Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:37:21.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Growth, Development, and Morphological Differences among Native and Nonnative Prickly Nightshades (Solanum spp.) of the Southeastern United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Charles T. Bryson ,
Krishna N. Reddy  and
John D. Byrd Jr
Charles T. Bryson
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776
Krishna N. Reddy*
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776
John D. Byrd Jr
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: krishna.reddy@ars.usda.gov
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Prickly nightshades are troublesome weeds of natural habitats, pastures, feedlots, right-of-ways, and croplands. Native and nonnative invasive weedy species of prickly nightshades were compared to determine growth, development, and morphological differences. Six (Solanum bahamense, Solanum capsicoides, Solanum carolinense, Solanum dimidiatum, Solanum donianum, and Solanum pumilum) of the 18 species of prickly nightshades studied are native to the US. Two species, Solanum citrullifolium and Solanum rostratum, are annuals; the others are perennials or are short lived perennials or annuals in northern extremes of their range in North America. Tables were developed from new and existing data to differentiate vegetative and reproductive characteristics among 18 species of prickly nightshade found in the southeastern US. In greenhouse experiments, average plant height ranged from 24 and 26 cm (9.45 and 10.24 inch) for S. carolinense and Solanum jamaicense, respectively, to 100 and 105 cm for Solanum tampicense and Solanum sisymbriifolium, respectively at 10 wk after emergence (WAE). By 10 WAE, the average number of leaves per plant ranged from < 10 for S. carolinense and Solanum torvum to > 40 leaves/plant for S. rostratum and S. dimidiatum. Average number of nodes/plant main stem ranged from 11, 12, and 14 nodes in S. jamaicense, S. torvum, and S. carolinense, respectively, to 54 nodes in S. rostratum. Average plant dry weights were collected at 10 WAE and were greatest for Solanum mammosum and (> 17 g/plant) (0.6001 oz/plant) and least for S. carolinense (1 g/plant). Based on these data, nightshade growth rate and dry weight were variable among some species and variability may be a result of phenology and life cycles, annual or perennial. Plants of S. rostratum, an annual, were relatively tall and produced high number of nodes and leaves and had the shortest period from emergence to flower among the prickly nightshades evaluated.

Keywords

Bahama nightshade, Solanum bahamense L.buffalobur, Solanum rostratum Dunal SOLCUeggplant, Solanum melongena L.fuzzyfruit nightshade, Solanum candidum Lindl.hairy horsenettle, Solanum pumilum DunalHimalayan nightshade, Solanum myriacanthum Dunalhorsenettle, Solanum carolinense L. SOLCAJamaican nightshade, Solanum jamaicense P. Mill.mullein nightshade, Solanum donianum Walp.nipplefruit nightshade, Solanum mammosum L.red soda apple, Solanum capsicoides All. SOLCIrobust horsenettle, Solanum dimidiatum Raf. SOLDMsilverleaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. SOLELsticky nightshade, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. SOLSItropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal SOLVIturkeyberry, Solanum torvum Sw. SOLTOwatermelon nightshade, Solanum citrullifolium A. Braun SOLCFwetland nightshade, Solanum tampicense DunalSolanaceaeinvasive weedinvasive nightshadesmorphological characterization
Type
Research
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 341 - 352
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1996a. Growth and reproduction of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in Florida. Pages 15–17 in Tropical Soda Apple Symp. Proc. Bartow, FL University of Florida.Google Scholar
Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1996b. Environmental factors affecting germination of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). Weed Sci. 44:570–574.Google Scholar
Albert, W. B. 1960. Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in pastures. Weeds 8:680–682.Google Scholar
Allison, J. R. and Stevens, T. E. 2001. Vascular flora of Ketona dolomite outcrops in Bibb County, Alabama. Castanea 66:154–205.Google Scholar
[APHIS] U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. 2010. Federal Noxious Weed List (as of May 1, 2010). http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds//downloads/weedlist-2010doc.pdf. Accessed: October 1, 2011.Google Scholar
Armel, G. R., Wilson, H. P., Richardson, R. J., and Hines, T. E. 2003. Mesotrione combinations for postemergence control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 17:65–72.Google Scholar
Boyd, J. W., Murray, D. S., and Tyrl, R. J. 1984. Silverleaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium, origin, distribution, and relation to man. Econ. Bot. 38:210–216.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T. 1996. The role of United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service in the control of introduced weeds. Castanea 61:261–270.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T. and Byrd, J. D. Jr. 1994. Solanum viarum (Solanaceae) new to Mississippi. Sida 16:382–385.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T. and Byrd, J. D. Jr. 1996. Tropical soda apple in Mississippi. Pages 55–60 in Tropical Soda Apple Symp. Proc. Bartow, FL University of Florida.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T., Byrd, J. D. Jr., and Westbrooks, R. G. 1996. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in the United States. Mississippi State, MS Mississippi. Dept. Agric. And Commerce, Bureau of Plant Industry Sheet. 2 p.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T. and DeFelice, M. S. 2009. Weeds of the South. Athens, GA University of Georgia Press. 468 p.Google Scholar
Burrows, G. E. and Tyrl, R. J. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Ames, IA Iowa State University Press. 1342 p.Google Scholar
Coile, N. C. 1993. Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal: the plant from hell (Solanaceae). Botany Circular No. 27. Gainesville, FL Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 4 p. Revised, Aug 1996.Google Scholar
Correll, S. S. and Johnston, M. C. 1979. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Richardson University of Texas at Dallas. 1881 p.Google Scholar
D'Arcy, W. G. 1974. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61:819–867.Google Scholar
Diaz, R., Overholt, W. A., and Langeland, K. 2008. Jamaican nightshade (Solanum jamaicense): a threat to Florida's hammocks. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 1: 422–425.Google Scholar
DiTomaso, J. M. and Healy, A. E. 2007. Weeds of California and Other Western States. Univ. Calif. ANR, Oakland, Publ. 3488. 1808.Google Scholar
Everest, J. W. and Ball, D. M. 1995. Tropical soda apple in Alabama. Auburn, AL Alabama Cooperative Extension Service circular ANR-909. 2 p.Google Scholar
[FL Atlas], 2011. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu. Accessed May 24, 2011.Google Scholar
Fox, A. M. and Bryson, C. T. 1998. Wetland nightshade (Solanum tampicense): A threat to wetlands in the United States. Weed Technol. 12:410–413.Google Scholar
Fox, A. and Wigginton, A. 1996. Biology and control of aquatic soda apple (Solanum tampicense Dunal). Pages 23–28 in: Proceedings of the tropical soda apple symposium. Bartow, FL University of Florida-IFAS.Google Scholar
Frank, J. R. 1990. Influence of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) on snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Sci. 38:220–223.Google Scholar
Gorrell, R. M., Bingham, S. W., and Foy, C. L. 1981. Control of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fleshy roots in pastures. Weed Sci. 29:586–589.Google Scholar
Green, J. D., Murray, D. S., and Stone, J. F. 1988. Soil water relations of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Weed Sci. 36:740–746.Google Scholar
Hackett, N. M., Murray, D. S., and Weeks, D. L. 1987. Interference of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Weed Sci. 35:780–784.Google Scholar
Hall, D. W., Currey, W. L., and Orsennigo, J. R. 1998. Weeds from other places: the Florida beachhead is established. Weed Technol. 12:720–725.Google Scholar
McGregor, R. L. and Barkley, T. M. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS University Press of Kansas. 1392 p.Google Scholar
Medal, J. C., Sudbrink, D., Gandolfo, D., Ohashi, S., and Cuda, J. P. 2002. Gratiana bolviana, a potential biocontrol agent of Solanum viarum: Quarantine host-specificity testing in Florida and field surveys in South America. BioControl 47:445–461.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. 1996. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal), a biological pollutant threatening Florida. Castanea 61:255–260.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. and Colvin, D. L. 1993. Tropical soda apple: A new noxious weed in Florida. Gainesville, FL Florida Cooperative Extension Service IFAS, University of Florida, Fact Sheet WRS-7. 4 p.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. and Cornell, J. 1994. Biology of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) an introduced weed in Florida. Weed Technol. 8:465–469.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Correll, J. A., and Colvin, D. L. 1993a. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) control. Weed Technol. 7:723–727.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Nee, M., Wunderlin, R. P., and Delaney, K. R. 1993b. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum): a weed threat in subtropical regions. Weed Technol. 7:783–786.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Mislevy, P., Brown, W. R., and Kline, W. N. 1996. Tropical soda apple, an exotic weed threatening agriculture and natural systems. Down to Earth 51:10–17.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Shilling, D. G., Mislevy, P., and Akanda, R. A. 1998. Invasion of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) into the U.S.: lessons learned. Weed Technol. 12:733–736.Google Scholar
Mulvania, M. 1930. New types of plants in Florida. Science 72:603–604.Google Scholar
Nee, M. 1979. A revision of Solanum section Acanthophora. Dissertation, Madison, WI University of Wisconsin. 569 p.Google Scholar
Nee, M. 1991. Synopsis of Solanum Section Ancanthophora: a revision of interest for glyco-alkaloids. Pages 258–266 in Hawkes, J. G., Lester, R. N., Nee, M., and Estrata, N., eds. Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution. Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Patterson, D. T., McGowan, M., Mullahey, J. J., and Westbrooks, R. G. 1997. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) and its potential range in the U.S. Weed Sci. 45:404–408.Google Scholar
Pingle, A. R. and Dyansagar, V. R. 1979. Induction of germination in Solanum viarum . Curr. Sci. 48:449–450.Google Scholar
Prostko, E. P., Ingerson-Mahar, J., and Majek, B. A. 1994. Postemergence horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control in field corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 8:441–444.Google Scholar
Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. F., and Bell, C. R. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p.Google Scholar
Radosevich, S. R. and Holt, J. S. 1984. Weed Ecology: Implications for Vegetation Management. New York J. Wiley. 265 p.Google Scholar
Rushing, D. W., Murray, D. S., and Verhalen, L. M. 1985. Weed interference with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). I. Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum). Weed Sci. 33:810–814.Google Scholar
Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the Southeastern Flora. New York Published by the author. 1554 p.Google Scholar
Smith, B. S., Pawlak, J. A., Murray, D. S., Verhalen, L. M., and Green, J. D. 1990. Interference from established stands of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lint yield. Weed Sci. 38:129–133.Google Scholar
Standley, P. C. 1924. Trees and Shrubs of Mexico. Contributions United States National Herbarium 23:1298.Google Scholar
Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Ames, IA Iowa State University Press. 1725 p.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Gao, T. and Knapp, S. 2008. Ancient Chinese literature reveals pathways of eggplant domestication. Ann. Bot. 102:891–897.Google Scholar
Weese, T. L. and Bohs, L. 2007. A three-gene phylogeny of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae). System. Bot. 32:445–463.Google Scholar
Whaley, C. M. and VanGessel, M. J. 2001. Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) control with a field corn (Zea mays) weed management program. Weed Technol. 16:293–300.Google Scholar
Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Gainesville, FL University Press of Florida. 806 p.Google Scholar
Wunderlin, R. P., Hansen, B. F., Delaney, K. R., Nee, M., and Mullahey, J. J. 1993. Solanum viarum and S. tampicense (Solanaceae): two weedy species new to Florida and the United States. Sida 15:605–611.Google Scholar