire, Genève 21 septembre 1867”, ICRCA, A AF 48/2.

29 Moynier carried out complex calculations to determine the share that each National Society should pay. ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 30 November 1867.

30 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 1 February 1868.

31 “Mémoire adressé par le Comité international de secours pour les militaires blessés à MM. les Présidents et les membres des Comités centraux dans les divers pays”, Imprimerie Soullier, Landskron & Wirth, Geneva, 20 June 1868, p. 12.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid., p. 13.

34 Ibid.

35 Compte rendu des travaux de la Conférence internationale tenue à Berlin du 22 au 27 avril 1869 par les délégués des gouvernements signataires de la Convention de Genève et des Sociétés et Associations de secours aux militaires blessés et malades, Imprimerie J. F. Starcke, Berlin, 1869, p. 225.

36 Letter from Sérurier to Moynier, 14 June 1869, ICRCA, A AF 6, 1/181.

37 Letter from Vernes d'Arlandes to Moynier, 9 October 1869, ICRCA, A AF 16, 2/200.

38 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 18 October 1869. It took the subtitle Bulletin de la Croix-Rouge in January 1876 (Vol. 7, No. 25).

39 “A Messieurs les Présidents et les Membres des Comités centraux dans les divers pays”, 15 June 1869, ICRCA, A AF 21/6.

40 Ibid., p. 3.

41 Ibid., p. 4.

42 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 5 June 1869.

43 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 5 October 1869.

44 “A Messieurs les Présidents et les Membres des Comités centraux dans les divers pays”, Circular No. 19, 19 October 1869, p. 3, ICRCA, A AF 48/2.

45 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 30 August 1871.

46 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 23 August 1871.

47 “Le Bulletin international”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 9, No. 33, January 1878, p. 4Google Scholar.

48 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 11 February 1874. It is also worth noting that the ICRC supplied the Bulletin free of charge in exchange for foreign journals or publications.

49 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 17 January 1882.

50 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 7 February 1879.

51 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 1 June 1908.

52 In 1876, for instance, there were only 276. ICRCA, A AF 21/5.

53 “Bulletin international des Sociétés de secours aux militaires blessés”, 20 September 1871, ICRCA, A AF 21/5.

54 “Monsieur le Président et messieurs les membres du Comité de secours aux militaires blessés”, 30 April 1875, ICRCA, A AF 21/5.

55 “Bulletin international de la Croix-Rouge”, 8 December 1877, ICRCA, A AF 21/5.

56 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 19 May 1905.

57 The October 1905 issue of the Bulletin was sent out free of charge to a list of some 150 persons, but this marketing operation yielded only five new subscribers. ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 20 November 1905.

58 The proposal came from the Italian vice-president, Count della Somaglia. However, the chairman of the session during which he made his recommendation was none other than the president of the ICRC, Gustave Ador. One might therefore be inclined to doubt the spontaneous nature of the Italian request.

59 Neuvième conférence internationale de la Croix-Rouge tenue à Washington du 7 au 17 mai 1912: Compte rendu, American Red Cross, Washington, DC, 1912, p. 242Google Scholar.

60 This became the ninth resolution of the conference. Ibid., p. 319.

61 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 5 July 1912. The Italian Red Cross increased its subscription six-fold: ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 2 July 1913.

62 “How the ‘Bulletin International’ Started”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 9, No. 103, 1969, p. 534Google Scholar.

63 Author's calculations, made on the basis of the subscription book for 1912–18, ICRCA, A AF 47. In total, 750 individuals and organizations were receiving the periodical before the First World War. ICRCA, A AF, Commission de Direction de l'Agence, meeting of 26 November 1918. After the First World War, this figure fell to 550.

64 “Le Comité international”, above note 28, p. 2.

65 “Mémoire adressé par le Comité international”, above note 31, pp. 11–12.

66 Compte rendu des travaux, above note 35, pp. 225–226.

67 The ICRC stated that an advertising form would be included with each issue. “A Messieurs les Présidents”, above note 39, p. 3.

68 “Mémoire adressé par le Comité international”, above note 31, p. 14.

69 “A Messieurs les Présidents”, above note 39, p. 2.

70 “Du double caractère, national et international, des sociétés de secours”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1870, p. 161Google Scholar.

71 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 12 January 1872.

72 The Bulletin of July 1873 (Vol. 4, No. 16), for example, was dedicated entirely to a historical article by Moynier on the tenth anniversary of the Red Cross. See also Vol. 32, No. 126 of April 1901, in which Moynier set out the rules for recognition of new National Societies.

73 Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 3, No. 11, 1872Google Scholar.

74 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 1 October 1877. The Russian Red Cross maintained that this was a “matter of international politics, to which the solution was entirely in the hands of the governments”. Letter from the St Petersburg Committee to General Dufour, 29 April 1872, ICRCA, A AF 15, 2/83.

75 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 31 July 1872.

76 “La Convention de Genève pendant la Guerre d'Orient”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 8, No. 32, 1877, p. 156Google Scholar.

77 “Les destinées de la Convention de Genève pendant la guerre de Serbie”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 7, No. 28, 1876, p. 174Google Scholar.

78 “La Croix Rouge chez les Nègres”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 11, No. 41, 1880, p. 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

79 “Les insurrections dans l'Afrique australe”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 12, No. 46, 1881, p. 53Google Scholar.

80 “Le Japon et la convention de Genève”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 8, No. 29, 1877, p. 3Google Scholar.

81 “La Chine et la croix rouge”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 13, No. 49, 1882, p. 37Google Scholar.

82 “Les blessés de la bataille d'Omdurman”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 30, No. 117, 1899, p. 40Google Scholar.

83 “L'avenir de la Croix-Rouge au Congo”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 34, No. 136, 1903, p. 220Google Scholar.

84 “La guerre européenne”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 46, No. 182, 1915, p. 122Google Scholar.

85 “Protestation contre la dissolution du Comité central de la Croix-Rouge de Belgique”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 46, No. 183, 1915, p. 275 ffGoogle Scholar.

86 “La guerre européenne”, above note 84, p. 336.

87 “L'Agence internationale des Prisonniers de guerre (Cinquième article)”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 46, No. 184, 1915, pp. 488–489Google Scholar.

88 “La violation du droit des gens de la part de l'Angleterre et de la France par l'emploi de troupes de couleur sur le théâtre de la guerre en Europe”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 47, No. 185, 1916, p. 88Google Scholar.

89 “La guerre européenne”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 46, No. 184, 1915, p. 453Google Scholar; “La guerre européenne”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 47, No. 186, 1916, p. 181Google Scholar.

90 “La guerre européenne”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 47, No. 185, 1916, p. 16Google Scholar.

91 “La guerre européenne”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 46, No. 184, 1915, p. 438Google Scholar. Sadly, history was to reveal that this denunciation was correct. However, it was issued in haste and contravened the ICRC's self-imposed rule of making public “only information that it knows to be absolutely certain”: “La guerre européenne”, above note 84, p. 122. The ICRC's haste was due in part to its pro-Armenian tendency.

92 ICRCA, A PV, AIPG, meeting of 26 February 1918.

93 “Dissolution violente du Comité central de la Société russe de la Croix-Rouge”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 49, No. 194, 1918, p. 298Google Scholar.

94 According to our calculations, over 300 of the Bulletin’s 570 pages were devoted to the ICRC in 1915.

95 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de Direction de l'Agence, meeting of 23 November 1918.

96 Right from the early days of the Bulletin, Gustave Moynier complained that he received too few articles from the National Societies. ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 27 February 1879.

97 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de Direction de l'Agence, meeting of 26 November 1918.

98 ICRCA, AIPG, session of 27 November 1918.

99 Ibid.

100 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de Direction de l'Agence, meeting of 26 November 1918.

101 ICRCA, AIPG, session of 27 November 1918.

102 ICRCA, AIPG, session of 4 December 1918.

103 ICRCA, AIPG, session of 29 January 1919.

104 The first adverts appeared in May 1919, and the Review continued to carry advertising until 1977.

105 “Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (175ème circulaire)”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1919, pp. 75–77Google Scholar.

106 Ibid., p. 76.

107 Ibid.

108 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 26 January 1920. A week earlier, figures had been announced indicating that revenue was covering less than 10% of costs: ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 19 January 1920. It is difficult to understand how such different figures could be presented at two meetings only a week apart.

109 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 26 January 1920.

110 Given that an annual subscription cost 20 francs (according to the 175th Circular), the subscription revenue for the Revue in 1920 (15,027 francs) indicates that there were, at best, only 751 paying subscribers. See also above note 108.

111 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 7 March 1921.

112 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 25 November 1921.

113 “Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge. Budget pour 1925”, ICRCA, B CR 190/132.

114 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 23 February 1920. The Journal de Genève had been publishing the Bulletin since 1912: ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 12 January 1872.

115 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 23 December 1921. The discussion came up again in 1925. While the Committee decided to continue to print the Revue in Geneva, it was transferred to the presses of another newspaper, the Tribune de Genève. ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 12 November 1925.

116 Note regarding the publication of an English edition of the Revue, annexed to ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 8 September 1960.

117 An annual subscription continued to cost 20 francs a year. The ICRC arrived at a figure of 254 subscribers: “Note à Monsieur J. Pictet. Diffusion de la Revue”, 30 August 1956, ICRCA, B AG, 064-03.

118 The idea of publishing the periodical in several languages in order to “develop” it had been suggested as far back as 1919. ICRCA, A PV, AIPG, meeting of 1 September 1919.

119 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 24 June 1943.

120 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 21 November 1944.

121 ICRCA, A PV, Bureau, meeting of 29 September 1943.

122 Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on Its Activities during the Second World War (September 1, 1939–June 30, 1947), Vol. 1, Geneva, May 1948, p. 128, available at https://library.icrc.org/library/search/notice?noticeNr=6962 (all internet references were accessed in May 2019).

123 “Note relative à la publication d'une édition anglaise de la Revue”, annexed to ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 8 September 1960.

124 International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1961, p. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

125 In 1954 and 1955, for instance. An Arabic edition did not appear regularly until the May–June 1988 issue.

126 Including 3,000 in French and 2,000 in English. “Publications périodiques du CICR”, 20 October 1975, ICRCA, B AG 064-11.

127 Hay, Alexandre, “The Future of the International Review of the Red Cross”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 18, No. 202, 1978, p. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

128 Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 37, No. 439, 1955Google Scholar.

129 From January 1988 onwards, this section was entitled “In the Red Cross and Red Crescent world” (author's emphasis).

130 “Table de la Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 12, 1919Google Scholar.

131 Author's calculations, for the first twelve volumes of the Revue. The following decade was more mixed.

132 Bagotzky, Serge, “L'organisation et l'activité de la Société russe de la Croix-Rouge”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 5, No. 49, 1923Google Scholar.

133 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de la Croix-Rouge, meeting of 2 May 1923.

134 ICRCA, B CR 109, Annex 240, “Conflit Bagotzky/ancienne organisation de la Croix-Rouge russe”, 14 April 1937.

135 Ibid.

136 Rey-Schyrr, Catherine, From Yalta to Dien Bien Phu: History of the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1945 to 1955, ICRC, Geneva, January 2017, p. 61Google Scholar, available at https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/icrc-002-0907.pdf.

137 “Documents sur l'activité du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge en faveur des civils détenus dans les camps de concentration en Allemagne”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 28, Nos 327–328, 1946Google Scholar.

138 “Rapport sur l'activité du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge en faveur des ‘partisans’ tombés en mains de l'ennemi”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 28, No. 334, 1946Google Scholar.

139 Siordet, Frédéric, “Inter Arma Caritas”: The Work of the International Committee of the Red Cross during the Second World War, 2nd ed., ICRC, Geneva, 1973Google Scholar, available at https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DIGITAL/DOC_00036.pdf. Siordet was an ICRC employee. The original French version of this work appeared in the Revue under the title “‘Inter Arma Caritas’: L’œuvre du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 29, Nos 339, 340, 342 and 344, 1947Google Scholar.

140 F. Siordet, above note 139, p. 88.

141 Huber, Max, “Principes d'action et fondements de l’œuvre du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 1939–1946”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 29, No. 337, 1947, especially p. 67Google Scholar.

142 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 13 May 1947.

143 A Russian edition of the Revue only appeared in November–December 1994.

144 At the Eighth International Conference in July–August 1952, communist representatives accused the ICRC of taking sides in the Korean conflict: see C. Rey-Schyrr, above note 136, p. 105. The ICRC replied via an article in the Bulletin of September 1952 (“Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et le conflit de Corée”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 34, No. 405, 1952Google Scholar). An English summary appeared in the English-language supplement to the Revue in November 1952.

145 Irène Herrmann, “Décrypter la concurrence humanitaire. Le conflit entre Croix-Rouge(s) après 1918”, Relations Internationales, No. 151, Autumn 2012.

146 “La mission du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge pendant et après la guerre” (Circular 174), 27 November 1918, in Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1919.

147 “Le Comité international et la ‘League of Red Cross Societies’” (Circular 182), 20 May 1919, in Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1919.

148 See Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1919. At the beginning of an article by a member of the League's Governing Board, the ICRC asks what use this new organization is (p. 621).

149 des Gouttes, Paul, “De la Fédération des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1919, p. 930Google Scholar.

150 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 15 March 1920.

151 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 14 April 1920.

152 Ibid.

153 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 14 June 1920.

154 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 20 September 1928.

155 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meetings of 19 September 1931 and 3 November 1938.

156 Compte rendu des travaux, above note 35, p. 223.

157 “Le Bulletin international”, above note 47, p. 1.

158 Compte rendu des travaux, above note 35, p. 226.

159 “Mémoire adressé par le Comité international”, above note 31, p. 14.

160 “Le Bulletin international”, above note 47, p. 5.

161 “Monsieur le Président et messieurs les membres du Comité de secours aux militaires blessés”, 30 April 1875, ICRCA, A AF 21/5.

162 “Le passé et l'avenir du Bulletin international”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 11, No. 41, 1880, p. 3Google Scholar.

163 “Le Bulletin international”, above note 47, p. 5.

164 “La conférence de Carlsruhe”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 18, No. 72, 1887, p. 164Google Scholar.

165 Du rôle du Comité international et des relations des Comités centraux de la Croix-Rouge: Rapport présenté par le comité international à la Conférence internationale des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge à Carlsruhe, en 1887, Imprimerie B. Soullier, Geneva, 1887, p. 23Google Scholar.

166 ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 24 March 1920.

167 “Note à M. Pictet. Diffusion de la Revue”, 30 August 1956, ICRCA, B AG 064-003. This point was reaffirmed by the Assembly (the governing body of the ICRC) in March 1998: Sommaruga, Cornelio, “The International Review of the Red Cross at the Service of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 28, No. 264, 1988CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

168 International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 28, No. 265, 1988Google Scholar.

169 “La révision de la Convention de Genève”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 7, No. 27, 1876, p. 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

170 “La révision de la Convention de Genève, d'après M. G. Moynier”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 30, No. 118, 1899Google Scholar.

171 “Projets de révision de la Convention de Genève”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 33, No. 131, 1902Google Scholar.

172 “Ratification des articles additionnels à la Convention de Genève”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 1, No. 1, October 1869Google Scholar.

173 “Une nouvelle démarche relative à la ratification des articles additionnels à la Convention de Genève”, Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés, Vol. 14, No. 54, April 1883Google Scholar.

174 The final list of functions was adopted at the Fourth International Conference: Quatrième Conférence international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge tenue à Carlsruhe du 22 au 27 septembre 1887: Compte-rendu, Starke, Berlin, 1887, p. 102Google Scholar.

175 See, for instance, “Projet de Code des prisonniers de guerre, déportés, évacués et réfugiés”, Revue International de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 5, No. 56, 1923Google Scholar.

176 ICRCA, A PV, AIPG, meeting of 1 September 1919.

177 “International Review in 1978”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 17, No. 201, 1977, p. 552CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

178 “Announcement”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 38, No. 322, 1998Google Scholar.

179 “To subscribers and readers of the International Review of the Red Cross”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 38, No. 325, 1998Google Scholar.

180 See, for example, “Aux abonnés du Bulletin”, above note 4.

181 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 11 November 1947.

182 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 11 November 1947.

183 Swiss embassies and other diplomatic representations are tasked with verifying and adding to the distribution list for the Review. See, for example, the correspondence between the ICRC and the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ICRCA, B AG, 064-11.

184 ICRCA, A PV, Commission de l'Information, meeting of 11 November 1947. Gustave Moynier had already raised this point: “Aux abonnés du Bulletin”, above note 4.

185 In the words of one of the members of the Committee: ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 3 November 1938.

186 “Editorial”, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 86, No. 856, 2004, p. 721Google Scholar.

187 Author's calculations, based on Nos 901–905 of the Review. The author counted only signed articles and did not include interviews or editorials.

188 Even though the ICRC complained regularly that the central committees rarely sent in notes for publication. See, for instance, ICRCA, A PV, Comité, meeting of 23 August 1871.

189 Letter from Sérurier to Moynier, 14 June 1869, ICRCA, A AF 6, 1/181.

190 Letter from Sérurier to Moynier, 16 June 1869, ICRCA, A AF 6, 1/182CP.