Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T15:06:59.640Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adaptive Development of Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Chemical Control Recommendations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Travis L. Almquist ,
Katie L. Wirt ,
Jason W. Adams  and
Rodney G. Lym
Travis L. Almquist
Affiliation:
Plant Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
Katie L. Wirt
Affiliation:
Plant Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Grant County Extension Service, Carson, ND 58529
Jason W. Adams
Affiliation:
Plant Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris P. Mill.) infestations in North Dakota increased 300-fold from 1997 to 2011, when the plant was added to the state noxious weed list. Long-term control of other invasive species had included biological control agents, but no effective agents for yellow toadflax had been identified, so a control program using herbicides was needed. The objective was to shift from short-term control with picloram applied in the fall at maximum allowed rates to long-term management with minimal nontarget species impact with an adaptive management approach. Yellow toadflax control was increased from an average of 64% with picloram at 1,120 g ha−1 alone 12 mo after treatment (MAT) to over 90% when applied with diflufenzopyr while the picloram rate was reduced 50%. Yellow toadflax control with aminocyclopyrachlor applied at 140 g ha−1 ranged from 91 to 49% 12 MAT when applied in June or September, respectively. In contrast, yellow toadflax control with picloram plus dicamba plus diflufenzopyr averaged > 90% regardless of application date during the growing season. Land managers now have at least two options for long-term yellow toadflax control with a wide window of application timing. The goal of replacing a single high-use–rate herbicide treatment was met but both picloram and aminocyclopyrachlor can injure many desirable forbs. However, application timing can now be adjusted to have the least impact on nontarget species. The adaptive development program led to a 58% reduction in yellow toadflax infestations in North Dakota by 2014.

Keywords

Aminocyclopyrachlordicambadiflufenzopyrpicloramyellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris P. MillApplication timinginvasive weed control
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , September 2015 , pp. 276 - 283
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Alms, JK, Moechnig, MJ, Vos, DA, Deneke, DL (2012) Yellow toadflax control with fall herbicide applications. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 65:23–24 Google Scholar
Anonymous. (1966) Kill costly leafy spurge. N D Farmer. May 21. :10 Google Scholar
Anonymous. (2009) DuPont: DPX-MAT28 technical bulletin. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. https://lists.alaska.edu/pipermail/cnipm-l/attachments/20090310/f10dfb94/MAT28TechBulletin.pdf Accessed February 15, 2010Google Scholar
Arnold, RM (1982) Pollination, predation, and seed set in Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae). Am Midl Nat 107:360–369 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conklin, KL, Lym, RG (2012) Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale L.), and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) control with aminocyclopyrachlor. Proc Weed Sci Soc Am 2012:77 Google Scholar
Cook, MT (1924) Development of seed in Linaria vulgaris . Bot Gaz 77:225–227 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoefing, JL, Jenks, BM (2010) Yellow toadflax control in rangeland with DPX-MAT28. Proc N Cent Weed Sci Soc 65:21 Google Scholar
Jacobs, JS, Sheley, RL (2003) Prescribed fire effects on dalmatian toadflax. J Range Manage 56:193–197 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, J, Sing, S (2006) Ecology and management of yellow toadflax [Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill.]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Invasive Species Technical Note No MT-6 Google Scholar
Jenks, BM (2012) Yellow toadflax control in rangeland with DPX-MAT 28. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 65:4 Google Scholar
Krick, NJ (2011) Examining the unpredictable nature of yellow toadflax. M.S. thesis. Fort Collins, CO Colorado State University. 90 pGoogle Scholar
Kyser, GB, DiTomaso, JM (2013) Effect of timing on chemical control of dalmation toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) in California. Invasive Plant Sci Manage 6:362–370 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lajeunesse, S (1999) Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. Pages 202–216 in Sheley, RL, Petroff, JK, eds. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Corvallis Oregon State University Press Google Scholar
Lym, RG (1991) Economic impact, classification, distribution, and ecology of leafy spurge. Pages 169–181 in James, LF, Evans, JO, Ralphs, MH, Child, RD, eds. Noxious Range Weeds. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford Westview Press Google Scholar
Lym, RG (1997) The history of leafy spurge control in North Dakota. North Dakota Agricultural Research. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndagres/winter97/ar10298a.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015Google Scholar
Lym, RG (2014) Comparison of aminocyclopyrachlor absorption and translocation in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). Weed Sci 62:321–325 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitich, LW (1993) Yellow toadflax. Weed Technol 7:791–793 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morishita, DW (1991) Dalmatian toadflax, yellow toadflax, black henbane, and tansy mustard: importance, distribution, and control. Pages 399–402 in James, LF, Evans, JO, Ralphs, MH, Child, RD, eds. Noxious Range Weeds. Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford Westview Press Google Scholar
Nadeau, LB, King, JR (1991) Seed dispersal and seedling establishment of Linaria vulgaris Mill. Can J Plant Sci 71:771–782 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[NDDA] North Dakota Department of Agriculture (1997) 1997 Noxious Weed List Survey: Reported Acres. http://agdepartment.vision-technology.com/weedsurvey/report.asp. Accessed January 20, 2015Google Scholar
[NDDA] North Dakota Department of Agriculture (2000) 2000 Noxious Weed List Survey: Reported Acres. http://www.nd.gov/ndda/program/noxious-weeds. Accessed January 5, 2015Google Scholar
[NDDA] North Dakota Department of Agriculture (2011) North Dakota Noxious Weeds. http://www.nd.gov/ndda/program/noxious-weeds. Accessed January 5, 2015Google Scholar
[NDDA] North Dakota Department of Agriculture (2014) North Dakota Noxious Weeds. http://www.nd.gov/ndda/program/noxious-weeds. Accessed January 5, 2015Google Scholar
Nowierski, RM (2004) Toadflax. Pages 379–395 in Coombs, EM, Clark, JK, Piper, GL, Cofrancesco, AF Jr, eds. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis Oregon State University Press Google Scholar
Saner, MA, Clements, DR, Hall, MA, Doohan, DJ, Crompton, CW (1995) The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Can J Plant Sci 75:525–537 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebastian, JR, Beck, KG (1999) The influence of picloram or picloram plus 2,4-D applied for 1, 2 or 3 years on cover, density and control of yellow toadflax in Colorado rangeland. Res Prog Rep West Soc Weed Sci. p 36–37 Google Scholar
Sebastian, JR, Beck, KG (2001) Yellow toadflax control on Colorado rangeland. Res Prog Rep Western Soc Weed Sci. p 223–230 Google Scholar
Sebastian, JR, Beck, KG (2009) Effective herbicides for controlling yellow toadflax? Proc West Soc Weed Sci 62:8 Google Scholar
Sebastian, JR, Beck, KG (2010a) Yellow toadflax control in Colorado. Res Prog Rep West Soc Weed Sci. p 30–31 Google Scholar
Sebastian, JR, Beck, KG (2010b) Yellow toadflax control in Colorado with aminocyclopyrachlor. Res Prog Rep West Soc Weed Sci. p 32–33 Google Scholar
Sing, SE, Peterson, RKD, Weaver, DK, Hansen, RW, Markin, GP (2005) A retrospective analysis of known and potential risks associated with exotic toadflax-feeding insects. Biol Control 35:276–287 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soil Survey Staff (2011) Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/. Accessed November 20, 2010Google Scholar
Turner, RG, Pitts, JR, Hidalgo, E, Parsells, AJ, Ashley, RM (2009) Introduction to DuPont's new aminocyclopyrachlor herbicide for vegetation management weed and brush control. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 62:43–44 Google Scholar
Wallace, J, Prather, T (2012) Yellow toadflax control with combinations of aminocyclopyrachlor and sulfonylureas at two application timings. Res Prog Rep West Soc Weed Sci. p 14 Google Scholar
Zollinger, RK, Berglund, DR, Christoffers, MG, Dexter, AG, Endres, GJ, Gregoire, TD, Howatt, KA, Jenks, BM, Kegode, GO, Lym, RG, Messersmith, CG, Thostenson, AA, Valenti, HH (2006) North Dakota Weed Control Guide. North Dakota State Univ Ext Bull W-253R. Pages 134 pGoogle Scholar
Zollinger, RK, Christoffers, MG, Endres, GJ, Friesen, S, Gramig, G, Howatt, KA, Jenks, BM, Lym, RG, Stachler, J., Thostenson, AA., Valenti, HH (2009) North Dakota Weed Control Guide. North Dakota State Univ Ext Bull W-253R. Pages 136 pGoogle Scholar