Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:49:49.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The ethics of an ambiguous cosmopolitics: citizens and entrepreneurs in the European project

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2012

Owen Parker
Owen Parker*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics, University of Sheffield, Elmfield, Northumberland Road, Sheffield, S10 2TU UK
*
E-mail: o.parker@sheffield.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reflects on the ethical possibilities and limitations of cosmopolitanism as practice, with particular reference to the contemporary European project. It begins with an exploration of the relationship between what I term a ‘market’ and a ‘legal’ cosmopolitics in the European context. Inspired by Foucault's recently published work on liberal government, the paper argues that these cosmopolitics and the subjectivities that they seek to produce variously overlap, reinforce one another, and conflict in practices of contemporary post-national government: in short, they co-exist in an inherently ambiguous relationship. Animating this argument, the paper considers the politics of European citizenship; it highlights what is at stake, ethically and politically, in the recognition of an ambiguous cosmopolitics. It focuses in particular on the European Union (EU)'s 2004 Directive on the free movement of EU citizens and its relevance in the context of the high-profile deportations of Roma from France in summer 2010. The paper makes the case that the recognition and ongoing identification of an ambiguous cosmopolitics – and, essentially, an ambiguous European identity or ‘us’ – offers the prospect for ongoing resistance by and with those who find themselves designated as the ‘other’ of the European project in particular or of a cosmopolitics in general.

Keywords

FoucaultEuropecosmopolitanismethicsthe marketEuropean citizenship
Type
Original Papers
Information
International Theory , Volume 4 , Issue 2 , July 2012 , pp. 198 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, Christopher S. 2005. “Ordo-Liberalism Trumps Keynesianism: Economic Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany.” In Monetary Union in Crisis: The European Union as a Neo-Liberal Construction, edited by Bernard H. Moss. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Apeldoorn, Bastiaan van. 2009. “The Contradictions of ‘Embedded Neoliberalism’ and Europe's Multi-Level Legitimacy Crisis: The European Project and Its Limits.” In Contradictions and Limits of Neoliberal European Governance: From Lisbon to Lisbon, edited by Bastiaan van Apeldoorn, Jan Drahokoupil, and Laura Horn. Basingstoke, England, 21–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apeldoorn, Bastiaan van. 2002. Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle over European Integration. Routledge: RIPE Series in Global Political Economy.Google Scholar
Archibugi, Daniele. 1998. Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Auffrey, Elodie. 2010. “Les Roms, Des Citoyens Européens Encore Expulsables.” Liberation.fr, August 18. Accessed April 2012. http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101652853-les-roms-des-citoyens-europeens-encore-expulsablesGoogle Scholar
Balibar, Etienne. 2010. “Europe Is a Dead Political Project.” The Guardian, May 25.Google Scholar
Bancroft, Angus. 2005. Roma and Gypsy-Travellers in Europe: Modernity, Race, Space, and Exclusion. Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations Series. Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Beck, UlrichGrande., Edgar 2007. “Cosmopolitanism: Europe's Way out of Crisis.” European Journal of Social Theory 10:67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, Richard. 2008. “Evaluating Union Citizenship: Belonging, Rights and Participation within the EU.” Citizenship Studies 12:597–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleiker, Roland. 2001. “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 30:509–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchell, Graham. 1996. “Liberal Government and Techniques of the Self.” In Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and Rationalities of Government, edited by Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas S. Rose, 19–36. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 2005. Giving an Account of Oneself. New York: Fordham University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calhoun, Craig J. 1999. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Carrera, SergioFaure Atger., Anais 2009. “Implementation of Directive 2004/38 in the Context of EU Enlargement: A Proliferation of Different Forms of Citizenship?” Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) Special Report. Accessed April 2012. http://www.ceps.eu/book/implementation-directive-200438-context-eu-enlargement-proliferation-different-forms-citizenshiGoogle Scholar
Cette-France-lá. 2010. “L'europe Au Miroir Des Roms: Nom Pluriel, Destin Singulier.” Accessed April 2012. http://lmsi.net/L-Europe-au-miroir-des-Roms,1096.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. 2010. Defending Roma: Human Rights in Europe. Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/source/documents/defendingRomarights_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Derrida, Jaques. 1992. The Other Heading: Reflections on Today's Europe. Indiana: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Donzelot, Jacques. 2008. “Michel Foucault and Liberal Intelligence.” Economy and Society 37:115–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downes, Tony. 2005. “Market Citizenship: Functionalism and Fig-Leaves.” In Citizenship and Governance in the European Union, edited by Richard Bellamy and Alex Warleigh, 93–106. London, New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto. 1994. The Name of the Rose. San Diego: Harcour Brace.Google Scholar
Elbe, Stefan. 2001. “‘We Good Europeans…’: Genealogical Reflections on the Idea of Europe.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 30:259–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elden, Stuart. 2008. “Strategies for Waging Peace: Foucault as Collaborateur.” In Foucault on Politics, Security and War, edited by Michael Dillon and Andrew W. Neal, 21–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, Erik O. 2009. The Unfinished Democratization of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eurobarometer. 2009. “Public Opinion in the European Union”. Accessed April 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb71/eb71_std_part1.pdfGoogle Scholar
European Commission. 2001. Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2006. Implementing the Community Lisbon Programme: Fostering Entrepreneurial Mindsets through Education and Learning. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2007. Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity: More and Better Jobs through Flexibility and Security. Brussels: Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Directorate-General.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2008. Report on the Application of Directive 2004/38/Ec on the Right of Citizens of the Union and Their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2010a. Communication on Roma in Europe and Progress Report on Roma Inclusion 2008–2010.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2010b. Communication:‘Europe 2020’: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2010c. Communication: Reaffirming the Free Movement of Workers: Rights and Major Developments. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Council. 2000. Lisbon European Council Presidency Conclusions. Lisbon: European Council.Google Scholar
European Economic Community. 2004. “Directive on the Rights of Citizens of the Union and their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States.” Official Journal L158.Google Scholar
EU Fundamental Rights Agency. 2009. The Situation of Roma EU Citizens Moving to and Settling in Other EU Member States. Vienna: EU Fundamental Rights Agency.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1982. “The Subject and Power.” Critical Inquiry 8:777–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1984. “What Is Enlightenment?” In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003. “Society Must Be Defended” Lectures at the Collège De France, 1975–76. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College De France, 1978–79. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 1994. “Foucault's Body-Language: A Post Humanist Political Rhetoric?.” In Michel Foucault: Critical Assessments, vol. 3, edited by Barry Smart. London: Routledge. 25–84.Google Scholar
Gerber, David J. 1994. “Constitutionalizing the Economy: German Neo-Liberals, Competition Law and the New Europe.” American Journal of Comparative Law 25–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Stephen. 1998. “European Governance and New Constitutionalism: Economic and Monetary Union and Alternatives to Disciplinary Neoliberalism in Europe.” New Political Economy 3:5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Stephen. 2002. “Constitutionalizing Inequality and the Clash of Globalizations.” The International Studies Review 4:47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Stephen. 2003. “A Neo-Gramscian Approach to European Integration.” In A Ruined Fortress?: Neoliberal Hegemony and Transformation in Europe, edited by Alan W Cafruny and Magnus Ryner, 47–70. Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Gordon, Colin. 1986. “Question, Ethos, Event: Foucault on Kant and Enlightenment.” Economy and Society 15:71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Colin. 1991. “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality: With Two Lectures by and an Interview with Michel Foucault, edited by Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grimm, Dieter. 2005. “A Great Innovation of Our Times: As a Worldwide Recognized Role Model, Europe Does Not Need a Constitution.” In Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe: Transatlantic Relations after the Iraq War, edited by Daniel Levy, 95–102. Verso.Google Scholar
Guisan-Dickinson, Catherine. 2003. “The European Union's Identity and the Politics of Reconciliation.” EUSA 8th Biennial International Conference, Nashville, Tennessee. Available in University of Pittsburg, Archive of European Integration, http://aei.pitt.edu/6497/Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. (1985) The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001a. The Postnational Constellation. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001b. “Why Europe Needs a Constitution.” New Left Review 11:5–26.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2011a. “The Flaw in the Construction of Monetary Union,” Social Europe Journal, June 14. http://www.social-europe.eu/2011/06/the-flaw-in-the-construction-of-monetary-union/Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 2011b. “The EU Needs Leadership to Tackle This Crisis, Not Repeated Doses of Austerity”. The Guardian, June 22. Accessed April 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jun/22/eu-leadership-tackle-crisis-austerityGoogle Scholar
Habermas, JürgenDerrida., Jacques 2003. “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe.” Constellations 10:291–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallstein, W 1972. Europe in the Making. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité. 2009. “Délibération No. 2009-372 Du 26 Octobre 2009 [on the Roma Issue].” Accessed April 2012. http://www.depechestsiganes.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/5032-roms.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hansen, PeoHager., Sandy Brian 2010. The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights and Migration Policy. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Held, David. 2000. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Held, DavidArchibugi., Daniele 1995. Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2011. “Open Letter to French Senators on Immigration Bill,” February 7. Accessed April 2012. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/07/open-letter-french-senators-immigration-billGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, Kimberly. 1999. International Political Theory: Rethinking Ethics in a Global Era. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2005. “Economic Constitutionalism, Liberalism and the New Welfare Governance.” Working Paper No.121, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch Univeristy.Google Scholar
Joerges, Christian, Rödl, Florian. 2004. “ ‘Social Market Economy’ as Europe's Social Model?” EUI Working Paper, Florence, EUI.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jospin, Lionel. 2002. Ma Vision De L'europe Et De La Mondialisation. Paris: La Fondation Jean Jaures.Google Scholar
Keune, Maarten, Jepsen, Maria. 2007. “Not Balanced and Hardly New: The European Commission's Quest for Flexicurity.” Working Paper, Trade Union Institute for Research, Education and Health and Safety (ETUI-REHS).Google Scholar
Kochenov, Dimitry. 2011. “A Real European Citizenship; a New Jurisdiction Test; a Novel Chapter in the Development of the Union in Europe.” Columbia Journal of European Law 18:56–109.Google Scholar
Kostakopoulou, Dora. 2005. “Ideas, Norms and European Citizenship: Explaining Institutional Change.” The Modern Law Review 68:233–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristeva, Julia. 1993. Nations without Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lamy, Pascal. 2001. Harnessing Globalisation: Do We Need a Cosmopolitics? European Commission.Google Scholar
Lemonde.fr. 2011. “Immigration: Malgré Un Recul Symbolique, Le “Cœur” De La Loi Demeure,” March 17. Accessed April 2012. http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2011/03/17/immigration-malgre-un-recul-symbolique-le-c-ur-de-la-loi-demeure_1494542_823448.htmlGoogle Scholar
Maas, Willem. 2007. Creating European Citizens. Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Majone, Giandomenico. 1996. Regulating Europe. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Majone, Giandomenico. 1998. “Europe's ‘Democratic Deficit’: The Question of Standards.” European Law Journal 4:5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manners, Ian. 2008. “The Normative Ethics of the European Union.” International Affairs 84:45–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattli, Walter. 1999. The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattli, WalterSlaughter., Anne-Marie 1998. “Revisiting the European Court of Justice.” International Organization 52:177–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlingen, Michael. 2006. “Foucault and World Politics: Promises and Challenges of Extending Governmentality Theory to the European and Beyond.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 35:181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlingen, Michael. 2008. “Monster Studies.” International Political Sociology 2:272–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1997. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.” International Organization 51:513–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht.Cornell Studies in Political Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2002. “Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40:603–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nousios, Petros, Overbeek, HenkTsolakis, Andreas. 2012. Globalisation and European Integration: Critical Approaches to Regional Order and International Relations. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Owen. 2009. “Why EU, Which EU? Habermas and the Ethics of Postnational Politics in Europe.” Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory 16:392–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prozorov, Sergei. 2007. Foucault, Freedom and Sovereignty. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Rajchman, John. 1985. Michel Foucault: The Freedom of Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Reding, Viviane. 2010. “Statement on the Latest Developments on the Roma Situation,” September 14. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/428Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order.” International Organization 36:379–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabel, Charles F.Gerstenberg., Oliver 2010. “Constitutionalising an Overlapping Consensus: The ECJ and the Emergence of a Coordinate Constitutional Order.” European Law Journal 16:511–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, Armin. 2004. “Beyond the Community Method: Why the Open Method of Coordination Was Introduced to EU Policy-Making.” European Integration Online Papers (EIoP) 8. Accessed April 2012. http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2004-013.pdfGoogle Scholar
Turner, Charles. 2004. “Jürgen Habermas: European or German?” European Journal of Political Theory 3:293–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valverde, Mariana. 2008. “Law Versus History: Foucault's Genealogy of Modern Sovereignty.” In Foucault on Politics, Security and War, edited by Michael Dillon and Andrew W. Neal, 135–150. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiler, Joseph. 1999. The Constitution of Europe: “Do the New Clothes Have an Emperor?” And Other Essays on European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wiener, Antje. 1998. ‘European’ Citizenship Practice. Boulder, CO, Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar