Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:48:48.184Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Representants and international orders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2021

Alena Drieschova Open the ORCID record for Alena Drieschova [Opens in a new window]
Alena Drieschova*
Affiliation:
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
*
Author for correspondence: Alena Drieschova, E-mail: DrieschovaA@cardiff.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The paper introduces a new explanation of international order that focuses on representants. Representants are practices, artifacts, and language that stand in for the international system's units in international fora. They are crucial for International Relations (IR), given that IR deal with a macro-realm that can never be fully present, but needs to be made concrete in specific localities. Representants have four interrelated effects: (1) they define the units of the international system; (2) they legitimize them; (3) they provide them with differential degrees of power; and (4) they serve as tools for governing. When representants are seriously challenged, orders are in crisis; when new representants emerge, a new order has taken hold. The paper develops a mechanism of change emerging from struggles over representants. It studies the transition from the medieval order of universal monarchy to an order of divine right absolutism. Representants, such as gothic cathedrals, the mass, and coronation rituals maintained the medieval hierarchical order with the pope/emperor at the apex. The Reformation provided the last step in kings' challenge to the medieval order. Kings adapted existing representants, so that they would portray the independence of kings from the papacy/emperor, and simultaneously position kings above feudal lords.

Keywords

RepresentationpracticesartefactsaestheticsReformationMiddle AgesSovereignty
Type
Research Article
Information
International Theory , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , July 2022 , pp. 233 - 262
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, Scott. 2017. “The Economic Origins of the Territorial State.” International Organization 71 (1): 97–130.10.1017/S0020818316000308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 2019. A Social Theory of Cognitive Evolution: Change Stability, and International Social Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allan, Bentley. 2017. “Producing the Climate: States, Scientists, and the Constitution of Global Governance Objects.” International Organization 71 (1): 131–62.10.1017/S0020818316000321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anderson, Matthew Smith. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919. London: Longman Group UK Limited.Google Scholar
Anderson, Matthew Smith. 1998. The Origins of the Modern European State System, 1494–1618. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Aradau, Claudia. 2010. “Security That Matters: Critical Infrastructure and Objects of Protection.” Security Dialogue 41 (5): 491–514.10.1177/0967010610382687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bak, Janos. 1990. “Introduction.” In Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual, edited by Bak, Janos. Berkley: University of California Press. pp. 1–15.10.1525/9780520311121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelson, Jens. 2005. A Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bartelson, Jens. 2010. “Double Binds: Sovereignty and the Just war Tradition.” In Sovereignty in Fragments, edited by Kalmo, Hent, and Skinner, Quentin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–9510.1017/CBO9780511675928.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelson, Jens. 2014. Sovereignty as Symbolic Form. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315774909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant Matter. Duke: Durham University Press.Google Scholar
Bergsma, Wiebe. 1994. “The Low Countries.” In The Reformation in National Context, edited by Scribner, Bob, Porter, Roy, and Teich, Mikulás. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–79.10.1017/CBO9780511599569.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berns, Jörg Jochen. 1995. “Luthers Papstkritik als Zeremoniellkritik.” In Zeremoniell als Höfische Ästhetik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, edited by Jochen Berns, Jörgen, and Rahn, Thomas. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 157–173.10.1515/9783110239638.157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Chaney, Eric. 2013. “The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World Before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review 107 (1): 16–34.10.1017/S0003055412000561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosbach, Franz. 1988. Monarchia Universalis: Ein Politischer Leitbegriff der Frühen Neuzeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1989. “Social Space and Symbolic Power.” Sociological Theory 7 (1): 14–25.10.2307/202060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. The Logic of Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503621749CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, Jordan. 2011. “Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change.” International Organization 65 (1): 1–36.10.1017/S0020818310000299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukovansky, Mlada. 2002. Legitimacy and Power Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia University Press.10.1007/978-1-349-24028-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Euan. 2012. The European Reformation. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chaloupecký, Václav. 1946. “Karel IV a Čechy.” In Vlastní Životopis Karla IV, edited by Pavel, Jakub. Prague: Melantrich. pp. 5–87.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo. 1956. Money, Prices, and Civilization in the Mediterranean World, Fifth to Seventeenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick. 1994. “England.” In The Reformation in National Context, edited by Scribner, Bob, Porter, Roy, and Teich, Mikulás. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–94.10.1017/CBO9780511599569.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantinou, Costas, and Der Derian, James. 2010. “Sustaining Global Hope: Sovereignty, Power and the Transformation of Diplomacy.” In Sustainable Diplomacies, edited by Constantinou, Costas, and Der Derian, James. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–25.10.1057/9780230297159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulter, Jeff. 2001. “Human Practices and the Observability of the ‘Macro-Social’.” In The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, edited by Schatzki, Theodore R., Knorr Cetina, Karin, and Von Savigny, Eike. London: Routledge. pp. 29–41.Google Scholar
Crawford, Neta. 1999. Argument and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cuneo, Pia. 1996. “Propriety, Property, and Politics: Joerg Breu the Elder and Issues of Iconoclams in Reformation Augsburg.” German History 14 (1): 1–20.10.1093/gh/14.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Certeau, Michel. 1990. L'invention du Quotidian. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Deudney, Daniel. 2007. Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Doty, Roxanne. 1993. “Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines.” International Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 297–320.10.2307/2600810CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drieschova, Alena. 2017. “Peirce's Semeiotics: A Methodology for Bridging the Material-Ideational Divide in IR Scholarship.” International Theory 9 (1): 33–66.10.1017/S1752971916000233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. 1992. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400–c. 1580. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 1969. Die Höfische Gesellschaft. Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag GmbH.Google Scholar
Fierke, Karin. 2012. Political Self-Sacrifice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139248853CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagliardo, John. 1991. Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Gilady, Lilach. 2017. The Price of Prestige. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226433349.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511664267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorski, Philip. 2000. “Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State, and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe.” American Sociological Review 65 (1): 138–67.10.2307/2657295CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorski, Philip, and Sharma, Vivek Saroop. 2017. “Beyond the Tilly Thesis: ‘Family Values’ and State Formation in Latin Christendom.” In Does War Make States? Investigations of Charles Tilly's Historical Sociology, edited by Kaspersen, Lars, and Strandsbjerg, Jeppe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–124.10.1017/9781316493694.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Robert. 1959. Vatican Diplomacy: A Study of Church and State on the International Plane. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Grell, Ole Peter. 1994. “Scandinavia.” In The Reformation in National Context, edited by Scribner, Bob, Porter, Roy, and Teich, Mikulás. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–130.10.1017/CBO9780511599569.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagender, Othmar. 1985. “Weltherrschaft im Mittelalter.” Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 93: 257–78.10.7767/miog.1985.93.34.257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce. 1997. “Moral Authority as a Power Resource.” International Organization 51 (4): 591–622.10.1162/002081897550465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, Keith, and Langhorne, Richard. 2011. The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harna, Josef, and Fišer, Rudolf. 1995. Dějiny Českých Zemí: Od Pravěku do Poloviny 18. Století, Vol. I. Praha: Nakladatelství Fortuna.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Jürgen. 1988. Staatszeremoniell. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Erich. 1990. “Coronation and Coronation Ordines in Medieval Scandinavia.” In Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual, edited by Bak, Janos. Berkley: University of California Press. pp. 125–151.10.1525/9780520311121-010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopf, Ted. 2018. “Change in International Practices.” European Journal of International Relations 24 (3): 687–711.10.1177/1354066117718041CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, Emma. 2016. Affective Communities in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781316154670CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikenberry, John. 2011. Liberal Leviathan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kann, Robert. 1974. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918, Berkley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520341685CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst. 1957. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Koebner, Richard. 1961. Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto, and Mouffe, Chantal. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Latham, Andrew. 2012. Theorizing Medieval Geopolitics. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203126080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Le Goff, Jacques. 1990. “A Coronation Program for the Age of Saint Louis: The Ordo of 1250.” In Coronations, edited by Bak, Janos. Berkley: University of California Press. pp. 46–57.10.1525/9780520311121-005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, Garrett. 1963. Renaissance Diplomacy. London: Buttler and Tanner Ltd.Google Scholar
McCoy, Richard. 1990. “‘The Wonderful Spectacle’: The Civic Progress of Elizabeth I and the Troublesome Coronation.” In Coronations, edited by Bak, Janos. Berkley: University of California Press. pp. 217–227.10.1525/9780520311121-015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, Kathleen. 2015. The Politics of Everyday Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716235.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeill, William. 1982. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226160191.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalski, Segiusz. 1993. The Reformation and the Visual Arts. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Milliken, Jennifer. 1999. “The Study of Discourse in International Relations: A Critique of Research and Methods.” European Journal of International Relations 5 (2): 225–54.10.1177/1354066199005002003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteiro, Nuno. 2014. Theory of Unipolar Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107449350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, Jennifer. 2010. The Culture of Diplomacy: Britain in Europe, c. 1750–1830. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver, and Pouliot, Vincent. 2011. “Untimely Russia: Hysteresis in Russian–Western Relations Over the Past Millennium.” Security Studies 20 (1): 105–37.10.1080/09636412.2011.549021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nexon, Daniel. 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400830800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakley, Francis. 2010. Empty Bottles of Gentilism. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Oakley, Francis. 2012. The Mortgage of the Past. London: Yale University Press.10.12987/yale/9780300176339.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakley, Francis. 2015. The Watershed of Modern Politics. London: Yale University Press.10.12987/yale/9780300194432.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osiander, Andreas. 1994. The States System of Europe, 1640–1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278870.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osiander, Andreas. 2001. “Before Sovereignty: Society and Politics in Ancien Régime Europe.” Review of International Studies 27 (5): 119–45.10.1017/S0260210501008051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osiander, Andreas. 2007. Before the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294511.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ott, Joachim. 1995. “Vom Zeichencharakter der Herrscherkrone.” In Zeremoniell als Höfische Ästhetik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, edited by Jochen Berns, Jörgen, and Rahn, Thomas. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 534–57110.1515/9783110239638.534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owens, Patricia. 2015. Economy of Force. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316387771CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panofsky, Erwin. 1951. Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism. Latrobe: The Archabbey Press.Google Scholar
Park, Seo-Hyun. 2017. Sovereignty and Status in East Asian International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316856420CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, Thazha Varkey, Larson, Deborah, and Wohlforth, William, eds. 2014. Status in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107444409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Andrew. 2011. War, Religion, and Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2001. Revolutions in Sovereignty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pirenne, Henri. 1962. Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. New York: Polygraphyc Company.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1972. The Concept of Representation. Berkley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pounds, Norman. 1990. An Historical Geography of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511572265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2013a. Individual Rights and the Making of the International System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139046527CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2013b. “The Liberal International Order Reconsidered.” In After Liberalism? edited by Friedman, Rebekka, Oskanian, Kevork, and Ramon Pacheco, Pardo. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–18610.1057/9781137303769_10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, Susan. 1997. Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1968. The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523–1611. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roosen, William. 1976. The age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenken Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John. 1986. “Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity.” In Neorealism and its Critics, edited by Keohane, Robert. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 131–157Google Scholar
Ruggie, John. 1993. “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations.” International Organization 47 (1): 139–47.10.1017/S0020818300004732CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saever, Paul. 1982. “The English Reformation.” In Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research, edited by Ozment, Steven. St. Louis, Missouri: Center for Reformation Research. pp. 271–296Google Scholar
Sharma, Aradhana, and Gupta, Akhil. 2006. The Anthropology of the State: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Schütte, Ulrich. 1995. “Höfisches Zeremoniell und sakraler Kult in der Architektur des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts.” In Zeremoniell als höfische Ästhetik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, edited by Berns, Jörgen Jochen, and Rahn, Thomas. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 410–43110.1515/9783110239638.410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scribner, Bob. 1994. “Introduction.” In The Reformation in National Context, edited by Scribner, Bob, Porter, Roy, and Teich, Mikulás. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511599569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer-Mathis, Andrea. 1995. “Theatrum und Ceremoniale: Rang- und Sitzordnungen bei Theatralischen Veranstaltungen am Wiener Kaiserhof im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert.” In Zeremoniell als Höfische Ästhetik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit, edited by Jochen Berns, Jörgen, and Rahn, Thomas. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.Google Scholar
Sorensen, Georg. 2011. A Liberal World Order in Crisis. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 1996. The Sovereign State and its Competitors. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 2017. “War and State Formation: Amending the Bellicist Theory of State Making.” In Does War Make States? edited by Bo Kaspersen, Lasr, and Strandsbjerg, Jeppe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Strange, Susan. 1996. The Retreat of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511559143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swidler, Ann. 2001. “What Anchors Cultural Practices.” In The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, edited by Schatzki, Theodore R., Cetina, Karin Knorr, and Von Savigny, Eike. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Teschke, Benno. 1998. “Geopolitical Relations in the European Middle Ages: History and Theory.” International Organization 52 (2): 325–58.10.1162/002081898753162848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, John. 1984. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Berkley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520312234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1993. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ullmann, Walter. 1949. “The Development of the Medieval Idea of Sovereignty.” The English Historical Review 64 (250): 1–33.10.1093/ehr/LXIV.CCL.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waever, Ole. 1995. “Securitization and Descuritization.” In On Security, edited by Lipschutz, Ronnie. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Walters, William. 2002. “The Power of Inscription.” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 31 (1): 83–108.10.1177/03058298020310010501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Watson, Adam. 1992. The Evolution of International Society. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, Cynthia. 1995. Simulating Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, James. 1964. The Origins of Modern Europe. New York: Horizon Press Publishers.Google Scholar
Wickham, Chris. 2017. Medieval Europe. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Woolley, Reginald Maxwell. 1915. Coronation Rites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zuckert, Rachel. 2003. “Awe or Envy: Herder Contra Kant on the Sublime.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 61 (3): 217–32.10.1111/1540-6245.00108CrossRefGoogle Scholar