Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:28:05.001Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2014

Jason Ur ,
Lidewijde de Jong ,
Jessica Giraud ,
James F. Osborne  and
John MacGinnis
Jason Ur
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, jasonur@fas.harvard.edu
Lidewijde de Jong
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, 9712 ER Groningen, The Netherlands, lidewijde.de.jong@rug.nl
Jessica Giraud
Affiliation:
IFPO-Irak—French Consulate in Erbil, Iraq, Valise Diplomatique, 13 rue Louveau, 92438 Chatillon Cedex, France
James F. Osborne
Affiliation:
Department of Near Eastern Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Gilman Hall 117, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore MD 21218, USA, josbor24@jhu.edu
John MacGinnis
Affiliation:
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, United Kingdom, jm111@cam.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In 2012, the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) conducted its first season of fieldwork. The project's goal is the complete mapping of the archaeological landscape of Erbil, with an emphasis on the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods. It will test the hypothesis that the Neo-Assyrian landscape was closely planned. This first report emphasizes the project's field methodology, especially the use of a variety of satellite remote sensing imagery. Our preliminary results suggest that the plain was part of the urbanized world of Mesopotamia, with new cities of the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Sasanian era identified.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 75 , 2013 , pp. 89 - 117
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

The project would not have been possible without the permission and encouragement of our colleagues in the General Directorate of Antiquities for the KRG (directed by Abubakir Zainaddin [Mala Awat]), the Erbil Directorate of Antiquities (directed by Haydar Hussein), and the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage in Baghdad (especially its former director Qais Rashid). We are thankful for the logistical help of the KRG's Representation in Washington DC, especially its Director of Culture and Community, Najat Abdullah.

EPAS benefited greatly from the advice, collegiality, and intellectual stimulation of our new academic colleagues in the Kurdistan Region, especially Olivier Rouault and Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault (Qasr Shemamok excavations), Konstantinos Kopanias (Tell Nader and Tell Baqrta excavations), Daniele Morandi Bonacossi (Land of Nineveh Regional Project), Rafal Kolinski (Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance), and Karel Nováček (Czech Archaeological Mission to Erbil). We owe a special debt to David Michelmore (Principal of the Consultancy for Conservation) and Jessica Johnson (Academic Director of the Iraqi Institute for the Conservation of Antiquities and Heritage) for hosting the team members and introducing us to Erbil society.

Funding for the 2012 EPAS field season was provided by Harvard University, the American School of Prehistoric Research, and the University of Groningen.

This manuscript benefited from references and critical comments by Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault, Olivier Rouault, and Karel Novadek.

References

Adams, Robert McCormick. 1965. Land Behind Baghdad. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick. 1981. Heartland of Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick. 2005. “Intensified Large-Scale Irrigation as an Aspect of Imperial Policy: Strategies of Statecraft on the Late Sasanian Mesopotamian Plain,” in Agricultural Strategies. Edited by Marcus, Joyce and Stanish, Charles, pp. 17–37. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick, and Nissen, Hans J.. 1972. The Uruk Countryside. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Al Quntar, Salam, Khalidi, Lamya, and Jason, A. Ur. 2011. Proto-Urbanism in the late 5th Millennium BC: Survey and Excavations at Khirbat al-Fakhar/Hamoukar, Northeast Syria. Paléorient 37:151–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcock, Susan E. 1994. “Breaking Up the Hellenistic World: Survey and Society,” in Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Edited by Morris, Ian, pp. 171–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alizadeh, Karim, and Jason, A. Ur. 2007. Formation and Destruction of Pastoral and Irrigation Landscapes on the Mughan Steppe, North-Western Iran. Antiquity 81:148–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaweel, Mark. 2003. The Roads of Ashur and Nineveh. Akkadica 124:221–28.Google Scholar
Altaweel, Mark. 2005. The Use of ASTER Satellite Imagery in Archaeological Contexts. Archaeological Prospection 12:151–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaweel, Mark. 2008. The Imperial Landscape of Ashur: Settlement and Land Use in the Assyrian Heartland. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 11. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
Altaweel, Mark, Marsh, Anke, Mühl, Simone, Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier, Radner, Karen, Rasheed, Kamal, and Saber, Saber Ahmad. 2012. New Investigations in the Environment, History, and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009–2011. Iraq 74:1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anastasio, Stefano, Conti, Giovanni, and Ulivieri, Laura. 2012. La collezione orientale del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze Volume I. I materiali di Qasr Shamamuk. Rome: Aracne.Google Scholar
Bachmann, W. 1927. Felsreliefs in Assyrien: Bawian, Maltaiund Gundiik. 52. wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Bagg, Ariel M. 2000. Assyrische Wasserbauten: Landwirtschaftliche Wasserbauten im Kernland Assyriens zwischen der 2. Hälfte des 2. und der 1. Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. Baghdader Forschungen Band 24. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Ball, W., Tucker, D., and Wilkinson, T.J.. 1989. The Tell al-Hawa Project: Archaeological Investigations in the North Jazira. Iraq 51:1–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, Peter. 1989. “The Qanat: A Means of Water Provision from Ground Sources,” in Qanat, Kariz and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa. Edited by Beaumont, Peter, Bonine, Michael E., and McLachlan, Keith, pp. 13–31. London: Middle East Centre, School of Oriental & African Studies.Google Scholar
Boehmer, Rainer Michael. 1997. Bemerkung bzw. Ergängungen zu Gerwan, Khinis und Faidhi. Baghdader Mitteilungen 28:245–49.Google Scholar
Buringh, P. 1960. Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Challis, Keith. 2007. Archaeology's Cold War Windfall: The CORONA Programme and Lost Landscapes of the Near East. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 60:21–27.Google Scholar
Charpin, Dominique. 2004. Données nouvelles sur la régoin du Petit Zab au XVIIIe siècle av. J.C. Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 98:151–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deller, Karlheinz. 1990. Eine Erwägung zur Lokalisierung des aB ON Qabrā/Qabarā. NABU 1990/3:no. 84.Google Scholar
Directorate General of Antiquities. 1979. Atlas of the Archaeological Sites in Iraq. Baghdad: al-Jumhuriya Press.Google Scholar
Eidem, Jesper, and Laessoe, Jørgen. 2001. The Shemshara Archives 1: The Letters. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.Google Scholar
Eidem, Jesper, and Warburton, David. 1996. In the Land of Nagar: A Survey around Tell Brak. Iraq 58:51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiey, J.M. 1965. Assyrie chrétienne: Contribution a l'étude de l'histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques et monastiques du nord de l'Iraq. Beirut: Imprimerie catholique.Google Scholar
Fowler, Martin J.F. 2004. Archaeology through the Keyhole: The Serendipity Effect of Aerial Reconnaissance Revisited. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 29:118–34.Google Scholar
Fowler, Martin J.F.. 2013. “Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs,” in Archaeology from Historical Aerial and Satellite Archives. Edited by Hanson, William S. and Oltean, Ioana A., pp. 47–66. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlani, Guiseppe. 1934. Gli scavi italiani in Assiria (Campagna del 1933). Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana 2:265–76.Google Scholar
Geyer, Bernard, and Monchambert, Jean-Yves. Editors. 2003. La basse vallée de l'Euphrate syrien du Néolithique à l'avènement de l'Islam: Géographie, archéologie et histoire. Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique Tome 166. Beirut: Institut Français d'Archéologie du Proche-Orient.Google Scholar
Gibson, McGuire. 1972. The City and Area of Kish. Coconut Grove, Florida: Field Research Projects.Google Scholar
Goblot, Henri. 1979. Les qanats: une technique d'acquisition de l'eau Paris and New York: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, S., and Kennedy, David. 1985. Sir Aurel Stein's Limes Report. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Guest, Evan. Editor. 1966. Flora of Iraq, Volume One: Introduction. Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Jabir Khalil. 1986. Pre-Islamic Settlement in the Jazirah. Baghdad: State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Republic of Iraq.Google Scholar
Ismail, B.K., and Cavigneaux, A.. 2003. Dādušas Siegesstele IM 95200 aus Esnunna: Die Inschrift. Baghdader Mitteilungen 34:129–56.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, Thorkild, and Lloyd, Seton. 1935. Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan. Oriental Institute Publications 24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Felix. 1855. “Vestiges of Assyria,” John Walker.Google Scholar
Jong, Lidewijde de. 2011. Mallowan's Marshes. The archaeology of the Balikh Valley under Roman and Byzantine rule. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäeologie 4:262–82.Google Scholar
Kennedy, David, and Riley, Derrick. 1990. Rome's Desert Frontier from the Air. London: B.T. Batsford.Google Scholar
Layard, Austen Henry. 1853. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with Travels in Armenia and the Desert. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Levine, Louis D. 1989. K.4675+: The Zamua Itinerary. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 3:75–92.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Dale R. 2009. Survey of Infiltration Karez in Northern Iraq: History and Current Status of Underground Aqueducts. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Report IQ/2009/SC/RP/1: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Seton. 1938. Some Ancient Sites in the Sinjar District. Iraq: 123–42.Google Scholar
MacGinnis, John D.A. 2013. Erbil in the Cuneiform Sources. Erbil: Kurdish Regional Government Ministry of Culture and Youth.Google Scholar
Matney, Timothy. 2010. “Material Culture and Identity: Assyrians, Arameans, and the Indigenous Peoples of Iron Age Southeastern Anatolia,” in Agency and Identity in the Ancient Near East: New Paths Forward. Edited by Steadman, Sharon and Ross, Jennifer, pp. 129–47. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Matney, Timothy. 2012. “Northern Mesopotamia,” in Blackwell Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. I. Edited by Potts, Daniel T., pp. 556–74. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menze, Bjoern H., and Jason, A. Ur. 2012. Mapping Patterns of Long-Term Settlement in Northern Mesopotamia at a Large Scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:E778–E787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menze, Bjoern H., Jason, A. Ur, and Sherratt, Andrew G.. 2006. Detection of Ancient Settlement Mounds: Archaeological Survey Based on the SRTM Terrain Model. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 12:321–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monchambert, Jean-Yves. 1984. Le futur lac du Moyen Khabour: Rapport sur la prospection archéologique menée en 1983. Syria 61:181–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele. 2000. “The Syrian Jazireh in the Late Assyrian Period: A View from the Countryside,” in Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7. Edited by Bunnens, Guy, pp. 349–96. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Mühl, Simone. 2010. Durchs wilde Kurdistan: Neue Forschungen in der Provinz Sulaimaniya, Irak. Agora 1:48–53.Google Scholar
Mühl, Simone. 2012. “Human Landscape- Site (Trans-) Formation in the Transtigris Area,” in Tells: Social and Environmental Space. Edited by Hofmann, Robert, Moetz, Fevzi-Kemal, and Müller, Johannes, pp. 79–92. Bonn: Verlag Dr Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Mühl, Simone, and Sulaiman, Burhan S.. 2011. “The Makhul Dam Project,” in Between the Cultures: The Central Tigris Region in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 14. Edited by Miglus, Peter and Mühl, Simone, pp. 371–84. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
Northedge, Alastair. 2005. The Historical Topography of Samarra. Samarra Studies I. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Google Scholar
Nováček, Karel. 2011. Archaeology of the Town under the Citadel Erbil/Hawlér. Subartu 4–5:10–13.Google Scholar
Nováček, Karel. in press. “Arbil, Iraqi Kurdistan: The ‘Longue Durée’ of the City according to New Data,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (8ICAANE), April 30—May 4, 2012 Warsaw. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Nováček, Karel, Amin, Narmm Ali Muhammad, and Melčák, M. 2013. A Medieval City within the Assyrian Wall: The Continuity of the Town Arbil in Northern Mesopotamia. Iraq 75.Google Scholar
Nováček, Karel, Chabr, Tomáš, Filipský, David, Janíček, Libor, Pavelka, Karel, Šída, Petr, Trefný, Martin, and Vařeka, Pavel. 2008. Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season. Památky Archeologické 49:259–302.Google Scholar
Oates, David. 1956. The Roman Frontier in Northern Iraq. The Geographical Journal 122:190–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, David. 1968. Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq. London: British Academy.Google Scholar
Oates, David, and Oates, Joan. 1959. Ain Sinu: A Roman Frontier Post in Northern Iraq. Iraq 21:207–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oded, Bustenay. 1979. Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Parker, Bradley J. 2001. The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo. 1995. “The Constructionof Dur-Sharrukin in the Assyrian Royal Correspondence,” in Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d'Assyrie. Edited by Caubet, Anne, pp. 47–77. Paris: Documentation française.Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo, and Porter, Michael. 2001. The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Google Scholar
Pedde, Friedhelm. 2012. “The Assyrian Heartland,” in A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. II. Edited by Potts, Daniel T., pp. 851–66. Maiden and Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postgate, J. Nicholas. 1995. “Assyria: The Home Provinces,” in Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5. Edited by Liverani, Mario, pp. 1–17. Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”.Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2006. Provinz. C. Assyrien. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 11:42–68.Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2011. “The Assur-Nineveh-Arbela Triangle: Central Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian Period,” in Between the Cultures: The Central Tigris Region in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 14. Edited by Miglus, Peter and Mühl, Simone, pp. 321–29. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian. 1968. Teil Taya (1967): Summary Report. Iraq 30:234–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reade, Julian. 1978. Studies in Assyrian Geography, Part I: Sennacherib and the Waters of Nineveh. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale 72:47–72, 157–80.Google Scholar
Reade, Julian. 2002. “Shiru Maliktha and the Bandwai Canal System,” in Of Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria Presented to David Oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday. Edited by Werr, Lamia al-Gailani, Curtis, John, Martin, Harriet, McMahon, Augusta, Oates, Joan, and Reade, Julian, pp. 309–18: Nabu Publications.Google Scholar
Rekavandi, Hamid Omrani, Sauer, Eberhard W., Wilkinson, Tony, Tamak, Esmail Safari, Ainslie, Roger, Mahmoudi, Majid, Griffiths, Seren, Ershadi, Mohammad, Rensburg, Julian Jansen Van, Fattahi, Morteza, Ratcliffe, James, Nokandeh, Jebrael, Nazifi, Amin, Thomas, Richard, Gale, Rowena, and Hoffmann, Birgitta. 2007. An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire: Further Fieldwork at the Great Wall of Gorgan. Iran 45:95–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ristvet, Lauren. 2005. Settlement, Economy, and Society in the Tell Leilan Region, Syria, 3000–1000 BC. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rouault, Olivier, in press. “In the Heart of Assyria: Qasr Shemamok/Kilizu. A Provincial Capital East of the Tigris. Recent Excavations and New Perspectives,” in Proceeedings of the International Congress on the Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire.Google Scholar
Rouault, Olivier, and Masetti-Rouault, Maria Grazia. in press. “Researches in Qasr Shemamok/Kilizu (Iraqi Kurdistan): An Assyrian Town?,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Warsaw University. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Safar, Fuad. 1946. Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Arbil with Water. Sumer 2:50–52.Google Scholar
Safar, Fuad. 1947. Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Erbil with Water. Sumer 3:23–25.Google Scholar
Scardozzi, Giuseppe. 2011. Multitemporal Satellite Images for Knowledge of the Assyrian Capital Cities and for Monitoring Landscape Transformations in the Upper Course of the Tigris River. International Journal of Geophysics 2011: Article ID 917306.Google Scholar
Stein, Gil J. 2004. “Structural Parameters and Sociocultural Factors in the Economic Organization of North Mesopotamian Urbanism in the Third Millennium BC,” in Archaeological Perspectives on Political Economies. Edited by Feinman, Gary M. and Nicholas, Linda M., pp. 61–78. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Stone, Elizabeth C. 2007. “The Mesopotamian Urban Experience,” in Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams. Edited by Stone, Elizabeth C., pp.213–34. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, Jason A. 2003. CORONA Satellite Photography and Ancient Road Networks: A Northern Mesopotamian Case Study. Antiquity 77:102–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2005. Sennacherib's Northern Assyrian Canals: New Insights from Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography. Iraq 67:317–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2009. “Emergent Landscapes of Movement in Early Bronze Age Northern Mesopotamia,” in Landscapes of Movement: Paths, Trails, and Roads in Anthropological Perspective. Edited by Snead, James E., Erickson, Clark, and Darling, W. Andrew, pp. 180–203. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum Press.Google Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2010a. Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 18:387–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2010b. Urbanism and Cultural Landscapes in Northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar Survey, 1999–2001. Oriental Institute Publications 137. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2013a. “CORONA Satellite Imagery and Ancient Near Eastern Landscapes,” in Mapping Archaeological Landscapes from Space: In Observance of the 40th Anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. Edited by Comer, Douglas C. and Harrower, Michael J., pp. 19–29. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2013b. The Morphology of Neo-Assyrian Cities. Subartu 6–7:11–22.Google Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. in press. “Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Assyria,” in Blackwell Companion to Assyria. Edited by Frahm, Eckart. Oxford and Maiden: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ur, Jason A., Karsgaard, Philip, and Oates, Joan. 2007. Urban Development in the Ancient Near East. Science 317:1188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, Jason A.. 2011. The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003–2006. Iraq 73:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Ess, Margarete, Hausleiter, Arnulf, Hussein, Haydar H., Mohammed, Nader B., Periti, Emmanuele, and Tourtet, Francelin. 2012. Excavations in the City of Arbil, 2009–2011: The Neo-Assyrian Tomb. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäeologie 5:105–65.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 1990. Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia, Vol. I: Settlement and Land Use at Kurban Höyük and other Sites in the Lower Karababa Basin. Oriental Institute Publications 109. Chicago: Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J. 1989. Extensive Sherd Scatters and Land-Use Intensity: Some Recent Results. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:31–46.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J.. 1993. Linear Hollows in the Jazira, Upper Mesopotamia. Antiquity 67:548–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J.. 1995. “Late-Assyrian Settlement Geography in Upper Mesopotamia,” in Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5. Edited by Liverani, Mario, pp. 139–60. Rome: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J.. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., and Barbanes, Eleanor. 2000. “Settlement Patterns in the Syrian Jazira During the Iron Age,” in Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 7. Edited by Bunnens, Guy, pp. 397–422. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., and Tucker, D.J.. 1995. Settlement Development in the North Jazira, Iraq. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., Ur, Jason A., and Casana, Jesse. 2004. “From Nucleation to Dispersal: Trends in Settlement Pattern in the Northern Fertile Crescent,” in Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World. Edited by Cherry, John and Alcock, Susan, pp. 198–205. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J., Wilkinson, Eleanor, Ur, Jason A., and Altaweel, Mark. 2005. Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 340:23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Henry T. 1981. “The Southern Margins of Sumer: Archaeological Survey of the Area of Eridu and Ur,” in Heartland of Cities, by Adams, Robert McCormick, pp. 295–345. Chicago and London: University of Chicago.Google Scholar