Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T06:29:20.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Global democracy: in the beginning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2010

Robert E. Goodin
Robert E. Goodin*
Affiliation:
Philosophy Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Bldg. 09, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
*
*E-mail: goodinb@coombs.anu.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Many who discuss global democracy think in terms of a Reform-Act model of democracy, with the ideal being ‘one person one vote for all affected by the decisions’ as in, for example, a second popularly apportioned chamber of United Nations. Politically, that is dismissed as wildly unrealistic. Remember, however, the Reform Acts came very late in process of democratization domestically. Among early steps that eventually led to full democratization of that sort domestically were: (a) limiting the arbitrary rule on the part of the sovereign; and (b) making the sovereign accountable to others (initially a limited set of others, which then expanded). Globally, there are moves afoot in both those directions. Crucially, once those pieces are in place, the circle of accountability basically only ever expands and virtually never contracts.

Keywords

global democracyaccountability networksabsorbing Markov chains
Type
Original Papers
Information
International Theory , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , July 2010 , pp. 175 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, K., Keohane, R.O., Moravcsik, A., Slaughter, A.-M.Snidal, D. (2000), ‘The concept of legalization’, International Organization 54: 457–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, K.W.Snidal, D. (2000), ‘Hard and soft law in international governance’, International Organization 54: 421–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D.Robinson, J.A. (2000), ‘Why did the west extend the franchise? Democracy, inequality and growth in historical perspective’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 1167–1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alger, C.F. (1966), ‘Interaction in a committee of the United Nations general assembly’, Midwest Journal of Political Science 10(4): 411–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allemann, F.R. (1956), Bonn ist Nicht Weimar, Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.Google Scholar
Annan, K.A. (2002), ‘Strengthening of the United Nations: an agenda for further change’, Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations General Assembly A/57/387. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.un-ngls.org/Strenghening_United_Nations_an_agenda_for_further_change.pdfGoogle Scholar
Annan, K.A. (2006), ‘Speech at the Truman Library’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/statments_full.asp?statID=40Google Scholar
Archibugi, D. (1993), ‘The reform of the UN and cosmopolitan democracy: a critical review’, Journal of Peace Research 30(3): 301–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archibugi, D. (2008), The Global Commonwealth of Citizens, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Archibugi, D.Young, I. (2002), ‘Envisioning a global rule of law’, Dissent 49: 27–32.Google Scholar
Baker, A. (2008), ‘The group of seven’, New Political Economy 13(1): 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ban, K.-M. (2009), ‘Guidance note of the secretary-general on Democracy’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.un.org/democracyfund/Docs/UNSG%20Guidance%20Note%20on%20Democracy.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bates, R.H. (2008), ‘State failure’, Annual Review of Political Science 11: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, H.J. (1983), Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bevin, E. (1945), ‘Speech in the house of commons, 23 November 1945’, Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates 416: 759–846.Google Scholar
Bohman, J. (1999), ‘International regimes and democratic governance: political equality and influence in global institutions’, International Affairs 75: 499–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohman, J. (2007), Democracy Across Borders: From Demos to Democracy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutros-Ghali, B. (1996), An Agenda for Democratization, New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Bovens, M. (2007), ‘New forms of accountability and EU-governance’, Comparative European Politics 5(1): 104–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, S.Gintis, H. (2002), ‘Homo reciprocans’, Nature 15(68): 125–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, F.H. (1876), ‘My station and its duties’, in F.H. Bradley and R.G. Ross (eds), Ethical Studies, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951, pp. 98–147.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J.Drahos, P. (2000), Global Business Regulation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, M. (1973), The Great Reform Act, London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar
Brownlie, I. (1990), The Principles of Public International Law, 4th edn., Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bull, H. (2002), The Anarchical Society, 3rd edn., London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Cardoso, F.H., chair (2004), ‘We the peoples: civil society, the United Nations and global governance’, Report of the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations-Civil Society Relations, United Nations General Assembly A/58/817. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/Final%20report%20-%20HLP.docGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, I., Ramphal, S., co-chairs (2005), ‘Our global neighborhood’, Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.sovereignty.net/p/gov/ogn-front.htmlGoogle Scholar
Castells, M. (2000), ‘Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society’, British Journal of Sociology 51(1): 5–24.Google Scholar
Corwin, E.S. (1928–1929), ‘The “higher law” background of American constitutional law’, Harvard Law Review 42: 149–185, 365–409, reprinted as The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, J.Marks, S. (1998), ‘The global democracy deficit: an essay in international law and its limits’, in D. Archibugi, D. Hels and M. Köhler (eds), Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 72–90.Google Scholar
Dahl, R.A. (1999), ‘Can international organizations be democratic: a sceptic’s view’, in I. Shapiro and C. Hacker-Cordon (eds), Democracy’s Edges, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R.A.Tufte, E.R. (1973), Size and Democracy, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Dryzek, J.S. (2006), Deliberative Global Politics, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Dryzek, J.S.Goodin, R.E. (1986), ‘Risk-sharing and social justice: the motivational foundations of the post-war welfare state’, British Journal of Political Science 16(1): 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. (2007), Explaining Social Behaviour: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esmark, A. (2007), ‘Democratic accountability and network governance – problems and potentials’, in E. Sørensen and J. Torfing (eds), Theories of Democratic Network Governance, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 274–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Union, Commission (2001), ‘European Governance: a white paper’, COM(2001)428 final. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://europa.eu.int/comm/governance/white_paper/index_en.htmGoogle Scholar
Falk, R. (2000), ‘Global civil society and the democratic prospect’, in B. Holden (ed.), Global Democracy: Key Debates, London: Routledge, pp. 143–162.Google Scholar
Falk, R.Strauss, A. (2000), ‘On the creation of a global peoples assembly: legitimacy and the power of popular sovereignty’, Stanford Journal of Intenational Law 36: 191–220.Google Scholar
Falk, R.Strauss, A. (2001), ‘Toward global parliament’, Foreign Affairs 80: 212–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, M.Sikkink, K. (1998), ‘International norm dynamics and political change’, International Organization 52(4): 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franck, T.M. (1992), ‘The emerging right to democratic governance’, American Journal of International Law 86: 46–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franck, T.M. (1995), Fairness in International Law and Institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, J.R.Snidal, D. (1982), ‘Diffusion, development and democratization: enfranchisement in Western Europe’, Canadian Journal of Political Science 15(2): 299–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukayama, F. (2006), The End of History and the Last Man, 2nd edn, New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
G-20 (1999), ‘Communiqué: Meeting of G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, Berlin’. Retrieved 15–16 December 1999 from http://www.g20.org/Documents/1999_germany.pdfGoogle Scholar
G-20 (2008a), ‘Communiqué: meeting of ministers and governors, Sao Paulo, Brazil’. Retrieved 8–9 November 2008 from http://www.g20.org/Documents/2008_communique_saopaulo_brazil.pdfGoogle Scholar
G-20 (2008b), ‘Declaration: summit on financial markets and the world economy’, final communiqué, Washington, DC. Retrieved 15 November 2008 from http://www.g20.org/Documents/g20_summit_declaration.pdfGoogle Scholar
G-20 (2009a), ‘Leaders’ statement: the global plan for recovery and reform’, final communiqué, London. Retrieved 2 April 2009 from http://www.g20.org/Documents/final-communique.pdfGoogle Scholar
G-20 (2009b), ‘Leaders’ statement: the Pittsburgh Summit, September 24–25, 2009’, final communiqué. Retrieved 25 September 2009 from http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdfGoogle Scholar
Galtung, J. (2000), ‘Alternative models for global democracy’, in B. Holden (ed.), Global Democracy: Key Debates, London: Routledge, pp. 143–161.Google Scholar
Geddes, B. (1999), ‘What do we know about democratization after twenty years?’, Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goertz, G.Diehl, P.F. (1992), ‘Toward a theory of international norms: some conceptual and measurement issues’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 36(4): 634–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodhart, M. (2007), ‘Europe’s democratic deficits through the looking glass: the European Union as a challenge for democracy’, Perspectives on Politics 5: 567–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (1992), ‘The political realism of free movement’, in B. Barry and R.E. Goodin (eds), Free Movement, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 248–264.Google Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (2005), ‘Toward an international rule of law: distinguishing international law-breakers from would-be law-makers’, Journal of Ethics 9: 225–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodin, R.E. (2007), ‘Enfranchising all affected interests, and its alternatives’, Philosophy & Public Affairs 35: 40–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, C.C. (2004), Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1973), ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, R.W.Keohane, R.O. (2005), ‘Accountability and abuses of power in world politics’, American Political Science Review 99(1): 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grewal, D.S. (2008), Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (2001), The Postnational Constellation, trans. M. Pensky, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Heidenheimer, A.J., Heclo, H.Adams, C.T. (1975), Comparative Public Policy, 3rd edn, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Held, D. (1992), ‘Democracy: from citystates to a cosmopolitan order?’, Political Studies 60(5): 10–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, D. (1995), Democracy and the Global Order, Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Held, D. (1999), ‘The transformation of political community: rethinking democracy in the context of globalization’, in I. Shapiro and C. Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy’s Edges, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 84–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henkin, L. (1968), How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy, New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651), Leviathan, London: Andrew Crooke.Google Scholar
Holt, J.C. (1965), Magna Carta, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hui, V.T.-b. (2001), ‘The emergence and demise of nascent constitutional rights: comparing ancient China and early modern Europe’, Journal of Political Philosophy 9: 372–402.Google Scholar
Huntington, S.P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (1986), ‘Nicaragua v. United States’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/Icases/iNus/inus_ijudgment/inus_ijudgment_19860627.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Court of Justice (2007), ‘Statute of the International Court of Justice’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0Google Scholar
Jackman, R. (1972), Politics and Social Equality, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Jennings, I. (1959), The Law and the Constitution, 5th edn., London: University of London Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D.Tversky, A. (1979), ‘Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk’, Econometrica 47: 263–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, I. (1795), ‘Perpetual peace’, in H. Reiss (ed.), Kant’s Political Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 93–130.Google Scholar
Katz, M.L.Shapiro, C.C. (1985), ‘Network externalities: competition and comparability’, American Economic Review 75: 424–440.Google Scholar
Keck, M.Sikkink, K. (1998), Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R.O., Macedo, S.Moravcsik, A. (2009), ‘Democracy-enhancing multilateralism’, International Organization 63(1): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, R.O.Nye, J.S. Jr. (2002), ‘The club model of multilateral cooperation and problems of democratic legitimacy’, in R.O. Keohane (ed.), Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World, London: Routledge, pp. 219–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, H.H. (1997), ‘Why do nations obey international law?’, Yale Law Journal 106: 2599–2659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krajewski, M. (2001), ‘Democratic legitimacy and constitutional perspectives of WTO law’, Journal of World Trade 33(1): 167–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasner, S.D. (2000), ‘Power and constraint’, Chicago Journal of International Law 1: 231–236.Google Scholar
Kreps, D.M. (1990), ‘Corporate culture and economic theory’, in J. Alt and K. Shepsle (eds), Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, A. (2004), Democracy Beyond Borders: Justice and Representation in Global Institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linz, J.J.Stepan, A. (eds) (1978), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J.J.Stepan, A. (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, S.M. (1960), Political Man, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Lipset, S.M. (1963), The First New Nation, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lock, G. (1989), ‘The 1689 Bill of Rights’, Political Studies 27(4): 540–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacIntyre, A. (1972), ‘Is a science of comparative politics possible?’, in P. Laslett, W.G. Runciman and Q. Skinner (eds), Philosophy, Politics & Society, 4th series, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 8–26.Google Scholar
Mackie, T.T.Rose, R. (1991), The International Almanac of Electoral History, 3rd edn., Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, J.G.Olsen, J.P. (1995), Democratic Governance, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, T.H. (1949), ‘Citizenship and social class’, reprinted in Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963, pp. 70–134.Google Scholar
May, L. (2004), Crimes Against Humanity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S.Tilly, C. (2001), Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIlwain, C.H. (1947), Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mitzen, J. (2005), ‘Reading Habermas in anarchy: multilateral diplomacy and global public spheres’, American Political Science Review 99(3): 401–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, R.B. (2008), ‘The autocrat’s credibility problem and foundations of the constitutional state’, American Political Science Review 102(1): 125–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myrdal, G. (1955), Realities and Illusions in Regard to Inter-governmental Organizations, L. T. Hobhouse Memorial Trust Lecture No. 24, delivered at Bedford College, London, 25 February 1954, London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (2005), ‘The problem of global justice’, Philosophy & Public Affairs 33: 114–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2007), ‘Statement of principles and objectives: strengthening democracy abroad; the role of the National Endowment for Democracy’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.ned.org/about/principlesObjectives.htmlGoogle Scholar
Norwegian Nobel Committee (2002), ‘The Nobel Peace Prize 2002’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/press.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nye, J.S. Jr. (2001), ‘Globalization’s democratic deficit: how to make international institutions more accountable’, Foreign Affairs 80(4): 2–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, M. Jr. (1965), The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1990), ‘Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti’. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.77 rev.1, doc. 18. Retrieved 8 May 1990 from http://cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Haiti90eng/chap.1.htmGoogle Scholar
Panyarachun, A., chair (2004), ‘A More Secure World: Our Shared Reponsibility’, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, United Nations General Assembly A/59/565. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.un.org/secureworld/Google Scholar
Patomäki, H.Teivainen, T. (2004), A Possible World: Democratic Transformation of Global Institutions, London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Peacock, A.T.Wiseman, J. (1961), The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (2000), ‘Increasing returns, path dependence and the study of politics’, American Political Science Review 94(2): 251–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pocock, J.G.A. (1957), The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (2009), ‘Conquered or granted? A history of suffrage extensions’, British Journal of Political Science 39: 291–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabkin, J.A. (2005), Law Without Nations? Why Constitutional Government Requires Sovereign States, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae, D.W. (1969), ‘Decision-rules and individual values in constitutional choice’, American Political Science Review 63: 40–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus-Smit, C. (2003), ‘Politics and international legal obligation’, European Journal of International Relations 9(4): 591–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, T., Ropp, S.C.Sikkink, K. (eds) (1999), The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokkan, S. (1999), ‘State Formation, Nation-building and Mass Politics in Europe’, P. Flora with S. Kuhnle and D. Urwin (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, R. (1976), ‘On the priorities of government: a developmental analysis of public policies’, European Journal of Political Research 4: 247–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, J.G. (2007), ‘Business and Human Rights: Mapping International Standards of Responsibility and Accountability for Corporate Acts’, Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Business and Human Rights, UN Document A/HRC/4/035. Retrieved 19 February 2007 from http://www.business-humanrights.org/Documents/RuggieHRC2007Google Scholar
Scheuerman, W.E. (2006), ‘Critical theory beyond Habermas’, in J.S. Dryzek, B. Honig and A. Phillips (eds), Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 85–105.Google Scholar
Scott, C. (2002), ‘Private regulation of the public sector: a neglected facet of contemporary governance’, Journal of Law & Society 29(1): 56–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segall, J.J. (1982), ‘Appeal to the United Nations General Assembly to Consider the Proposal for a UN Second Assembly’, presented to Second UN Special Session on Disarmament.Google Scholar
Segall, J.J. (1991), ‘A UN Second Assembly’, in F. Barnaby (ed.), Building a More Democratic United Nations, London: Frank Cass, pp. 93–109.Google Scholar
Shapiro, I. (1996), ‘Elements of democratic justice’, Political Theory 24: 579–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, I. (1999), Democratic Justice, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shklar, J.N. (1991), American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Somers, M.R. (1994), ‘Rights, relationality, and membership: rethinking the making and meaning of citizenship’, Law & Social Inquiry 19(1): 63–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonenscher, M. (2008), Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth Century Emblem in the French Revolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, E.Torfing, J. (eds) (2007), Theories of Democratic Network Governance, London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinchcombe, A.L. (1968), Constructing Social Theories, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Stinchcombe, A.L. (1974), ‘Merton’s theory of social structure’, in L.A. Coser (ed.), The Idea of Social Structure, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Strang, D. (1991), ‘Global patterns of decolonization, 1500–1987’, International Studies Quarterly 35: 429–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suganami, H. (1989), The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tännsjö, T. (1992), Populist Democracy: A Defence, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tännsjö, T. (2008), Global Democracy: The Case for a World Government, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Therborn, G. (1977), ‘The rule of capital and the rise of democracy’, New Left Review 103: 3–41.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1990), Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1990, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1997), ‘Parlimentarization of popular contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834’, Theory and Society 26: 245–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (2001), ‘Mechanisms in political processes’, Annual Review of Political Science 4: 21–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (2007), Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C.Goodin, R.E. (2006), ‘It depends’, in R.E. Goodin and C. Tilly (eds), Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–32.Google Scholar
Truman, H.S. (1945), ‘Address in San Francisco at the closing session of the United Nations Conference, 26 June 1945’. Retrieved 11 December 2006 from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12188Google Scholar
Tversky, A.Kahneman, D. (1991), ‘Loss aversion in riskless choice: a reference-dependent model’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 1039–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1999), Globalization with a Human Face: Human Development Report, 1999, New York: Oxford University Press for UNDP.Google Scholar
United Nations, Economic and Social Council (1996), ‘Consultative Relationship Between the United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations’, Resolution 1996/31 adopted at 49th plenary meeting. Retrieved 25 July 1996 from http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1996/eres1996-31.htmlGoogle Scholar
Valelly, R.M. (2004), The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, C. (1926), The Supreme Court in United States History, rev. edn., Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1919), ‘Politics as a vocation’, in D. Owen and T. B. Strong (eds), The Vocation Lectures, trans. R. Livingstone, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2004, pp. 32–94.Google Scholar
Wendt, A. (2003), ‘Why a world state is inevitable’, European Journal of International Relations 9(4): 491–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Western, B. (2006), Punishment and Inequality in America, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Whitehead, L. (2002), Democratization: Theory and Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, I.M. (2000), Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zürn, M. (1998), ‘Rise of international environmental politics’, World Politics 50(4): 617–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar