Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:03:58.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Elamite Karintaš and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

D. T. Potts
D. T. Potts*
Affiliation:
Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology and History at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The toponym Kerend has a long history. This study explores the appearance of Kerend in pre-modern sources, beginning with the toponym Karintaš in the late second millennium BC. Kassite, Elamite and Assyrian rivalry for control over the central western Zagros mountains is discussed and the survival of the name in later antiquity is investigated. A derivative of the name appears in Claudius Ptolemy’s Geography and in the Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax, as well as in the late Antique Cosmographia of the Anonymous Geographer of Ravenna. A homonymous name from the area east of the Caspian Sea is also discussed, as are several unrelated names occurring in other sources (Achaemenid Elamite, Armenian).

Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 345 - 367
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anonymous. “Ueber Persiens alte Geographie. Aus dem zweyten, ungedruckten Bande von Reichard’s Thesaurus” [On Persia’s ancient geography. From the second, unpublished volume of von Reichard’s Thesaurus]. Anzeige–Blatt für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Jahrbücher der Litteratur) 77 (1837): 1–44.Google Scholar
Abdi, K., and Beckman, G. “An Early Second-millennium Cuneiform Archive from Chogha Gavaneh, Western Iran.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 59 (2007): 39–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balkan, K. Kassitenstudien I. Die Sprache der Kassiten [Kassite studies I. The language of the Kassites]. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 1954.Google Scholar
Bellew, H. W. From the Indus to the Tigris. A Narrative of a Journey through the Countries of Balochistan, Afghanistan, Khorassan and Iran, in 1872. London: Trübner & Co., 1874.Google Scholar
Bernstein, G. H. Gregorii Bar-Hebraei, Chronici Syriaci e codd. mss. passim emendati atque illustrati, specimen primum [Gregory Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac Chronicle from codex mss. everywhere, emended and illustrated, volume one]. Leipzig: F. C. G. Vogel, 1822.Google Scholar
Billerbeck, A. Das Sandschak Suleimania und dessen persische Nachbarlandschaften zur babylonischen und assyrischen Zeit [The Sanjak Suleimania and neighboring Persian territories in the Babylonian and Assyrian time]. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1898.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, M. “On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Character.” American Journal of Philology 25 (1904): 1–14. doi: 10.2307/288402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borger, R. “Vier Grenzsteinurkunden Merodachbaladans I. von Babylonien. Der Teheran-Kudurru, SB 33, SB 169 und SB 26” [Four boundary stones of Merodachbaladan I of Babylonia. The Teheran kudurrus SB 33, SB 169 and SB 26]. Archiv für Orientforschung 23 (1970): 1–26.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158–722 B.C. Rome: Analecta Orientalia 43, 1968.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. 1. A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1976.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. “Mesopotamian Chronology of the Historical Period.” In Ancient Mesopotamia, Portrait of a Dead Civilization, edited by Oppenheim, A. L., 335–348. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. “Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49 (2006): 1–47. doi: 10.1163/156852006776207242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnhofer, H. Historisch-geographische Untersuchungen über den ältesten Schauplatz des Rigveda und Avesta. Bd. I. Iran und Turan [Historico-geographical investigations on the earliest scene of the Rigveda and Avesta. Vol. 1. Iran and Turan]. Leipzig: Wilhelm Friedrich, 1893.Google Scholar
Bruns, P. J., and Kirsch, G. G. Gregorii Abulpharagii sive Bar-Hebræi, Chronicon Syriacum e codicibus Bodleianis [Gregory Abul-Faraj or Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac Chronicle from the Bodleian codex]. Leipzig: A. F. Boehmium, 1688.Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. History of Early Iran. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936.Google Scholar
Cellarius [Keller], C. Notitiæ orbis antiqui, sive geographiae plenioris, Tomus alter, Asiam et Africam antiquam [Notices of the ancient world, or a complete geography, volume one, Ancient Asia and Africa]. Amsterdam: Casparus Fritsch, 1706.Google Scholar
Chaumont, M.-L. “Études d’histoire parthe IV. A propos d’une inscription du ‘grand roi’ Gotarze” [Studies in Parthian history IV. On an inscription of the “great king” Gotarzes]. Syria 56 (1979): 153–170. doi: 10.3406/syria.1979.6657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, W. E. “The Alleged Indo-Iranian Names in Cuneiform Inscriptions.” American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 33 (1917): 261–282. doi: 10.1086/369831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M. E. The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Cooley, J. “III. Middle Babylonian Texts. A. Text from the Reign of Nebuchadnezzar I.” In Historical Sources in Translation: The Ancient Near East, edited by Chavalas, M., 160–164. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar
Delitzsch, F. Die Sprache der Kossäer. Linguistisch-historische Funde und Fragen [The language of the Kossaeans. Linguistic-historical finds and questions]. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1884.Google Scholar
Della Valle, P. Der Reisen Petri Della Valle, eines Römischen Patritii, zugenandt der berühmte Walfahrter [On the travels of Pietro Della Valle, a Roman patrician, called the famous pilgrim]. Vol. 2. Geneva: Johann-Hermann Widerhold, 1674.Google Scholar
De Morgan, J. “Découverte d’une sépulture achéménide à Suse” [Discovery of an Achaemenid grave at Susa]. In Recherches archéologiques [Archaeological researches], edited by de Morgan, J., 29–58. Paris: Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse [Memoirs of the Delegation in Persia] 8, 1905.Google Scholar
Dieulafoy, M. L’Acropole de Suse d’après les fouilles exécutées en 1881, 1885, 1886, sous les auspices du Musée du Louvre. Troisième partie, faiences et terre cuites [The Acropolis of Susa according to excavations carried out in 1881, 1885, 1886, under the auspices of the Louvre Museum. Third part, faience and terracotta]. Paris: Hachette, 1891.Google Scholar
Dorn, B. Caspia—Ueber die Einfälle der alten Russen in Tabaristan, nebst Zugaben über andere von ihnen auf dem Kaspischen Meere und in den anliegenden Ländern ausgeführte Unternehmungen [Caspia—On the attacks of the ancient Russians in Tabaristan, with additions on other activities carried out on the Caspian Sea and in neighboring lands]. St. Petersburg: Mémoires de l’Academie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, VII. Ser. 23, no. 1, 1875.Google Scholar
Dossin, G. “Bronze inscrits du Luristan de la Collection Foroughi” [Inscribed Luristan bronzes in the Foroughi Collection]. Iranica Antiqua 2 (1962): 149–164.Google Scholar
Dupré, A. Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie [Voyage to Persia, made during the years 1807, 1808 and 1809, via Anatolia and Mesopotamia]. Vol. 1. Paris: J. G. Dentu, 1819.Google Scholar
Eilers, W. “Der Name Demawend” [The name Demawend]. ArOr 22 (1954): 267–374.Google Scholar
Ferrier, J. P. Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; With Historical Notices of the Countries Lying between Russia and India. 2nd ed. London: John Murray, 1857.Google Scholar
Fiey, J. M. “Médie chrétienne” [Christian Media]. Parole de l’Orient 1, no. 2 (1970): 357–384.Google Scholar
Finzi, F. Ricerche per lo studio dell’Antichità Assira [Research for the study of ancient Assyria]. Turin: Ermanno Loescher, 1872.Google Scholar
Forbiger, A. Handbuch der alten Geographie aus den Quellen bearbeitet [Handbook of ancient geography based on the sources]. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Hamburg: Haendcke & Lehmkuhl, 1877.Google Scholar
Frayne, D. R. The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Series 74, 1992.Google Scholar
Fuchs, A. “Review of A Survey of Neo-Elamite History, by M. D. Waters.” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 93 (2003): 128–137.Google Scholar
Gassan, M. “Une inscription cassite d’Iran” [A Kassite inscription from Iran]. In Fragmenta historiae elamicae: Mélanges offerts à M. J. Steve [Fragments of Elamite history: Studies offered to M. J. Steve], edited by De Meyer, L., Gasche, H., and Vallat, F., 187–189. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1986.Google Scholar
Geiger, W. “Geographie von Iran” [The geography of Iran]. In Grundriss der iranischen Philologie [Encyclopaedia of Iranian philology], edited by Geiger, W. and Kuhn, E., 371–394. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner, 1896–1904.Google Scholar
Gorris, E. “Power and Politics in the Neo-Elamite Kingdom.” Vol. 1. PhD diss., Université catholique de Louvain, 2014.Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Locust Valley, NY: Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5, 1975.Google Scholar
Greenfield, J. Die Verfassung des persischen Staates nebst einem Anhang über Gesetze, Bildungswesen, sanitäre und wirtschaftliche Zustände im heutigen Persien [The constitution of the Persian state with an appendix on laws, education, sanitary and economic conditions in contemporary Persia]. Berlin: Franz Vahlen, 1904.Google Scholar
Greule, A. “Personennamen in Ortsnamen” [Personal names in place names]. In Nomen et gens [Name and nation], edited by Geuenich, D., Haubrichs, W. and Jarnut, J., 242–258. Berlin: Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 16, 1997.Google Scholar
Halévy, J. “Notes assyriologiques V.24. Les Cosséens et leur langue” [Assyriological notes V.24. The Kossaeans and their language]. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 4 (1889): 205–224.Google Scholar
Hartmann, M. “Bohtān. Eine topographisch-historische Studie” [Bohtān. A topographical-historical study]. Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft [Proceedings of the Near Eastern Society] 2, no. 1 (1897): 61–163.Google Scholar
Henkelman, W. F. M. “Šilhak-Inšušinak I, II.” Reallexikon der Assyriologie [Encyclopaedia of Assyriology] 12 (2010): 492–495.Google Scholar
Henkelman, W. F. M. “Šutruk-Nahhunte.” Reallexikon der Assyriologie [Encyclopaedia of Assyriology] 13 (2012): 369–372.Google Scholar
Hertslet, E. Treaties, &c. Concluded between Great Britain and Persia, and between Persia and Other Foreign Powers, Wholly or Partially in Force on the 1st April, 1891. London: Butterworths, 1891.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. Geschichte der Stadt Samarra [History of the city of Samarra]. Hamburg: Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra 6, 1948.Google Scholar
Hewsen, R. H. “The Geography of Pappus of Alexandria: A Translation of the Armenian Fragments.” Isis 62, no. 2 (1971): 186–207. doi: 10.1086/350730Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Das Reich Elam [The empire of Elam]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1964.Google Scholar
Hoeschelius, D. Geographica. Marciani Heracleotae, Scylacis Caryandensis, Artemidori Ephesii, Dicaearchi Messenii, Isidori Characeni … [Geography. Marcian of Heraclea, Scylax of Caryanda, Artemidorus of Ephesus, Dicaearchus of Messenia, Isidore of Charax …] Augustae Vindelicorum [Augsburg], 1600.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, G. Auszüge aus syrischen Akten persischer Märtyrer [Excerpts from Syriac accounts of Persian martyrs]. Leipzig: Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes [Contributions for the Study of the East] 7/3, 1880.Google Scholar
Hommel, F. Grundriss der Geographie und Geschichte des Alten Orients. Erste Hälfte: Ethnologie des Alten Orients. Babylonien und Chaldäa [Encyclopaedia of the geography and history of the Ancient Orient. First half: Ethnology of the Ancient Orient, Babylonia and Chaldaea]. Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1904.Google Scholar
Hübschmann, H. “Die altarmenische Ortsnamen. Mit Beiträgen zur historischen Topographie Armeniens und einer Karte” [Old Armenian toponyms. With contributions on the historical topography of Armenia and a map]. Indogermanische Forschungen [Indo-European Researches] 16 (1904): 197–529.Google Scholar
Hudson, J. Veteris Scriptores Græci Minores. Cum Interpretatione Latina, Dissertationibus, ac Annotationibus [Minor Ancient Greek writers. With Latin interpretation, excurses and annotations]. Vol. 2. Oxford: Sheldonian Theatre, 1703.Google Scholar
Hüsing, G. Die einheimischen Quellen zur Geschichte Elams, I. Teil. Altelamische Texte [The indigenous sources on the history of Elam. 1st part. Old Elamite texts]. Leipzig: Assyriologische Bibliothek 24, no. 1, 1916.Google Scholar
International Council of Onomastic Sciences. n.d. “List of Key Onomastic Terms.” http://icosweb.net/drupal/sites/default/files/ICOS-Terms-en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jacob, É. Œuvres de Tacite … Annales Livres XI–XVI [Works of Tacitus … Annals, Books 11–16]. 2nd ed. Paris: Hachette, 1886.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. Tacitus Annals, Books 4–6, 11-12. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1937.Google Scholar
Jones, J. F. “Narrative of a Journey through Parts of Persia and Kurdistan, Undertaken by Commander J. F. Jones, I. N., of the Hon’ble Company’s Steam Vessel ‘Nitocris,’ in Company with Major Rawlinson, Political Agent in Turkish Arabia.—Dated Baghdad, 31st December, 1847.” Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society 8 (1849): 249–334.Google Scholar
Jones, H. L. The Geography of Strabo, vol. 5. London and Cambridge, MA: William Heinemann and Harvard University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Keith, A. B. “Aryan Names in Early Asiatic Records.” Indian Historical Quarterly 12 (1936): 569–580.Google Scholar
Keppel, G. T. Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, by Bussorah, Bagdad, the Ruins of Babylon, Curdistan, the Court of Persia, the Western Shore of the Caspian Sea, Astrakhan, Nishney Novogorod, Moscow, and St. Petersburgh, in the Year 1824. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. London: Henry Colburn, 1827.Google Scholar
King, L. W. Babylonian Boundary-stones and Memorial-tablets in the British Museum. London: The British Museum, 1912.Google Scholar
Knobel, A. Die Völkertafel der Genesis. Ethnographische Untersuchungen [The Table of Nations of Genesis. Ethnographic investigations]. Giessen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung, 1850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
König, F. W. Die elamischen Königsinschriften [Elamite royal inscriptions]. Graz: Archiv für Orientforschung [Archive for Oriental Research] Beiheft 16, 1965.Google Scholar
Kossowicz, C. Inscriptiones Palaeo-Persicae achaemenidarum … [Achaemenid Old Persian inscriptions]. Petropoli: Caesareae Universitatis Impensa, 1872.Google Scholar
Krawulsky, D. Īrān—Das Reich der Īlḫāne: Eine topographisch-historische Studie [Iran—the Ilkhanid Empire. A topographical-historical study] . Wiesbaden: Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients B 17, 1978.Google Scholar
Krawulsky, D. Ḫorāsān zur Timuridenzeit nach dem Tārīḫ-e Ḥāfeẓ-e Abrū (verf. 817–823 h.) des Nūrallāh ‘Abdallāh b. Luṭfallāh al-Ḫvāfī gennant Ḥāfeẓ-e Abrū II. Übersetzung und Ortsnamenkommentar [Ḫorāsān in the Timurid period according to the Tārīḫ-e Ḥāfeẓ-e Abrū (written 817–823 H.) of Nūrallāh ‘Abdallāh b. Luṭfallāh al-Ḫvāfī called Ḥāfeẓ-e Abrū II. Translation und Toponym commentary]. Wiesbaden: Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients [Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Near East] B 46/2, 1984.Google Scholar
Labat, R. “Elam and Western Persia, c. 1200–1000 B.C.” Cambridge Ancient History 2, no. 2 (1963): 482–506.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. Mesopotamia and Persia under the Mongols, in the Fourteenth Century A.D. From the Nuzhat-al-Ḳulūb of Ḥamd-Allah Mustawfī. London: Asiatic Society Monographs 5, 1903.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905.Google Scholar
Levtow, N. B. “Artifact Burial in the Ancient Near East.” In “The One Who Sows Bountifully”: Essays in Honor of Stanley K. Stowers, edited by Hodge, C. J., Olyan, S.M., Ullucci, D. and Wasserman, E., 141–152. Providence: Brown Judaic Studies 356, 2013.Google Scholar
Macdonald Kinneir, J. A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, Accompanied by a Map. London: John Murray, 1813.Google Scholar
MacGregor, C. M. Central Asia. Part IV. A Contribution towards the Better Knowledge of the Topography, Ethnology, Resources, & History of Persia. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1871.Google Scholar
Mannert, K. Geographie der Griechen und Römer. Fünfter Theil. Zweytes Heft. Die persische Monarchie bis zum Euphrat [Geography of the Greeks and Romans. Fifth part. Second volume. The Persian monarchy up to the Euphrates]. Nürnberg: Ernst Christoph Grattenauer, 1797.Google Scholar
Masson, C. “Illustration of the route from Seleucia to Apobatana, as given by Isidorus of Charax.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12 (1850): 97–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medvedskaya, I. “Media and its Neighbours I: The Localization of Ellipi.” Iranica Antiqua 34 (1999): 53–70. doi: 10.2143/IA.34.0.519106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E. Périple de Marcien d’Héraclée, Épitome d’Artémidore, Isidore de Charax, etc., ou Supplément aux dernières éditions des petits géographes d’après un manuscrit grec de la Bibliothèque Royale [The Periplus of Marcian of Herclea, the Epitome of Artemidorus, Isidore of Charax, etc., or Supplement to the latest editions of minor geographers according to a Greek manuscript in the Royal Library]. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1839.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. Ḥudūd al-’Ālam, “The Regions of the World”: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.—982 A.D. London: Luzac & Co., 1937.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. “The Gūrān.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11 (1943): 75–103. doi: 10.1017/S0041977X00071226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minorsky, V. Abū-Dulaf Mis’ar Ibn Muhalhil’s Travels in Iran (Circa A.D. 950), Arabic Text with an English Translation and Commentary. Cairo: Cairo University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Montagne, C., and Grillot-Susini, F. “Les inscriptions royales de Suse, Musée du Louvre (R.M.N, Paris, 1995), par Florence Malbran-Labat” [The royal inscriptions of Susa, Louvre Museum (R.M.N., Paris, 1995), by Florence Malbran-Labat]. Notes Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1996, no. 33 (1996):.Google Scholar
Mordtmann, A. “Zur vergleichenden Geographie Persiens” [On the comparative geography of Persia]. Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München [Reports of the philosophical-philological and historical class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich] 1874, no. 1 (1874): 231–389.Google Scholar
Moulines, M. Ammien Marcellin, ou les dix-huit livres de son histoire, qui nous sont restés [Ammianus Marcellinus, or the 18 extant books of his History]. Vol. 2. Berlin: George Jacques Decker, 1775.Google Scholar
Müller, C. Geographi græci minores [Minor Greek geographers]. Vol. 1. Paris: Ambrosio Firmin Didot, 1855.Google Scholar
Müller, G. F. H. Namen- und Sach-Verzeichniß zu Carl Ritter’s Erdkunde von Asien. Zweiter Band. West-Asien. (Zu Band VII. bis XI. des ganzen Werkes) [Name and subject index to Carl Ritter’s Geography of Asia. Volume two. Western Asia. (For Vols. 7–11 of the entire work)]. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1849.Google Scholar
Nashef, K. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit [The toponyms and hydronyms of the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian period]. Wiesbaden: Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients [Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Near East] B 7/5, 1982.Google Scholar
Neubauer, A. La géographie du Talmud [The geography of the Talmud]. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1868.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. P. “Nebuchadnezzar I’s Eastern Front.” In The Ancient Near East in the 12th–10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History, edited by Galil, G., Gilboa, A., Maeir, A.M. and Kahn, D., 401–411. Münster: Alter Orient und Altes Testament 392, 2012.Google Scholar
Olivier, G.-A. Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Égypte et la Perse, fait par ordre du Gouvernement, pendant les six premières années de la République [Voyage to the Ottoman Empire, Egypt and Persia, undertaken by order of the government, during the first six years of the Republic]. Vol. 3. Paris: Henri Agasse, 1807.Google Scholar
Otter, J. Voyage en Turquie et en Perse. Avec une Relation des expéditions de Tahmas Kouli-Khan [Voyage to Turkey and Persia. With an account of the expeditions of Tahmas Kouli-Khan]. Vol. 1. Paris: Chez les Freres Guérin, 1748.Google Scholar
Otter, J. Reisen in die Türkey und nach Persien. Nebst einer Nachricht von den Unternehmungen des Tahmas Kouli Khan [Voyage to Turkey and Persia. With an account of the expeditions of Tahmas Kouli-Khan]. Vol. 1. Nürnberg: M. J. Bauerischen Buchhandlung, 1781.Google Scholar
Parpola, S., and Porter, M. The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Casco Bay, ME: Casco Bay Assyriological Institute, 2001.Google Scholar
Paulus, S. “Beziehungen zweier Großmächte—Elam und Babylonien in der 2. Hälfte des 2. Jt. v. Chr. Ein Beitrag zur internen Chronologie” [The relations of two great powers—Elam and Babylonia in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. A contribution to internal chronology]. In Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives, edited by De Graef, K. and Tavernier, J., 429–449. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Potts, D. T. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prellberg, K. “Persien, eine historische Landschaft” [Persia, an historical landscape]. Inaugural diss., University of Leipzig, 1891.Google Scholar
Rackham, H. Pliny Natural History, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1961.Google Scholar
Rausch von Traubenberg, P. Hauptverkehrswege Persiens. Versuch einer Verkehrsgeographie dieses Landes [The main transport arteries of Persia. Attempt at a transport geography of this land]. Halle an der Salle: Tausch & Grosse, 1890.Google Scholar
Rawlinson, G. History of Herodotus. Vol. 1. London: John Murray, 1862.Google Scholar
Rawlinson, H. C. “Notes on a March from Zoháb, at the Foot of Zagros, Along the Mountains to Khúzistán (Susiana), and from Thence through the Province of Luristan to Kirmánsháh, in the Year 1836.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 9 (1839): 26–116. doi: 10.2307/1797715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reade, J. E. “Kassites and Assyrians in Iran.” Iran 16 (1978): 137–143. doi: 10.2307/4299653CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, C. Die Erdkunde von Asien, Band VI. Erste Abtheilung. Drittes Buch. West-Asien. Iranische Welt [Geography of Asia. Volume six. Part one. Third book. Western Asia. The Iranian world]. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1838.Google Scholar
Ritter, C. Die Erdkunde im Verhältniß zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, oder allgemeine vergleichende Geographie, als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterrichts in physicalischen und historischen Wissenschaften. Neunter Theil. Drittes Buch. West-Asien [Geography in relation to nature and the history of mankind, or general comparative geography, as a sure foundation for study and instruction in the physical and historical sciences. Part nine. Third book. Western Asia]. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1840.Google Scholar
Roiter, D. E. “An Indo-European God in a Gudea Inscription.” Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, no. 38 (2013): 65–69.Google Scholar
Rolfe, J. C. Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Ryckius [Rijcke], T. Ad C. Cornelium Tacitum animadversiones [Observations on C. Cornelius Tacitus]. Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden]: Ad Jacobum Hackium, 1686.Google Scholar
Sachau, E. “Zur Erklärung von Vendidad I” [On the explanation of Vendidad I]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft [Journal of the German Oriental Society] 27 (1873): 147–148.Google Scholar
Sassmannshausen, L. “Kassitische Herrscher und ihre Namen” [Kassite rulers and their names]. In He has Opened Nisaba’s House of Learning: Studies in Honor of Åke Sjøberg on the Occasion of his 89th Birthday on August 1st 2013, edited by Sassmannshausen, L. and Neumann, G., 165–199. Leiden: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Scheftelowitz, J. “Die Sprache der Kossäer” [The language of the Kossaeans]. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachkunde [Journal of Comparative Linguistics] 38 (1905): 260–277.Google Scholar
Scheil, V. Textes élamites-sémitiques, deuxième série [Elamite-Semitic texts, second series]. Paris: Mémoires de la Délégtion en Perse [Memoirs of the Delegation in Persia] 4, 1902.Google Scholar
Scheil, V. Textes élamites-anzanites, deuxième série [Elamite-Anzanite texts, second series]. Paris: Mémoires de la Délégtion en Perse [Memoirs of the Delegation in Persia] 5, 1904.Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. “Sūrēn, aber Kārin. Zu den Namen zweier Parthergeschlechter” [Sūrēn, but Kārin. On the names of two Parthian lineages]. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Linguistic Studies] 42 (1983): 197–205.Google Scholar
Schnetz, J. Ravennas Anonymus: Cosmographia. Eine Erdbeschreibung um das Jahr 700 [Ravennas Anonymus: Cosmographia. A description of the Earth c. 700]. Uppsala: Nomina Germanica, Arkiv för germansk Namnforskning [Archive for Research on Germanic Names] 10, 1951.Google Scholar
Schoff, W. Parthian Stations by Isidore of Charax: An Account of the Overland Trade Route between the Levant and India in the First Century B.C. Philadelphia: Commercial Museum, 1914.Google Scholar
Schwarz, P. Iran im Mittelalter nach den arabischen Geographen [Iran in the Middle Ages according to the Arab geographers]. Vol. 6. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1926.Google Scholar
Slanski, K. E. “Classification, Historiography and Monumental Authority: The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus).” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 52 (2000): 95–114. doi: 10.2307/1359688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slanski, K. E. The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus): A Study in their Form and Function. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research Books 9, 2003.Google Scholar
Spiegel, F. “Medien II [Media II].” Das Ausland [Foreign countries] 34, no. 10 (1861): 217–222.Google Scholar
Spiegel, F. Érân, das Land zwischen dem Indus und Tigris. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Landes und seiner Geschichte [Érân, the land between the Indus and the Tigris. Contributions to the knowledge of the land and its history]. Berlin: Ferd. Dümmler’s Verlagsbuchhandlung (Harrwitz und Grossmann), 1863.Google Scholar
Spiegel, F. Erânische Alterthumskunde [The study of Iranian antiquity]. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1871.Google Scholar
Stein, A. “An Archaeological Journey in Western Iran.” The Geographical Journal 92, no. 4 (1938): 313–342. doi: 10.2307/1787218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steve, M.-J. Syllabaire élamite. Histoire et paléographie. Neuchâtel-Paris: Civilisations du Proche-Orient Série II, Philologie 1, 1992.Google Scholar
Streck, M. “Das Gebiet der heutigen Landschaften Armenien, Kurdistân und Westpersien nach den babylonisch-assyrischen Keilinschriften” [The area of modern Armenia, Kurdistan and Western Persia in the Babylonian-Assyrian cuneiform texts]. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie [Journal of Assyriology] 15 (1900): 257–382.Google Scholar
Tallqvist, K. T. Assyrian Personal Names. Helsinki: Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ 43/1, 1914.Google Scholar
Tavernier, J. “A Survey of Neo-Elamite History. By Matthew W. Waters.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62 (2003): 202–204. doi: 10.1086/380319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomaschek, W. “Zur historischen Topographie von Persien I. Die Strassenzüge der Tabula Peutingerana” [On the historical topography of Persia I. The road network of the Peutinger Table]. Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien [Reports of the Philosophical-historical Section of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna] 102 (1883): 145–231.Google Scholar
Vallat, F. Les noms géographiques des sources suso-élamites [The geographical names of the Suso-Elamite sources]. Wiesbaden: Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes [Geographical Repertoire of Cuneiform Texts] 11, 1993.Google Scholar
Vér, A. “Neo-Assyrian Kārus in the Zagros.” In Studies in Economic and Social History of the Ancient Near East in Memory of Péter Vargyas, edited by Csabai, Z., 789–810. Budapest: Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Studies 2, 2014.Google Scholar
Von Gutschmid, A. Geschichte Irans und seiner Nachbarländer von Alexander dem Grossen bis zum Untergang der Arsaciden [History of Iran and its neighbors from Alexander the Great to the fall of the Arsacids]. Tübingen: Verlag der H. Laupp’schen Buchhandlung, 1888.Google Scholar
Von Niebuhr, M. Geschichte Assur’s und Babel’s seit Phul aus der Concordanz des Alten Testaments, des Berossos, des Kanons der Könige und der griechischen Schriftsteller [The history of Assur and Babel since Phul from the Concordance of the Old Testament, Berossus, the Canons of the Kings and the Greek authors]. Berlin: Wilhelm Hertz, 1857.Google Scholar
Von Stahl, A. F. “Notes on the March of Alexander the Great from Ecbatana to Hyrcania.” The Geographical Journal 64 (1924): 312–329. doi: 10.2307/1781813Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. “Neue Beiträge zur Kunde der Susischen Inschriften” [New contributions to the knowledge of the Susian inscriptions]. Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Königlichen Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften [Contributions of the philological-historical Section of the Royal Saxon Society of Sciences] 14 (1894): 731–777.Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. “Charinda.” Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaften [Pauly-Wissowa’s Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquity] 3 (1899): 2143.Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. “Κάϱινα.” Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaften [Pauly-Wissowa’s Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquity] 10 (1919): 1947–1948.Google Scholar
Williams, J. Two Essays on the Geography of Ancient Asia; Intended Partly to Illustrate the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Anabasis of Xenophon. London: John Murray, 1829.Google Scholar
Wilson, Maj.-Gen. Sir C. Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc. London: John Murray, 1895.Google Scholar
Zadok, R. The Elamite Onomasticon. Naples: Supplement 40 to Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli [Annals of the Oriental Institute of Naples] 44/3, 1984.Google Scholar
Zadok, R. “The Babylonia–Elam Connections in the Chaldaean and Achaemenid Periods (Part One).” Tel Aviv 38 (2011): 120–143. doi: 10.1179/033443511x12931017059387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zadok, R. “Kassites.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2015. Available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassitesGoogle Scholar
Zedler, J. H. Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste [Complete universal dictionary of all sciences and arts]. Vol. 5. Halle: Johann Heinrich Zedler, 1733.Google Scholar