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An Historiographical Survey
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2016
The spread of Irish Christian influence on the continent of Europe has attracted surprisingly few Irish students. John Lanigan touched on many of its aspects with critical discernment in his Ecclesiastical history of Ireland; Fr. John Ryan devoted some of his earliest attention to it; William Reeves was alive to the importance of the subject; but, if we omit laudatory and worthless summaries by untrained enthusiasts, almost every other contribution of value was made by non-Irish writers.
page 241 note 1 Lanigan, John, An ecclesiastical history of Ireland from the first introduction of Christianity to the beginning of the thirteenth century (2ed., 4 vols., Dublin, 1829)Google Scholar.
page 241 note 2 Early Irish missionaries on the continent and St. Vergil of Salzburg (Dublin, 1924). Fr. Ryan has maintained his interest in the expansion history : cf. his ‘ Ecclesiastical relations between Ireland and England in the seventh and eighth centuries : St. Berchert of Tullylease ’ in the Journ. Cork Hist. Soc, xliii (1938). 109 – 12. No one can understand the psychology of the expansion unless he reads Ryan's, Professor Irish monasticism : origins and early development (Dublin, 1931)Google Scholar.
page 241 note 3 Cf. Reeves, W, ‘ The Irish abbey of Honau on the Rhine ’ in Proc. R.I.A., vi (l853 – 7). 452 – 61Google Scholar His ‘ Early Irish calligraphy ’ , in U.J.A., viii (1860). 210 – 30, 291 – 305, was a translation of Keller, Ferdinand ‘ Bilder und Schriftziige in den irischen Manuscripten der schweizerischen Bibliotheken ‘ (Mitteilungen der anti-quarischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, vii (1851). 61 – 9)Google Scholar.
page 241 note 4 Gougaud, Dom Louis, Gaelic pioneers of Christianity : the work and influence of Irish mnnks and saints in continental Europe, VIth-XIIth century, transl. by Collins, V (Dublin, 1023)Google Scholar : there is an Irish translation by Gogan, L. S., Cinniri Gaedhealacha na Críostaidheachta (Átha Cllath, 1939)Google Scholar.
page 242 note 1 Christianity in Celtic lands : a history of the churches of the Celts, their origin, their development, influence and mutual relations (London, 1932), pp. 129 – 84; ch. iii (pp. 52 – 103), though, entitled The expansion of Christianity, deals entirely with monasticism in Ireland.
page 242 note 2 Kenney, James F, The sources for the early history of Ireland : an introduction and guide. Vol. i: Ecclesiastical (New York, 1929). Ch. vi (pp. 486 – 621)Google Scholar: The expansion of Irish Christianity from the seventh to the twelfth century.
page 243 note 1 Oxford University Press, i (1933); ii (1934); iii (1933).
page 243 note 2 i. 153 ff.
page 243 note 3 Stephanus Hilpisch, Die Doppelklöster : Entstehung und Organisation (Beiträge zur Geschichte des altern Mönchtums und des Benediktinerordens, Heft 15. Münster-in-Westf. 1928.)
page 244 note 1 Esposito, M., ‘ The poems of Colmanus “Nepos Cracavist” and Dungalus Praecipuus Scottorum ”,’ in Journ. Tkeol. St., xxxiii (1932). 119 – 31Google Scholar
page 245 note 1 See for instance the article in that review by Strecker, Karl, ‘ Ein neuer Dungal? ’ , xli (1922). 566 – 73Google Scholar.
page 246 note 1 ‘Die irischen Mönchen in Mainz’, in Katholik, xx (1868). 311 – 16.
page 246 note 2 His Geschichte der katholischen Kirche in Irland von der Einführung des Christenturns bis auf die Gegenzvart (3 vols., Mainz, 1890 – 91) is still the most complete ecclesiastical history of Ireland.
page 246 note 3 ‘Ueber einige Beziehungen Irlands zu Reichsstadt Aachen und Diözese Lüttich’, in Zeitschrift des aachener Geschichtsvereins, xiv (1892).
page 246 note 4 ‘Die Iren auf dem Kontinent im Mittelalter’, in Hockland, xiii (1915 – 16). 605 – 14.
page 246 note 5 Boissonnade, P, ‘ Les relations entre l'Aquitaine, le Poitou et l'Irlande du Veau IXe siècle, – ‘ (in Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, 2 série, iv (1917). 181 – 202)Google Scholar.
page 246 note 6 Pedemonte, Antonio, ‘ S. Frediano ’ in Bolletino storico Lucchese, ix (1937), no. 1 Google Scholar; same author, ’ L'Antico catalogo dei vescovi di Lucca ’ (ibid., x (1938), no. 2).
page 247 note 1 Cf. Gougaud, Dom L., Modern research with special reference to early Irish ecclesiastical history (Dublin, 1929)Google Scholar; Kenney, , Sources, i. ix – x Google Scholar.
page 247 note 2 Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge, t. i : Bio-bibliographie (2 ed., Paris, 1905, 1907); t. ii: Topo-bibliographie (2 vols., Montbeliard, 1894, 1903).
page 247 note 3 Bibliotheca historica medii aevi : Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des europäischen Mittelalters bis 1500 (2 ed., 2 vols., Berlin, 1896).
page 248 note 1 New York, 1931 See especially pp. 388 – 91.
page 248 note 2 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500 – 1286 (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1922)Google Scholar.
page 248 note 3 Pp. xxi – ci.
page 248 note 4 Watson, W. J., ‘ Early Irish influences in Scotland ’ (Trans. Gaelic Soc. Inverness, xxx (1939). 178 – 202)Google Scholar.
page 249 note 1 2 ed., London, 1915.
page 249 note 2 Bibliotheca celtica : a register of publications relating to Wales and the Celtic peoples and languages, i: 1929 – 33 (Aberystwyth, 1939).
page 249 note 3 In course of publication by the National Library of Ireland, ed. James Carty, i (1912 – 21), Dublin, 1936; ii (1870 – 1911), Dublin, 1940.
page 249 note 4 A bibliographical account of works relating to the Isle of Man (London, i, 1933; ii, 1939).
page 249 note 5 6 vols., Paris, 1901 – 6.
page 249 note 6 Paris, 1888.
page 251 note 1 Dahlmann, F C. and Waitz, G., Quellenkunde der deutschen Gesckichte, 9 ed., by Haering, H. (Leipzig, 1931 – 2)Google Scholar.
page 251 note 2 Wattenbach, Wilhelm, Deutschlands Gesckichtsquellen im Mittelalter bis zur Mitte des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, 7 ed. by Dümmler, Ernst (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1904)Google Scholar; new edition, Deutsche Kaiserzeit, by Robert Holtzmann, Band i, I Heft (Berlin, 1938).
page 251 note 3 Finsterwalder, P W, ‘ Wege und Ziele der irischen und angelsächsischen Mission im fränkischen Reich ’ in Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, xlvii (1928). 203 – 26Google Scholar.
page 252 note 1 See also Hirsch, R., ‘ A list of recent bibliographies ’, in Bulletin of the New York Public Library, xliii (1939), 493 – 512 Google Scholar.
page 252 note 2 Hogan, Edmund, ‘ Vita sancti Patricii. ex libro armachano ‘ (Anal. Bolland. i (1882). 531 – 85Google Scholar; ii (1883). 35 – 68).
page 252 note 3 Cf. Delehaye, Hippolyte, A trovers trois siècles : l'æuvre des Bollandistes, 1615 – 1915 (Brussels, 1920)Google Scholar; ‘ Après un sicèle : l'æuvre des Bollandistes de 1837 à 1937’, in Anal. Bolland., Iv (1937). pp. v – xliv.
page 252 note 4 Cf. his ‘ Édition du Catalogue praecipuorum sanctorum Hiberniae de Henri Fitzsimon ’, in Féilsgríbhinn Eóin Mhic Néill (Dublin, 1940), pp. 335 – 93. Fitz-simon's Catalogue may be regarded as the first bibliographical guide to the Expansion literature.
page 253 note 1 Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae ex codice Salmanticensi (Edinburgh and Bruges, 1888).
page 253 note 2 2 vols., Brussels, 1898 – 1901; supplementary volume, Brussels, 1911.
page 253 note 3 Miscellanea hagiographica Hibernica (Brussels, 1925).
page 253 note 4 Colgan, , Ada Sanctorum veteris et majoris Scotiae seu Hiberniae, sanctorum insulae (Louvain, 1645)Google Scholar; Triadis Thaumaturgae seu divorum Patricii, Columbae, et Brigidae acta (Louvain, 1647).
page 254 note 1 The titles ran : Tome i, De apostulatu Hibernorum inter exteras gentes cum indice alphabetico de exteris sanctis (852 pp.); Tome ii, De sanctis in Anglia, in Britannia Aremorica, in reliqua Gallia, in Belgio (1068 pp.); Tome iii, De sanctis in Lotharingia et Burgundia, in Germania ad sinistram et dexteram Rheni, in Italia (920 pp.). Cf. ‘ The history of the writers of Ireland’, in The whole works of Sir James Ware concerning Ireland, translated by Harris, Walter, vol. ii (Dublin, 1764), pp. 140 – 1Google Scholar
page 254 note 2 Sir J. T Gilbert, in Hist. MSS. Comm., 4 Rep., app. i (London, 1879), pp. 609 – 12; cf. MacDonnell, Charles, Proc. R.I.A., vi (1853 – 7). 103 ff.Google Scholar; Tommasini, Anselmo, Irish saints in Italy (London, 1937), pp. 90 – 1Google Scholar
page 254 note 3 Apparatus ad historiam Scoticam : acceserunt martyrologium Scoticum sanctorum et scriptorum Sootorum nomenclatura (Bologna, 1622); Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum she de scriptoribus Scotis (Bologna, 1627; 2 ed., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1829).
page 255 note 1 Acta, martyrium, liturgia antiqua et patria S. Rurnoldt, ed. Th. Sirinus (Louvain, 1662).
page 255 note 2 Collectanea sacra seu S. Columbani Hiberni abbatis necnon aliorum sanctorum acta et opuscula (Louvain, 1667)Google Scholar.
page 255 note 3 Florilegium insulae sanctorum (Paris, 1624)Google Scholar.
page 256 note 1 – ‘ Die Iren und die frankische Kirche ’ (in Historische Zeitschrift cix (1912). 1 – 22)Google Scholar.
page 256 note 2 ‘St Willibrord and his place in history ’ . in Durham Univ. Journ., new series, i (1940); ‘ An eighth-century poem on St Ninian ’ (in Antiquity, xiv (1940), 280 – 91)Google Scholar.
page 257 note 1 Haddan, A. W and Stubbs, W, Councils and ecclesiastical documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland (3 vols., Oxford, 1869 – 78)Google Scholar.
page 257 note 2 Sacrosancta concilia studio Labbaei et Cossaert (Paris, 1672 ff.) Google Scholar; Baluze began but did not complete a supplementary series of volumes : Nova collectio conciliorum (Paris, 1683).
page 257 note 3 Ada conciliorum et epistolarum decretorum ac constitutionum summorum pontificum ab anno 34 ad annum 1714 (12 vols., Paris, 1715)Google Scholar.
page 257 note 4 Mansi, D., Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (53 vols., Paris 1901 – 27)Google Scholar.
page 257 note 5 Maassen, F, Concilia aevi Merovingici (Monumenta Germaniae historica, Legum sect, III, vol. i, Hanover, 1893)Google Scholar; A. Werminghoff, Concilia aevi carolini (ibid., vol. ii, pars i, ii, Hanover-Leipzig, 1904 – 8).
page 257 note 6 Regesta pontificum romanorum a condita ecclesiae ad annum 1198, ed. Jaffe, (Berlin, 1851)Google Scholar; 2 ed. by Loewenfeld, Kaltenbrunner, Ewald (Leipzig, 1885 ff.); continued by Potthast to 1324 (Berlin, 1874 – 5). As this collection covers a wider area than Kehr's, the historian will find it useful for countries other than Germany and Italy, and for the parts of these regions not yet covered by Kehr.
page 258 note 1 Germania pontificia, ed. Albertus Brackmann, vol. i, pars, i : Provincia salisburgensis, I (Berlin, 1910); vol. i, pars II : Provincia salisburgensis, II (Berlin) 1911); vols. ii, iii: Provincia Maguntinensis (Berlin, 1923, 1935) (Regesta pontificum romanorum, congessit P F Kehr).
page 258 note 2 Brackmann, A., Studien und Vorarbeiten zur Germania pontificia, i : Die Kurie und die Salzburger Kirchenprovinz (Berlin, 1912)Google Scholar; Beck, Marcel und Büttner, Heinrich, Die Bistümer Würzburg und Bam berg in ihrer wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung für die Geschichte des deutschen Ostens (Berlin, 1937)Google Scholar.
Strassburg is a diocese of special importance for the expansion and students should examine the work of Block, H., Wentzcke, P., A., Hessel and Krebs, M., Regesten der Bishofe von Strassburg (Innsbruck, 1908, 1924, 1925)Google Scholar, where they will find minute details of charters, annals, synods, etc.
page 258 note 3 Kehr, P K., Regesta pontificum Romanorum Italia pontificia, i, Roma (Berlin, 1906)Google Scholar; ii, Latium (Berlin, 1907); iii, Etruria (Berlin, 1908); iv, Umbria (Berlin, 1909); v, Aemilia (Berlin, 1911); vi, Liguria (Berlin, 1913); vi, pars n, Pedemontium et Liguria maritima (Berlin, 1914); vii, Venetia et Histria (Berlin, 1923–5); viii, Regnum normannorum (Berlin, 1935).
page 258 note 4 Germania sacra : die Bistiimer der Kirchenprovinz Mainz. Erster Band, 1 Teil: Das Bistum Bamberg, bearbeitet von Erich F von. Guttenberg (Berlin, 1937). Die Bistiimer der Kirchenprovinz Köln. Erster Band : Das Erzbistum Köln. Archidiakonat von Xanten, bearbeitet von Wilhelm Classen (Berlin, 1938).
page 259 note 1 I hope to discuss this question more in detail and summarize the bibliography in a subsequent article.
page 259 note 2 Wasserschleben, F W B., Die Bussordnungen der abendländischen Kirche(Halle, 1851)Google Scholar.
page 259 note 3 Schmitz, H. J., Die Bussbücher und die Bussdisciplin der Kirche (Mainz, 1883)Google Scholar and Die Bussbücher und das kanonische Bussverfahren (Düsseldorf, 1898)Google Scholar. Cf. Oakley, T P, English penitential discipline (New York, 1923)Google Scholar, on the editions of the penitentials.
page 259 note 4 McNeill, John T and Gamer, Helena M, Medieval handbooks of penance : a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. (New York, 1938. Records of civilization : sources and studies, no. xxix.)Google Scholar
page 260 note 1 Cf. Paulus, N., ‘ Martyrologium und Brevier als hist. Quelle ‘ in Katholik, xxi (1900). 356 – 61)Google Scholar.
page 260 note 2 Les saints irlandais hors d'Irlande étudiés dans le culte et dans la dévotion traditionelle (Louvain and Oxford, 1936)Google Scholar.
page 260 note 3 Henry Bradshaw Society, founded in the year of our Lord 1890 for the editing of rare liturgical texts, i – lxxx, 1891 – 1942.
page 260 note 4 La renaissance des etudes liturgiques (Montpellier, 1899)Google Scholar.
page 260 note 5 Les livres d'heures manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale (2 vols., Paris, 1927)Google Scholar; Les sacramentaires et les missels des bibliothèques publiques de France (4 vols., Paris, 1924)Google Scholar; Les bréviaires manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France (6 vols., Paris, 1934)Google Scholar; Les pontificaux manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France (4 vols., Paris, 1937)Google Scholar.
page 261 note 1 Bréviaires et missels des églises et abbayes bretonnes de France antérieurs au XVIIe siècle (Rennes, 1906)Google Scholar; Inventaire liturgique de 1'hagiographie bretonne (Paris, 1922)Google Scholar; see also his Mémento des sources hagiographiques de l'histoire de Bretagne, Ve-Xe siècles (Rennes, 1918)Google Scholar.
page 261 note 2 Coens, Maurice, ‘ Anciennes litanies des saints ’ in Anal. Boiland., liv (1936). 5 – 37; lv 0937). 46 – 69)Google Scholar.
page 261 note 3 Pp. viii-xiii.
page 261 note 4 Mackinlay, J. M., Ancient church dedications in Scotland, ii : Non-scriptural dedications (Edinburgh, 1914)Google Scholar. I may mention here an interesting and profitable experiment carried out in Scotland in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. At the instance of Sir John Sinclair the ministers of the various parishes collected all available information about local church dedications and other antiquarian remains and many valuable volumes were published under the title : Statistical account of Scotland (21 vols., Edinburgh, 1791 – 8)Google Scholar. A New statistical account of Scotland was published in Edinburgh between 1834 and 1845; this supplements the information contained in the earlier series.
page 261 note 5 Arnold-Forster, F, Studies in church dedications or England's patron saints (3 vols., Skeffington, 1899)Google Scholar.
page 262 note 1 Bond, F, Dedications and patron saints of English churches : ecclesiastical symbolism, saints and their emblems (Oxford, 1914)Google Scholar.
page 262 note 2 Johnston, James B., Place-names of Scotland (London, 1892)Google Scholar; Mackinlay, J. M., Influence of the pre-reformation Church on Scottish place-names (Edinburgh, 1904)Google Scholar; Richardson, R., ‘ Scottish place-names and Scottish saints ’ in Scottish Geographical Magazine, xxi (1905). 352 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Watson, W J., The history of the Celtic place- names of Scotland (London, 1926)Google Scholar; Maxwell, H., The place names of Galloway (Glasgow, 1930)Google Scholar.
page 262 note 3 Kneen, J J., The personal names of the Isle of Man (Oxford University Press, 1937).Google Scholar
page 262 note 4 Kneen, J. J., The place-names of the Isle of Man (Douglas, 1925 – 9)Google Scholar.
page 263 note 1 Becker, G., Catalogi bibliothecarum antiqui (Bonn, 1885)Google Scholar. This work contains the oldest catalogue of Bobbio manuscripts.
page 263 note 2 Gottlieb, T, Ueber mittelalterliche Bibliotheken (Leipzig, 1890)Google Scholar. Supplements have since been published in the Centralblatt für Bibliotkekswesen, a review that the student will find of immense assistance in his search for books and manuscripts.
page 263 note 3 See especially this writer's Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque imperials [ = Nationale] (4 vols., Paris, 1868 – 81)Google Scholar.
page 264 note 1 Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge Deutschlands und der Schweiz (Munich, 1918 – 28)Google Scholar.
page 264 note 2 Munich, 1932 – 3.
page 264 note 3 L. Gougaud, ‘ Inventaires de manuscrits provenant d'anciennes bibliotheques monastiques de Grande-Bretagne ’ (Rev. d'Hist. Eccle's., xxxiii (1937). 789–91).
page 264 note 4 Ernest C. Richardson, A union world catalog of manuscript books : preliminary tudies in method (i-v, New York, 1933–5).
Ibid., Hi (1935), 92–3.
page 265 note 1 E. M. Thompson, Introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography (Oxford, 1912).
page 265 note 2 Nomina sacra : Versuch einer Gesckichte der christlichen Kurzung (Munich, 1907); Perona Scottorum : ein Beitrag zur Ueberlieferungsgeschichte und zur Palaeographie des Mittelalters (Munich, 1900).
page 265 note 3 Luigi Schiaparelli, ‘ Note paleografiche intorno all – ‘ origine e ad alcuni caratteri della scrittura e del sistema abbreviativo irlandese ’, in Archivio storico italiano, lxxiv, ii (Florence, 1917); La scrittura latina nell – ‘ eta romana (Como, 1921).
page 265 note 4 W M. Lindsay, – ‘ The Bobbio scriptorium : its early minuscule abbreviations', in Centralblatt fur Bibliothekszvesen, xxvi (1909). 293–306; Early Irish minuscule script (Oxford, 1910); ‘ Irish cursive script', in Z.C.P., ix (1913). 301–8; Notae latinae : an account of abbreviations in Latin manuscripts of the early minuscule period, c. 7oo-850 (Cambridge, 1914).
page 265 note 5 Part I : The Vatican City, Text and bibliography (Oxford, 1934). Part II : Great Britain and Ireland. Text and bibliography (Oxford, 1935)-Part III: Italy : Ancona-Novara (Oxford, 1938). Of importance are the same writer's The Beneventan script : a history of the South Italian minuscule (Oxford, 1914; then the author spelled his name Loew), and Scriptura benevantana : facsimiles of South Italian and Dalmatian manuscripts from the sixth to the fourteenth century(Oxford, 1929).
page 265 note 6 The commentary on the psalms, with glosses in old-irish, preserved in the Ambrosian Library. Collotype facsimile with introduction by R. I. Best (Dublin, 1938).
page 265 note 7 Scriptoria medii aevi Helvetica. Sckreibschulen der Diözese Konstanz, St-Gallen, i (Geneva, 1936); St-Gallen, ii (Geneva, 1938). A similar and equally important work is that of Bernhard Bischoff, Die siidostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in der Karolingerzeit. i, Die bayrischen Diözesen (Sammlung Bibliothekswissenschaftlicher Arbeiten, herausg. von Erich von Roth, Leipzig, 1940). He studies indications of scribes, script-localities, and the influence of various scriptoria.
page 266 note 1 G L. Micheli, ‘ Recherches sur les manuscrits irlandais décorés de Saint-Gall et de Reichenau ‘ Revue archeologique, 6me série, t. vii (1936). 188–223; t, vii, 54 – 79).