Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-xtvcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-24T18:56:10.110Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

OF CAPTIVE STORM GODS AND CUNNING FOXES: NEW INSIGHTS INTO EARLY SUMERIAN MYTHOLOGY, WITH AN EDITION OF NI 12501

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2025

Jana Matuszak Open the ORCID record for Jana Matuszak [Opens in a new window]
Jana Matuszak*
Affiliation:
Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures University of Chicago matuszak@uchicago.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper publishes the editio princeps of an Early Dynastic IIIb tablet from Nippur, which contains a unique yet fragmentary Sumerian narrative about the storm god Iškur’s captivity in the netherworld, from which he appears to be rescued by Fox. While the incomplete state of preservation prevents a reconstruction of the plot, individual motifs can be traced across the entire cuneiform corpus, allowing for a preliminary case study of continuity and change over more than two millennia of Mesopotamian mythological literature.

عن آلهة العواصف الأسيرة والثعالب الماكرة: رؤى جديدة ف& ي الأساطير السومرية المبكرة، مع طبعة ني Ni 12501

بقلم: يانا ماتوزاك

تنشر هذه الورقة نسخة من الطبعة الأولى من لوح من طبعة ED IIIb من نيبور، والذي يحتوي على رواية سومرية فريدة من نوعها ولكنها مجزأة عن أسر إله العاصفة إيشكور في العالم السفلي، والذي يبدو أنه تم إنقاذه منه على يد ثعلب. وفي حين أن عدم اكتمال حالة الحفظ يحول دون سرد القصة بشكل صحيح،ولكن يمكن تتبع الزخارف الفردية عبر مجموعة النصوص المسمارية بأكملها، مما يسمح بإجراء دراسة حال أولية للاستمرارية والتغيير على مدى أكثر من ألفي عام من الأدب الأسطوري في بلاد ما بين النهرين.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , First View , pp. 1 - 30
Copyright
© The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alivernini, S. and Bramanti, A.. 2023. “Mooing or mu-ing? Animal naming in Neo-Sumerian documents.” Akkadica 144: 143–150.Google Scholar
Alster, B. 1976. “On the Earliest Sumerian Literary Tradition.” JCS 28(2): 109–126.Google Scholar
Alster, B. 1991/92. “Early Dynastic Proverbs and other Contributions to the Study of Literary Texts from Abū Ṣalābīkh.” AfO 38/39: 1–51.Google Scholar
Alster, B. 2005. Wisdom of Ancient Sumer. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Alster, B. and Westenholz, A.. 1994. “The Barton Cylinder.” ASJ 16: 15–46.Google Scholar
Arnaud, D. 2001. “6. Textes de bibliothèque” in Yon, M. and Arnaud, D., eds., Études Ougaritiques I. Travaux 1985–1995. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 14. Paris: Recherche sur les Civilisations, pp. 333–338.Google Scholar
Arnaud, D. 2007. Corpus des Textes de Bibliothèque de Ras Shamra-Ougarit (1936–2000) en sumérien, babylonien et assyrien. AulaOr Suppl. 23. Sabadell: Ausa.Google Scholar
Attinger, P. 2015. Review of Gadotti (2014). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 105/2: 235–265.Google Scholar
Attinger, P. 2021. “Compléments à l’article “Literatur” de D.O. Edzard. RlA, 7, 1/2(1987), 35–48 (choix).” https://zenodo.org/records/4603738.Google Scholar
Attinger, P. 2023. Glossaire sumérien-français, principalement des textes littéraires paléobabyloniens. Deuxième édition, revue et augmentée. https://unibe-ch.academia.edu/pascalattinger/Books Google Scholar
Ayali-Darshan, N. 2024. Dying and Rising Gods. The History of a Mythologem in West Asia of the Second Millennium BCE. Kasion 10. Münster: Zaphon.Google Scholar
Bal, M. 1985. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Barton, G. A. 1918. Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. 1998. “Der vorsargonische Abschnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte” in P. Attinger and M. Wäfler, Mesopotamien. Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit. Annäherungen 1. OBO 160/1. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag/Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 431–622.Google Scholar
Biggs, R. D. 1973a. “On Regional Cuneiform Handwritings in Third Millennium Mesopotamia.” OrNS 42: 39–46.Google Scholar
Biggs, R. D. 1973b. “Pre-Sargonic Riddles from Lagash.” JNES 31(1–2): 26–33.Google Scholar
Biggs, R. D. 1974. Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh. OIP 99. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Biggs, R. D. 1976. Inscriptions from Al-Hiba – Lagash. The First and Second Seasons. BiMes. 3. Malibu: Undena Publications.Google Scholar
Boddy, K. 2021. The Composition and Tradition of Erimḫuš. CunMon. 52. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavigneaux, A. 1982. “Schultexte aus Warka.” Baghdader Mitteilungen 13: 21–30.Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, A. 2003. “Fragments littéraires susiens” in Sallaberger, W., Volk, K. and Zgoll, A., eds., Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien. Festschrift für Claus Wilcke Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 53–62.Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, A. 2014. “Une version sumérienne de la légende d’Adapa (Textes de Tell Haddad X).” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 104(1): 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Civil, M. 1976a. “Enlil, the Merchant: Notes to CT 15 10.” JCS 28(2): 72–81.Google Scholar
Civil, M. 1976b. “The Song of the Plowing Oxen” in Eichler, Barry L., ed., Kramer Anniversary Volume: Cuneiform Studies in Honor of Samuel Noah Kramer. AOAT 25. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker Kevalaer, pp. 83–96.Google Scholar
Civil, M. 1987. “Feeding Dumuzi’s Sheep: The Lexicon as a Source of Literary Inspiration” in Rochberg-Halton, F., ed. Language, Literature, and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner. AOS 67. New Haven, pp. 37–56.Google Scholar
Civil, M. 2000 [2005]. “Modal Prefixes.” ASJ 22: 29–42.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. 2013. Wisdom from the Late Bronze Age. WAW 34. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delnero, P. 2020. How To Do Things With Tears. Ritual Lamenting in Ancient Mesopotamia. SANER 26. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, A. 2023. Der Wettergott im Bild: Diachrone Analyse eines altorientalischen Göttertypus im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. MAAO 8. Gladbeck: PeWe-Verlag.Google Scholar
Edzard, D. O. 1965. “Die Mythologie der Sumerer und Akkader” in Haussig, H. W., Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient. Wörterbuch der Mythologie I. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett, pp. 19–139; pls. I–IV.Google Scholar
Edzard, D. O. 2002: “Eas doppelzüngiger Rat an Adapa: ein Deutungsvorschlag.” Orientalia 71: 415–416.Google Scholar
Edzard, D. O., Farber, G., and Sollberger, E.. 1977. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der präsargonischen und sargonischen Zeit. RGTC 1. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Falkenstein, A. 1965. “Die Anunna in der sumerischen Überlieferung.” AS 16: 127–140.Google Scholar
Farber, G. 2014. “Aspect Distribution in the Sumerian Verb ‘to Give Birth’” in Koslova, N., Vizirova, E. and Zólyomi, G., eds., Studies in Sumerian Language and Literature. Festschrift für Joachim Krecher. Babel und Bibel 8. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Ferrara, A. J. 1995. “Topoi and Stock-Strophes in Sumerian Literary Tradition: Some Observations, Part I.” JNES 54: 81–117.Google Scholar
Foster, B. R. 2016. The Age of Agade, Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fritz, M. M. 2003. “.. und weiten um Tammuz.” Die Götter Dumuzi-Ama’ušumgal’anna und Damu. AOAT 307. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Gabbay, U. 2020. “A New Manuscript of Ninⓖišzida’s Journey to the Netherworld.” AoF 47 (1): 67–90.Google Scholar
Gadotti, A. 2014. ‘Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld’ and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle. UAVA 10. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genette, G. 1972. Figures III. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Genette, G. 1983. Nouveau discours du récit. Paris: Editions du Seuil.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, A. R. 2016. “Die Kosmogonie des alten Mesopotamien” in Gindhart, M. and Pommerening, T., eds., Anfang & Ende: Vormoderne Szenarien von Weltentstehung und Weltuntergang. Darmstadt: von Zabern, pp. 7–25, 132–133, 140.Google Scholar
Görke, S. 2023. “Angefleht und dann beopfert: Zur Beziehung von Mythos und Festritual in hethitischen Texten.” JANER 23: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, V. and Wilhelm, G.. 1974. Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna. AOATS 3. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Google Scholar
Heinrich, A. C. 2021. “Poem of Creation (Enūma eliš) Chapter II. With contributions by Z. J. Földi, E. Jiménez and T. D. N. Mitto. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster.” Electronic Babylonian Library. https://doi.org/10.5282/ebl/l/1/2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, A. C. 2022a. “Anzû Chapter Old Babylonian II. With contributions by E. Jiménez and T. D. N. Mitto. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster.” Electronic Babylonian Library. https://doi.org/10.5282/ebl/l/1/10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, A. C. 2022b. “Anzû Chapter Standard Babylonian I. With contributions by A. Hätinen, E. Jiménez and T. D. N. Mitto. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster.” Electronic Babylonian Library. https://doi.org/10.5282/ebl/l/1/10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, J. D. 1996. Red Fox: The Catlike Canine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Hoffner, H. A. Jr 2 1998. Hittite Myths. WAW 2. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Izre’el, S. 2001. Adapa and the South Wind. Language has the Power of Life and Death. MesCiv. 10. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, Th . and Alster, B.. 2000. “Ningišzida’s Boat-Ride to Hades” in George, A. R. and Finkel, I. L., eds., Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyiology in Honour of W. G. Lambert. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, pp. 315–344.Google Scholar
Jiménez, E. 2017. The Babylonian Disputation Poems. CHANE 87. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, E. 2020. “Two Foxy Notes” in Arkhipov, I., Kogan, L., and Koslova, N., eds., The Third Millennium. CM 50. Leiden/Boston: Brill, pp. 327–340.Google Scholar
Jiménez, E. 2022. Middle and Neo-Babylonian Literary Texts in the Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection, Jena. TMH 13. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, D. 2003. The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources. Bethesda, MD: CDL.Google Scholar
Katz, D. 2007. “Enki and Ninhursaga, Part One: The Story of Dilmun.” BiOr 65 (3–4): 320–342.Google Scholar
Katz, D. 2008. “Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two: The Story of Enki and Ninhursaga.” BiOr 64(5–6): 568–589.Google Scholar
Kienast, B. 2003. iškar šēlebi: Die Serie vom Fuchs. FAOS 22. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Klein, J. 2003. “An Old Babylonian Edition of an Early Dynastic Collection of Insults (BT 9)” in Sallaberger, W., Volk, K., and Zgoll, A., eds. Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien. Festschrift für Claus Wilcke. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 135–149.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. N. 1956. From the Tablets of Sumer. Twenty-five Firsts in Man’s Recorded History. Indian Hills, Colorado: The Falcon’s Wing Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. N. 1961. “Sumerian Literature, A General Survey” in Wright, G. E., ed. The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co, Inc., pp. 249–266.Google Scholar
Kraus, F. R. 1947. “Die Istanbuler Tontafelsammlung.” JCS 1/2, 93–119.Google Scholar
Krebernik, M. 1998. “Die Texte aus Fāra und Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ.” in Bauer, J., Englund, R. K., Krebernik, M., Mesopotamien. Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit. Annäherungen 1. OBO 160/1. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag/Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 237–427.Google Scholar
Krebernik, M. 2020. “Ein neues Dumuzi-Inanna-Lied aus der Hilprecht-Sammlung (HS 2940)” in Baldwin, J. and Matuszak, J., eds. mu-zu an-za₃-še₃ kur-ur₂-še₃ ḫe₂-ⓖal₂. Altorientalistische Studien zu Ehren von Konrad Volk. dubsar 17. Münster: Zaphon, pp. 131–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebernik, M. and Lisman, J. J. W.. 2020. The Sumerian Zame Hymns from Tell Abū Ṣalābīh. With an Appendix on Early Dynastic Colophons. dubsar 12. Münster: Zaphon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebernik, M. and Lisman, J. J. W. 2024. “Ezinan’s Seven Children. An Early Dynastic Sumerian Myth from Abū Ṣalābīḫ.” AoF 54(2): 170–215.Google Scholar
Krecher, J. 1992. “UD.GAL.NUN versus ‘Normal’ Sumerian: Two Literatures or One?” in Fronzaroli, P., ed., Literature and Literary Language at Ebla. Quaderni di Semitistica 18. Florence: Dipartimento die Linguistica, Università di Firenze, pp. 285–303.Google Scholar
Lämmerhirt, K. 2010. Wahrheit und Trug. Untersuchungen zur altorientalischen Begriffsgeschichte. AOAT 348. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. 1960. Babylonian Wisdom Literature . Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. and Winters, R. D.. 2023. An = Anum and Related Listsital. God Lists of Ancient Mesopotamia, Volume I, edited by George, A. and Krebernik, M.. ORA 54. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Lecompte, C. 2020. “A propos de deux monuments figures du début du 3e millénaire: observations sur la Figure aux Plumes et la Prisoner Plaque ” in Arkhipov, I., Kogan, L., and Koslova, N., eds., The Third Millennium. Studies in Early Mesopotamia and Syria in Honor of Walter Sommerfeld and Manfred Krebernik. CunMon. 50. Leiden/Boston: Brill, pp. 417–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liverani, M. 2004. Myth and Politics in Ancient Near Easter Historiography. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Lisman, J. J. W. 2016–17. “The Barton Cylinder: a Lament for Keš?” JEOL 46: 145–178.Google Scholar
Löhnert, A. 2009. “Wie die Sonne tritt heraus!“ Eine Klage zum Auszug Enlils mit einer Untersuchung zu Komposition und Tradition sumerischer Klagelieder in altbabylonischer Zeit. AOAT 364. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D.W. 1976. “Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores.” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 42: 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machinist, P. 2005. “Order and Disorder: Some Mesopotamian Reflections” in Shaked, Sh. (ed.), Genesis and Regeneration. Essays on Conceptions of Origins. Jerusalem: the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, pp. 31–61.Google Scholar
Mander, P. 1986. Il pantheon di Abu-Ṣālabīkh . Contributo allo studio del pantheon sumerico arcaico. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.Google Scholar
Marchesi, G. 1999. “Notes on Two Alleged Literary Texts from al-Hiba/Lagaš.” SEL 16: 3–17.Google Scholar
Matuszak, J. and Alessawe, H. A.. 2024. “A Sargonic Exercise Tablet Listing “Places of Innana” and Personal Names.” JCS 76: 27–52.Google Scholar
Matuszak, J. and Attinger, P.. 2024. “Notes on CUSAS 23, 205: Ama’ušumgal’s death and return, with an excursus on ug₅ “to kill someone (sg.)” and /u₃/- + imperfective in the 3rd millennium BCE.” N.A.B.U. 2024(1): 5–8 (no. 2).Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1991. “Negation as Description: The Metaphor of Everyday Life in Early Mesopotamian Literature.” AuOr 9: 131–136.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. 1998. “Literature as a Source of Lexical Inspiration: Some Notes on a Hymn to the Goddess Inana” in Braun, J., Lyczkowska, K., Popko, M., and Steinkeller, P., eds., Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzýnska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday. Warsaw: Agade, pp. 65–74.Google Scholar
Mitto, T. D. N. 2022. “Adapa Chapter Standard Babylonian. With contributions by Z. J. Földi, A. C. Heinrich and E. Jiménez. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster.” electronic Babylonian Library. https://doi.org/10.5282/ebl/l/1/7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulus, S. 2023. Back to School in Babylonia. ISACMP 1. Chicago, IL: Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures.Google Scholar
Pecchioli Daddi, F. and Polvani, A. M.. 1990. La mitologia ittita. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.Google Scholar
Peterson, J. 2009. “A Sumerian Literary Fragment Involving the God Irḫan.” NABU 2009/39.Google Scholar
Popko, M. 1995. Religions of Asia Minor. Warsaw: Academic Publications Dialog.Google Scholar
Powell, M. A. 1990. “Masse und Gewichte.” RlA 7, pp. 457–517.Google Scholar
Propp, V. 1973. Morphology of the Folktale. Transl. by The American Folklore Society. 2 nd revised edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Recht, L. and Tsouparopoulou, C.. 2021. Fierce lions, angry mice and fat-tailed sheep. Animal encounters in the ancient Near East. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Rieken, E., Lorenz, J., Bauer, A., Görke, S. 2009. “Mythen der Hethiter.” https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/txhet_myth CTH 322; 323; 324; 325; 789, respectively.Google Scholar
Rimmon-Kenan, Sh. 1983. Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics. London: Taylor and Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Römer, W. H. Ph. 2001. Hymnen und Klagelieder in sumerischer Sprache. AOAT 276. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Rost, S. 2015. Watercourse Management and Political Centralization in Third-Millennium B.C. Southern Mesopotamia: A Case Study of the Umma Province of the Ur III Period (2112–2004 B.C.). PhD dissertation, Stony Brook University.Google Scholar
Rubio, G. 1999. Sumerian Literary Texts from the Time of the Third Dynasty of Ur. PhD dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Rubio, G. 2013. “Time Before Time: Primeval Narratives in Early Mesopotamian Literature” in Feliu, L., Llop, J., Millet Albà, A., and Sanmartín, J., eds. Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, pp. 3–17.Google Scholar
Schrakamp, I. 2018. “Irrigation in 3rd Millennium Southern Mesopotamia: Cuneiform Evidence from the Early Dynastic IIIb City-State of Lagash (2475–2315 BC)” in Berking, J., ed. Water Management in Ancient Civilizations. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 53. Berlin: Edition Topoi, pp. 117–195.Google Scholar
Schwemer, D. 2001. Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen. Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Schwemer, D. 2016. “Wettergott(heiten) A.” RlA 15, pp. 69–91.Google Scholar
Selz, G. J. 1995. Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš. OPSNKF 13. Philadelphia: The Samuel Noah Kramer Fund.Google Scholar
Selz, G. J. 1999/2000: “„Wirtschaftskrise – Legitimationskrise – Staatskrise“: Zur Genese mesopotamischer Rechtsvorstellungen zwischen Planwirtschaft und Eigentumsverfassung.” AfO 46/47, 1–44.Google Scholar
Sövegjártó, S. 2019. “What Does the Fox Say? Considerations on the Character Type of the Fox in Sumerian Literature.” KASKAL 16: 281–292.Google Scholar
Sövegjártó, S. 2021. “The fox in ancient Mesopotamia: from physical characteristics to anthropomorphized literary figure” in Recht and Tsouparopoulou (2021), pp. 95–102.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P. 1979. “Notes on Sumerian Plural Verbs.” Or. 48, 54–67.Google Scholar
Streck, M. P. 2002. “Die Prologe der sumerischen Epen.” Or. 71, 189–266.Google Scholar
Such-Gutiérrez, M. 2003. Beiträge zum Pantheon von Nippur im 3. Jahrtausend. MVS 9/1–2. Rome.Google Scholar
Such-Gutiérrez, M. 2005–06. “Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt.” AfO 51: 1–44.Google Scholar
Vanstiphout, H. 1988. “The Importance of ‘The Tale of the Fox’.” ASJ 10: 191–228.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, N. 2004. Religion, Literature, and Scholarship. The Sumerian Composition Nanše and the Birds. With a Catalogue of Sumerian Bird Names. CunMon. 22. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veldhuis, N. 2018. “Translation in the Elevation of Ištar” in Crisostomo, C. J., Escobar, E. A., Tanaka, T., and Veldhuis, N., eds. The Scaffolding of Our Thought. Essays on Assyriology and the History of Science in Honor of Francesca Rochberg. AMD 13. Leiden/Boston: Bill, pp. 183–206.Google Scholar
Verderame, L. 2021. “Animal Agents in Sumerian literature” in Recht and Tsouparopoulou (2021), pp. 15–29.Google Scholar
Viano, M. 2016. The Reception of Sumerian Literature in the Western Periphery. Venice: Edizioni Ca’Foscari.Google Scholar
Vilela, A. 2021. Les canidés en Mésopotamie: étude sur le comportement animal et sa representation dans les textes sumériens et akkadiens (III ème -I er millénaires av. J.-C.). PhD dissertation, Université Lumière Lyon 2.Google Scholar
Westenholz, A. 1975a. Early Cuneiform Texts in Jena. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Westenholz, A. 1975b. Old Sumerian and Old Akkadian Texts in Philadelphia Chiefly from Nippur. Part One. Literary and Lexical Texts and the Earliest Administrative Documents from Nippur. BiMes. 1. Malibu: Undena Publications.Google Scholar
Westenholz, A. 2014. A Third-Millennium Miscellany of Cuneiform Texts. CUSAS 26. Bethesda: CDL Press.Google Scholar
Westenholz, A. 2023. Old Sumerian and Old Akkadian Texts in Philadelphia. Vol. III. CNI Publications 49. Charlottenlund: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Wiggermann, F. A. M. 2000. “Niraḫ, Irḫan.” RlA 9, 570–574.Google Scholar
Wilcke, C. 1976. “Formale Gesichtspunkte in der sumerischen Literatur” in Lieberman, S. J., ed., Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on his Seventieth Birthday, June 7, 1974. AS 20. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 205–316.Google Scholar
Wilcke, C. 1995. “Die Inschrift der “Figure aux plumes” – ein frühes Werk sumerischer Dichtkunst” in Finkbeiner, U., Dittmann, R., and Hauptmann, H., eds. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Vorderasiens. Festschrift für Rainer Michael Boehmer. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, pp. 669–674.Google Scholar
Wilson, K. L. 2012. Bismaya. Recovering the Lost City of Adab. With contributions by J. Lauinger, M. L. Phillips, B. Studevent-Hickman, and A. Westenholz. OIP 138. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wisnom, S. 2019. Weapons of Words: Intertextual Competition in Babylonian Poetry. A Study of Anzû, Enūma Eliš, and Erra and Išum. CHANE 106. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zand, K. 2009. Die UD.GAL.NUN-Texte: Ein allographisches Corpus sumerischer Mythen aus dem Frühdynastikum. PhD dissertation, University of Jena.Google Scholar
Zand, K. 2020. “Relationship Status: Complicated” in Sommerfeld, W., ed., Dealing with Antiquity: Past, Present & Future. RAI Marburg. AOAT 460. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 463–473.Google Scholar
Zanetti, E. 2023. Idraulica sumerica. Serie Atlante del Vicino Oriente antico 4. Rome: Sapienza.Google Scholar
Zgoll, A., Cuperly, B., and Cöster-Gilbert, A. 2023. “In Search of Dumuzi: An Introduction to Hylistic Narratology” in Konstantopoulos, G., and Helle, S., eds., The Shape of Stories. CunMon. 54. Leiden/Boston: Brill, pp. 285–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zólyomi, G. 2003. “A Manuscript of “Ningišzida’s Journey to the Nether World from Kiš, Ingharra.” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 93: 70–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar